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S. Schumacher (1927)
Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen, 5
H. P. Mosher (1923)
CardiospasmPennsylvania M. J., 26
A. L. Abel (1929)
Oesophageal Obstruction: Its Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment
L. B. Arey (1933)
The Muscle Content of the Lower Esophagus of ManAnat. Rec., 56
Albert Kuntz (1929)
The Autonomic Nervous System
Hans Heyrovsky (1913)
Casuistik und Therapie der idiopathischen Dilatation der Speiseröhre: OesophagogastroanastomoseArch. f. klin. Chir., 100
M. Sturtevant (1933)
CARDIOSPASM: WITH A REVIEW OF THE LITERATUREJAMA Internal Medicine, 51
B. Horton (1928)
Pyloric musculature, with special reference to pyloric block†American Journal of Anatomy, 41
J. Cameron
Oesophagectasia in a ChildArchives of Disease in Childhood, 2
R. Bensley (1910)
The cardiac glands of the mammalian stomachThe Anatomical Record, 4
A. Keith
An account of six specimens of the great bowel removed by operation: With some observations on the motor mechanism of the colonBritish Journal of Surgery, 2
A. Keith (1916)
Discussion on the Interpretation of Certain X-Ray Signs of Intestinal StasisJournal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 9
A. Hurst (1934)
SOME DISORDERS OF THE ESOPHAGUSJAMA, 102
A. Hurst, G. Rake (1930)
Achalasia of the CardiaSo-Called CardiospasmQJM: An International Journal of Medicine
T. W. Todd (1915)
The Clinical Anatomy of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract
T. I. Bennett (1925)
The Stomach and Upper Alimentary Canal in Health and Disease
B. Horton (1931)
PYLORIC BLOCK: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MUSCULATURE, MYENTERIC PLEXUS AND LYMPHATIC VESSELSArchives of Surgery, 22
P. P. Vinson (1923)
Cardiospasm Associated with Esophageal DiverticulaNew York M. J., 117
B. M'Swiney (1929)
THE STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENTS OF THE CARDIAExperimental Physiology, 19
(1918)
The Operative Treatment of Chronic Intestinal Stasis
(1928)
Special Cytology: The Form and Function of the Cell in Health and Disease, 1
H. S. Plummer (1906)
Cardiospasm with Report of CasesJ. Minnesota M. A., 26
(1916)
Discussion on the Interpretation of Certain X-Ray Signs of Intestinal StasisProc. Roy. Soc. Med. Electrotherap. Sect., 9
E. Schütz (1908)
Beiträge zur Histologie des menschlichen MagensDigestion, 14
W. Fleiner (1900)
Neue Beiträge zur Pathologie der SpeiseröhreMünchen. med. Wchnschr., 47
Mills Sturtevant (1933)
Cardiospasm, with a Review of the LiteratureArch. Int. Med., 51
F. Scrimger (1931)
IDIOPATHIC DILATATION OF THE OESOPHAGUS.Annals of surgery, 94 5
(1928)
A Study of the Lower End of the EsophagusAnn. Otol., Rhin. & Laryng., 37
(1915)
A New Theory of EnterostasisLancet, 2
Anthony Bassler (1914)
Cardiospasm: What It IsNew York State J. Med., 14
H. Mosher (1922)
The liver tunnel and cardio‐spasmThe Laryngoscope, 32
August Bier (1931)
Die Erklärung der Ischuria paradoxa und des KardiospasmusZentralbl. f. Chir., 58
A. Carlson (1922)
STUDIES ON THE VISCERAL SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM: XIII. The Innervation of the Cardia and the Lower End of the Esophagus in MammalsAmerican Journal of Physiology, 61
W. Heberden
Commentaries on the history and cure of diseases
Philipp Stöhr (1894)
