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Skin as the Site of Vitamin D Synthesis and Target Tissue for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: Use of Calcitriol (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3) for Treatment of Psoriasis

Skin as the Site of Vitamin D Synthesis and Target Tissue for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: Use of... Abstract • Vitamin D is a hormone, not a vitamin. The skin is responsible for producing vitamin D. During exposure to sunlight, ultraviolet radiation penetrates into the epidermis and photolyzes provitamin D3 to previtamin D3. Previtamin D3 can either isomerize to vitamin D3 or be photolyzed to lymisterol and tachysterol. Vitamin D is also sensitive to sunlight and is photolyzed to 5,6-transvitamin D3, suprasterol I, and suprasterol II. In Boston, solar irradiation only produces previtamin D3 in the skin between the months of March and October. Aging, sunscreens, and melanin all diminish the capacity of the skin to produce previtamin D3. Once formed, vitamin D3 enters the circulation and is sequentially metabolized to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-[OH]2-D3). The epidermis possesses receptors for 1,25-(OH)2-D3.1,25-(OH)2-D3D3 inhibits the proliferation of cultured keratinocytes and induces them to terminally differentiate. The topical or oral administration of 1,25-(OH)2-D3 has proved to be effective for the treatment of psoriasis. Therefore, the skin is the site for the synthesis of vitamin D and a target tissue for its active metabolite. The successful use of 1,25-(OH)2-D3 for the treatment of psoriasis heralds a new approach for the treatment of this enigmatic disorder. (Arch Dermatol 1987;123:1677-1683a) References 1. Holick MF, Holick SA, Guillard RRL: Photosynthesis of previtamin-D in phytoplankton , in Loft B, Holmes WN (eds): Current Trends in Comparative Endocrinology . Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 1985, vol 2, pp 1263-1266. 2. Sniadecki J, cited by Mozolowski W: Jedrzej Sniadecki (1768-1838) on the cure of rickets . Nature 1939;143:121. 3. Palm TA: The geographic distribution and etiology of rickets . Practitioner 1890;45:270-279, 321-324. 4. Huldschinsky K: Heilung von Rachitis durch künstliche Hohensonne . Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1919;45:712-713.Crossref 5. Hess AF, Unger LJ: Cure of infantile rickets by sunlight . JAMA 1921;77:39. 6. Steenbock H, Black A: The induction of growth-promoting and calcifying properties in a ration by exposure to ultraviolet light . J Biol Chem 1924;61:408-422. 7. Hess AF, Weinstock M: Antirachitic properties imparted to inert fluids and green vegetables by ultraviolet irradiation . J Biol Chem 1924;62:301-313. 8. Holick MF: Vitamin D requirements for the elderly . Clin Nutr 1986;5:121-129. 9. Parrish JA, White HAD, Pathak MA: Photomedicine , in Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolf K, et al (eds): Dermatology in General Medicine . New York, McGraw-Hill International Book Co, 1979, pp 942-955. 10. MacLaughlin JA, Anderson RR, Holick MF: Spectral character of sunlight modulates photosynthesis of previtamin D. and its photoisomers in human skin . Science 1982;216:1001-1003.Crossref 11. Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, Clark MB, et al: Photosynthesis of previtamin D, in human skin and the physiologic consequences . Science 1980;210:203-205.Crossref 12. Loomis F: Skin-pigment regulation of vitamin D biosynthesis in man . Science 1967;157:501-506.Crossref 13. Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, Doppelt SH: Factors that influence the cutaneous photosynthesis of previtamin D3 . Science 1981;211:590-593.Crossref 14. Webb AR, de Costa B, Holick MF: Effect of winter solar irradiation on the photochemistry of 7-dehydrocholesterol, its photoisomers, and vitamin D3 . Photochem Photobiol 1986; 116S:43s. 15. Holick SA, St Lezin M, Young D, et al: Isolation and identification of 24-dehydroprovitamin D, and its photolysis to 24-dehydroprevitamin D, in mammalian skin . J Biol Chem 1985;260:12181-12184. 16. Bolt M, Rosenberg I, Holick MF: 24-Dehydrocholecalciferol is a potent inhibitor of rat liver microsomal vitamin D-25 hydroxylase, abstracted . Fed Proc , 1987;46:603. 17. Tan CY, Stathum B, Marks R, et al: Skin thickness measurement by pulsed ultrasound: Its reproducibility, validation and variability . Br J Dermatol 1982;106:657-667. 18. MacLaughlin J, Holick MF: Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3 . J Clin Invest 1985;76:1536-1538.Crossref 19. Matsuoko L, Ide L, Wortsman J, et al: Sunscreens suppress cutaneous vitamin D, synthesis . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64:1165-1168.Crossref 20. Clemens TL, Adams JA, Henderson SL, et al: Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of the skin to synthesize vitamin D . Lancet 1982;1:74-76.Crossref 21. Holick MF, Potts JT Jr, Krane SM: Calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D metabolism , in Brauwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Petersdorf RG, et al (eds): Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine , ed 11. New York, McGraw-Hill International Book Co, 1986, pp 1857-1870. 22. DeLuca HF: The metabolism, physiology, and function of vitamin D , in Kumar R (ed): Vitamin D, Basic and Clinical Aspects . Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1984, pp 1-68. 23. Mayer E, Kadowaki S, Williams G, et al: Mode of action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D , in Kumar R (ed): Vitamin D, Basic and Clinical Aspects . Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1984, pp 259-302. 24. Haussler MR, Donaldson CA, Kelly MA, et al: Functions and mechanism of action of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, receptor , in Norman AW, Schaefer K, Grigoleit H-G, et al (eds): Vitamin D: A Chemical, Biochemical and Clinical Update . Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1985, pp 83-92. 25. Merke J, Klaus G, Hugel U, et al: No 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, receptors on osteoclasts of calcium-deficient chicken despite demonstrable receptors on circulating monocytes . J Clin Invest 1986;77:312-314.Crossref 26. Stumpf WE, Sar M, Reid FA, et al: Target cells for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal tract, stomach, kidney, skin, pituitary and parathyroid . Science 1979;206:1188-1190.Crossref 27. Tanaka H, Abe E, Miyaura C, et al: 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol and human myeloid leukemia cell line (HL-60): The presence of cytosol receptor and induction of differentiation . Biochem J 1982;204:713-719. 28. Smith EL, Holick MF: The skin: The site of vitamin D, synthesis and a target tissue for its metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitain D3 . Steroids , in press. 29. Mason RS: Extra-renal production of 1,25-(OH)2-D3, the metabolism of vitamin D by non-traditional tissues , in Norman AW, Schaefer K, Grigoleit H-G, et al (eds): Vitamin D: A Chemical, Biochemical and Clinical Update . Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1985, pp 23-32. 30. Holick MF: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D: A renal hormone with unlimited potential . Kidney Int , in press. 31. Teitelbaum SL, Bar-Shavit Z, Reitsma PH, et al: Vitamin D and macrophage differentiation , in Norman AW, Schaefer K, Grigoleit H-G, et al (eds): Vitamin D: A Chemical, Biochemical and Clinical Update . Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1985, pp 177-182. 32. Merke J, Schwittay D, Furstenberger G, et al: Demonstration and characterization of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, receptors in basal cells of epidermis of neonatal and adult mice . Calcif Tissue Int 1985;37:257-267.Crossref 33. Hirst MA, Hochman HI, Feldman D: Vitamin D resistance and alopecia: A kindred with normal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D binding, but decreased receptor affinity for deoxyribonucleic acid . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:490-495.Crossref 34. Clemens TL, Adams JS, Horiuchi N, et al: Comparison of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3-receptor binding in keratinocytes and fibroblasts from skin of normal subjects and a subject with vitamin-D-dependent rickets, type II: A model for the study of the mode of action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;56:824-830.Crossref 35. Smith EL, Walworth NC, Holick MF: Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, on the morphologic and biochemical differentiation of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes grown in serum-free conditions . J Invest Dermatol 1986;86:709-714.Crossref 36. Lichi U, Ben T, Yuspa AH: Retinoic acid-induced transglutaminase in mouse epidermal cells is distinct from epidermal transglutaminase . J Biol Chem 1985;260:1422-1426. 37. Petrovich PM, Heersche JNM, Aubin JE, et al: Retinoic acid induced changes in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, receptor levels in tumor and non-tumor derived cells from rat bone . J Biochem 1985;259:7115-7119. 38. Grigoriadia AG, Petkovich MP, Rosenthal EE, et al: Modulation by retinoic of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, effect on alkaline phosphatase activity and parathyroid hormone responsiveness in an osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cell line . Endocrinology 1986; 119:932-939.Crossref 39. Colston K, Colston MJ, Feldman D: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, and malignant melanoma: The presence of receptors and inhibition of cell growth in culture . Endocrinology 1981;108:1083-1086.Crossref 40. Oikawa A, Nakayasu M: Stimulation of melanogenesis in cultured melanoma cells by calciferols . FEBS Lett 1974;42:32-35.Crossref 41. Feldman D, Chen T, Cone C, et al: Vitamin D resistant rickets with alopecia: Cultured skin fibroblasts exhibit defective cytoplasmic receptors and unresponsiveness to 1,25-(OH)2-D3 . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982;55:1020-1022.Crossref 42. Smith EL, Holick MF: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, stimulates differentiation and 24-hydroxylase activity in cultured human keratinocytes , in Norman AW, Schaefer K, Grigoleit H-G, et al (eds): Vitamin D: A Chemical, Biochemical and Clinical Update . Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1985, pp 255-256. 43. Bikle DD, Nemanic MK, Whitney JO, et al: Neonatal human foreskin keratinocytes produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 . Biochemistry 1986;25:1545-1548.Crossref 44. MacLaughlin JA, Gange W, Taylor D, et al: Cultured psoriatic fibroblasts from involved and uninvolved sites have a partial but not absolute resistance to the proliferation-inhibition activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985;82:5409-5421.Crossref 45. Morimoto S, Onishi T, Imanaka S, et al: Topical administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, for psoriasis: Report of five cases . Calcif Tissue Int 1986;38:119-122.Crossref 46. Kato T, Rokugo M, Terui T, et al: Successful treatment of psoriasis with topical application of active vitamin D, analogue, 1,24-dihydroxycholecalciferol . Br J Dermatol 1986;115:431-433.Crossref 47. Holick MF, Potts JT Jr: Vitamin D , in Isselbacher KJ, Adams RD, Braunwald E, et al (eds): Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine , ed 10. New York, McGraw-Hill International Book Co, 1983, pp 1944-1949. 48. Fraser D, Scriber CR: Disorders associated with hereditary or acquired abnormalities in vitamin D function: Hereditary disorders associated with vitamin D resistance or defective phosphate metabolism , in DeGroot L, Cahill G, Odell WD, et al (eds): Endocrinology . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1979, vol 2, pp 797-808. 49. Holick MS: Vitamin D photobiology: Recent advances in the biochemistry and some clinical applications in Norman AW, Schaefer K, Grigoleit H-G, et al (eds): Vitamin D: A Chemical, Biochemical and Clinial Update . Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1985, pp 219-227. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Dermatology American Medical Association

Skin as the Site of Vitamin D Synthesis and Target Tissue for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: Use of Calcitriol (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3) for Treatment of Psoriasis

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Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1987 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-987X
eISSN
1538-3652
DOI
10.1001/archderm.1987.01660360108022