Lehrbuch der Histologie und der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen, mit Einschluss der mikroskopischen TechnikDeutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 20
Friedrich Thieding (1921)
Ueber Cardiospasmus, Atonie und "idiopathische" Dilatation der SpeiseröhreBeitr. z. klin. Chir., 121
W. H. Gaskell (1916)
The Involuntary Nervous System
A. Vogel, F. Zenker, H. Ziemssen
Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie
Herbert Mayo (1839)
Outlines of Human Pathology
(1908)
Cardiospasm with Report of Forty CasesJ. A. M. A., 51
H. P. Mosher (1931)
Fibrosis of the Terminal Portion of the Esophagus: CardiospasmProc. Internat. Assemb. Inter-State Post-Grad. M. A., North America, 6
M. Loeper (1921)
Les lésions nerveuses du pneumogastrique et le cardiospasme récurrent dans le cancer de l'estomacArch. d. mal. de l'app. digestif, 11
E. Schütz
Zur Kenntnis des elastischen Gewebes des MagensDigestion, 13
D. Irwin (1931)
The anatomy of Auerbach's plexus†American Journal of Anatomy, 49
J. Zaaijer (1923)
CARDIOSPASM IN THE AGEDAnnals of Surgery, 77
R. D. Carman (1920)
The Roentgen Diagnosis of Diseases of the Alimentary Canal
(1930)
Tr. A. Resid. & ex-Resid. PhysiciansMayo Clin., 10
(1922)
XIV. The Reflex Control of the Cardia and the Lower Esophagus in MammalsArch. Int. Med., 30
A. J. Hannay (1833)
An Extraordinary Dilatation (with Hypertrophy) of All the Thoracic Portion of the Esophagus, Causing DysphagiaEdinburgh M. & S. J., 40
Rudolf Demel (1924)
Die Gefässversorgung der Speiseröhre: Ein Beitrag zur OesophaguschirurgieArch. f. klin. Chir., 128
B. Krishnan (1933)
STUDIES ON THE FUNCTION OF THE INTESTINAL MUSCULATURE.—III. ARE THE INTESTINAL MOVEMENTS NEUROGENIC OR MYOGENIC?Experimental Physiology, 22
R. Bensley (1902)
The cardiac glands of mammalsAmerican Journal of Anatomy, 2
B. T. Krishnan (1933)
Studies on the Function of the Intestinal Musculature: Are Intestinal Movements Neurogenic or Myogenic?Quart. J. Exper. Physiol., 22
W. Cannon
The mechanical factors of digestion
B. A. M'Swiney (1929)
The Structure and Movements of the CardiaQuart. J. Exper. Physiol., 19
A. F.: (a) Hurst (1927)
The Treatment of Achalasia of the Cardia (So-Called "Cardiospasm")Lancet, 1
H. P. Mosher (1930)
The Lower End of the Oesophagus at Birth and in the AdultJ. Laryng. & Otol., 45
A. F. Hurst (1925)
Les sphincters du canal alimentaire et leur signification cliniqueArch. d. mal. de l'app. digestif, 15
Chevalier Jackson (1927)
Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy
A. Carlson, A. Luckhardt (1921)
STUDIES ON THE VISCERAL SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM: X. The Vagus Control of the EsophagusAmerican Journal of Physiology, 57
H. P. Mosher (1928)
A Study of the Lower End of the EsophagusTr. Am. Laryng., Rhin. & Otol. Soc., 34
T. Bennett (1926)
The Stomach and Alimentary Canal in Health and DiseaseBritish Journal of Radiology: BIR Section, 31
C. Jackson (1922)
The diaphragmatic pinchcock in so‐called “cardiospasm”The Laryngoscope, 32
W. Alvarez
The mechanics of the digestive tract : an introduction to gastroenterology
Abstract The clinical problems which concern the lower end of the esophagus and the cardiac orifice of the stomach are basically anatomic problems. The occurrence and nature of esophageal varices depend on the venous supply and the anastomoses across the cardia, as has been demonstrated by Kegaries.1 The study of peptic ulcer of the esophagus raises the question of the competence of the sphincteric action of the cardia in preventing the regurgitation of gastric juice and also the question of the occurrence of islands of gastric mucosa in the esophagus. Carcinoma of the cardia and the lower extremity of the esophagus also is of extreme anatomic interest. The peculiar glandular epithelium which is present at the cardia might be expected to give rise to neoplasms which have different properties from those of neoplasms which originate elsewhere in the stomach and esophagus. Moreover, the metastasis of a carcinoma at the cardia References 1. Kegaries, D. L.: The Venous Plexus of the Esophagus: Its Pathological and Clinical Significance, Thesis, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1932. 2. Heberden, William: Commentaries on the History and Cure of Diseases , London, T. Payne, 1802. 3. Bensley, R. R.: The Cardiac Glands of Mammals , Am. J. Anat. 2:105-156 ( (Nov. 29) ) 1902Crossref 4. The Cardiac Glands of the Mammalian Stomach , Anat. Rec. 4: 375-390, 1910Crossref 5. The Gastric Glands , in Cowdry, E. V.: Special Cytology: The Form and Function of the Cell in Health and Disease , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1928, vol. 1, pp. 139-167. 6. Greving, R., quoted by Kuntz.34 7. Koslowski, quoted by Kuntz.34 8. Arey, L. B., and Tremaine, M. J.: The Muscle Content of the Lower Esophagus of Man , Anat. Rec. 56:315-320 ( (July 25) ) 1933.Crossref 9. Carman, R. D.: The Roentgen Diagnosis of Diseases of the Alimentary Canal , ed. 2, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1920. 10. Hurst, A. F.: Les sphincters du canal alimentaire et leur signification clinique , Arch. d. mal. de l'app. digestif 15:1-34 ( (Jan.) ) 1925. 11. Thieding, Friedrich: Ueber Cardiospasmus, Atonie und "idiopathische" Dilatation der Speiseröhre , Beitr. z. klin. Chir. 121:237-300, 1921. 12. Schreiber, quoted by Sturtevant.44 13. Bennett, T. I.: The Stomach and Upper Alimentary Canal in Health and Disease , London, William Heinemann, 1925. 14. Cannon, W. B.: The Mechanical Factors of Digestion , London, Edward Arnold & Co., 1911. 15. Todd, T. W.: The Clinical Anatomy of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract , London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1915. 16. Zaaijer, J. H.: Cardiospasm in the Aged , Ann. Surg. 77:615-617 ( (May) ) 1923.Crossref 17. Fleiner, W.: Neue Beiträge zur Pathologie der Speiseröhre , München. med. Wchnschr. 47:529-531 ( (April 17) ) 1900. 18. Jackson, Chevalier: Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy , ed. 2, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1927. 19. Plenk, H.: Der Magen , in Möllendorff, Wilhelm: Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1927, vol. 5, pt. 2, pp. 1-234. 20. Abel, A. L.: Oesophageal Obstruction: Its Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment , London, Humphrey Mulford, 1929. 21. Mosher, H. P.: The Lower End of the Oesophagus at Birth and in the Adult , J. Laryng. & Otol. 45:161-180 ( (March) ) 1930. 22. Horton, B. T.: Pyloric Musculature with Special Reference to the Pyloric Block, Thesis, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1928. 23. M'Swiney, B. A.: The Structure and Movements of the Cardia , Quart. J. Exper. Physiol. 19:237-241, 1929. 24. Schumacher, S.: Die Speiseröhre , in Möllendorff, W.: Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1927, vol. 5, pt. 1, pp. 301-336. 25. Schütz, Emil: Zur Kenntnis des elastischen Gewebes des Magens , Arch. f. Verdauungskr. 13:49-58, 1907 26. Beiträge zur Histologie des menschlichen Magens , Schütz Arch. f. Verdauungskr. 14:241-250, 1908. 27. Mosher, H. P., and McGregor, G. W.: (a) A Study of the Lower End of the Esophagus , Tr. Am. Laryng., Rhin. & Otol. Soc. 34:294-340, 1928 28. A Study of the Lower End of the Esophagus , Ann. Otol., Rhin. & Laryng. 37:12-70 ( (March) ) 1928. 29. Stöhr, Philipp: Lehrbuch der Histologie und der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen mit Einschluss der mikroskopischen Technik , Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1919. 30. Horton, B. T.: Pyloric Musculature with Special Reference to the Pyloric Block , Am. J. Anat. 41:197-225, 1928 31. A Study of the Pyloric Block with Special Reference to Musculature, Myenteric Plexus and Lymphatics, Thesis, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1930 32. Tr. A. Resid. & ex-Resid. Physicians , Mayo Clin. 10:152, 1930 33. Pyloric Block with Special Reference to the Musculature, Myenteric Plexus and Lymphatic Vessels , Arch. Surg. 22:438-462 ( (March) ) 1931 34. footnote 20. 35. Demel, Rudolf: Die Gefässversorgung der Speiseröhre: Ein Beitrag zur Oesophaguschirurgie , Arch. f. klin. Chir. 128:453-504, 1924. 36. Carlson, A. J., and Luckhardt, A. B.: Studies on the Visceral Sensory Nervous System: X. The Vagus Control of the Esophagus , Am. J. Physiol. 57: 299-335 ( (Sept.) ) 1921. 37. Carlson, A. J.; Boyd, T. E., and Pearcy, J. F.: Studies on the Visceral Sensory Nervous System: XIII. The Innervation of the Cardia and the Lower End of the Esophagus in Mammals , Am. J. Physiol. 61:14-41 ( (June) ) 1922 38. XIV. The Reflex Control of the Cardia and the Lower Esophagus in Mammals , Arch. Int. Med. 30:409-433 ( (Oct.) ) 1922. 39. Scrimger, F. A. C.: Idiopathic Dilatation of the Oesophagus , Ann. Surg. 94:801-817 ( (Nov.) ) 1931.Crossref 40. Alvarez, W. C.: Personal communication to the author. 41. Krishnan, B. T.: Studies on the Function of the Intestinal Musculature: Are Intestinal Movements Neurogenic or Myogenic? Quart. J. Exper. Physiol. 22:361-368 ( (June) ) 1933. 42. Dogiel, A. S., quoted by Gaskell.33 43. Gaskell, W. H.: The Involuntary Nervous System , London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1916. 44. Kuntz, Albert: The Autonomic Nervous System , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1929. 45. Alvarez, W. C.: The Mechanics of the Digestive Tract: An Introduction to Gastroenterology , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1928. 46. Irwin, D. A.: The Anatomy of Auerbach's Plexus , Am. J. Anat. 49:141166 ( (Sept.) ) 1931.Crossref 47. Keith, Arthur: An Account of Six Specimens of the Great Bowel Removed by Operation, with Some Observations on the Motor Mechanism of the Colon , Brit. J. Surg. 2:577-599, 1915 48. A New Theory of Enterostasis , Lancet 2:371-375 ( (Aug. 21) ) 1915 49. Discussion on the Interpretation of Certain X-Ray Signs of Intestinal Stasis , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. Electrotherap. Sect. ) 9:1-11, 1916 50. The Great Bowel, from an Anatomist's Point of View , in Lane, W. A.: The Operative Treatment of Chronic Intestinal Stasis , ed. 4, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1918, pp. 202-217. 51. Willis, T., quoted by Hurst.71b 52. Purton, J., quoted by Sturtevant.44 53. Hannay, A. J.: An Extraordinary Dilatation (with Hypertrophy) of All the Thoracic Portion of the Esophagus, Causing Dysphagia , Edinburgh M. & S. J. 40:65-72, 1833. 54. Mayo, Herbert: Outlines of Human Pathology , Philadelphia, A. Waldie, 1839. 55. Zenker, F., in von Ziemssen, H.: Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie , Leipzig, F. C. W. Vogel, 1876. 56. Plummer, H. S.: Cardiospasm with Report of Cases , J. Minnesota M. A. 26:419-424, 1906 57. Cardiospasm with Report of Forty Cases , J. A. M. A. 51:549554 ( (Aug. 15) ) 1908. 58. Sturtevant, Mills: Cardiospasm, with a Review of the Literature , Arch. Int. Med. 51:714-736 ( (May) ) 1933. 59. von Mikulicz, J., quoted by Sturtevant.44 60. Bassler, Anthony: Cardiospasm: What It Is; What It Seems to Be , New York State J. Med. 14:9-11, 1914. 61. Jackson, Chevalier: The Diaphragmatic Pinchcock in So-Called "Cardiospasm," Laryngoscope 32:139-142 ( (Feb.) ) 1922. 62. Rosenheim, T., quoted by Sturtevant.44 63. Bier, August: Die Erklärung der Ischuria paradoxa und des Kardiospasmus , Zentralbl. f. Chir. 58:901-902 ( (April 11) ) 1931. 64. Sternberg, W., quoted by Sturtevant.44 65. Mosher, H. P.: Liver Tunnel and Cardio-Spasm , Laryngoscope 32:348362 ( (May) ) 1922. 66. Mosher, H. P.: Cardiospasm , Pennsylvania M. J. 26:240-249 ( (Jan.) ) 1923. 67. Mosher, H. P.: Fibrosis of the Terminal Portion of the Esophagus: Cardiospasm , Proc. Internat. Assemb. Inter-State Post-Grad. M. A., North America 6:95-104, 1931. 68. Cameron, J.: Oesophagectasia in a Child , Arch. Dis. Childhood 2:358-360 ( (Dec.) ) 1927. 69. Heyrovsky, Hans: Casuistik und Therapie der idiopathischen Dilatation der Speiseröhre: Oesophagogastroanastomose , Arch. f. klin. Chir. 100:703-715 ( (Jan. 30) ) 1913. 70. Loeper, M., and Forestier, J.: Les lésions nerveuses du pneumogastrique et le cardiospasme récurrent dans le cancer de l'estomac . Arch. d. mal. de l'app. digestif 11:307-312, 1921. 71. Kraus and Pollitzer, quoted by Mosher and McGregor.24a 72. Hurst, A. F., and Rake, G. W.: Achalasia of the Cardia (So-Called Cardiospasm) , Quart. J. Med. 23:491-508 ( (July) ) 1930. 73. Stokes, A., quoted by Hurst.71b 74. Rake,G., quoted by Hurst.71b 75. Beattie, W. J. H. M., quoted by Hurst.71b 76. Vinson, P. P.: Cardiospasm Associated with Esophageal Diverticula , New York M. J. 117:540 ( (May 2) ) 1923. 77. Fitzgibbon, J. H., quoted by Sturtevant.44 78. Bull, P. N., quoted by Sturtevant.44 79. Dufour, H., quoted by Sturtevant.44 80. Van den Wildenberg, L., quoted by Sturtevant.44 81. Freud, J., quoted by Sturtevant.44 82. Scollery, quoted by Sturtevant.44 83. von Bergmann, quoted by Sturtevant.44 84. Lindvall, H., quoted by Sturtevant.44 85. Hurst, A. F.: (a) The Treatment of Achalasia of the Cardia (So-Called "Cardiospasm") , Lancet 1:618-619 ( (March 19) ) 1927Crossref 86. Some Disorders of the Esophagus , J. A. M. A. 102:582-587 ( (Feb. 24) ) 1934.Crossref
Archives of Internal Medicine – American Medical Association
Published: Mar 1, 1937
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