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Abstract

Abstract • Vitamin D is a hormone, not a vitamin. The skin is responsible for producing vitamin D. During exposure to sunlight, ultraviolet radiation penetrates into the epidermis and photolyzes provitamin D3 to previtamin D3. Previtamin D3 can either isomerize to vitamin D3 or be photolyzed to lymisterol and tachysterol. Vitamin D is also sensitive to sunlight and is photolyzed to 5,6-transvitamin D3, suprasterol I, and suprasterol II. In Boston, solar irradiation only produces previtamin D3 in the skin between the months of March and October. Aging, sunscreens, and melanin all diminish the capacity of the skin to produce previtamin D3. Once formed, vitamin D3 enters the circulation and is sequentially metabolized to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-[OH]2-D3). The epidermis possesses receptors for 1,25-(OH)2-D3.1,25-(OH)2-D3D3 inhibits the proliferation of cultured keratinocytes and induces them to terminally differentiate. The topical or oral administration of 1,25-(OH)2-D3 has proved to be effective for the treatment of psoriasis. Therefore, the skin is the site for the synthesis of vitamin D and a target tissue for its active metabolite. The successful use of 1,25-(OH)2-D3 for the treatment of psoriasis heralds a new approach for the treatment of this enigmatic disorder. (Arch Dermatol 1987;123:1677-1683a) References 1. Holick MF, Holick SA, Guillard RRL: Photosynthesis of previtamin-D in phytoplankton , in Loft B, Holmes WN (eds): Current Trends in Comparative Endocrinology . Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 1985, vol 2, pp 1263-1266. 2. Sniadecki J, cited by Mozolowski W: Jedrzej Sniadecki (1768-1838) on the cure of rickets . Nature 1939;143:121. 3. Palm TA: The geographic distribution and etiology of rickets . Practitioner 1890;45:270-279, 321-324. 4. Huldschinsky K: Heilung von Rachitis durch künstliche Hohensonne . Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1919;45:712-713.Crossref 5. Hess AF, Unger LJ: Cure of infantile rickets by sunlight . JAMA 1921;77:39. 6. Steenbock H, Black A: The induction of growth-promoting and calcifying properties in a ration by exposure to ultraviolet light . J Biol Chem 1924;61:408-422. 7. Hess AF, Weinstock M: Antirachitic properties imparted to inert fluids and green vegetables by ultraviolet irradiation . J Biol Chem 1924;62:301-313. 8. Holick MF: Vitamin D requirements for the elderly . Clin Nutr 1986;5:121-129. 9. Parrish JA, White HAD, Pathak MA: Photomedicine , in Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolf K, et al (eds): Dermatology in General Medicine . New York, McGraw-Hill International Book Co, 1979, pp 942-955. 10. MacLaughlin JA, Anderson RR, Holick MF: Spectral character of sunlight modulates photosynthesis of previtamin D. and its photoisomers in human skin . Science 1982;216:1001-1003.Crossref 11. Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, Clark MB, et al: Photosynthesis of previtamin D, in human skin and the physiologic consequences . Science 1980;210:203-205.Crossref 12. Loomis F: Skin-pigment regulation of vitamin D biosynthesis in man . Science 1967;157:501-506.Crossref 13. Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, Doppelt SH: Factors that influence the cutaneous photosynthesis of previtamin D3 . Science 1981;211:590-593.Crossref 14. Webb AR, de Costa B, Holick MF: Effect of winter solar irradiation on the photochemistry of 7-dehydrocholesterol, its photoisomers, and vitamin D3 . Photochem Photobiol 1986; 116S:43s. 15. Holick SA, St Lezin M, Young D, et al: Isolation and identification of 24-dehydroprovitamin D, and its photolysis to 24-dehydroprevitamin D, in mammalian skin . J Biol Chem 1985;260:12181-12184. 16. Bolt M, Rosenberg I, Holick MF: 24-Dehydrocholecalciferol is a potent inhibitor of rat liver microsomal vitamin D-25 hydroxylase, abstracted . Fed Proc , 1987;46:603. 17. Tan CY, Stathum B, Marks R, et al: Skin thickness measurement by pulsed ultrasound: Its reproducibility, validation and variability . Br J Dermatol 1982;106:657-667. 18. MacLaughlin J, Holick MF: Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3 . J Clin Invest 1985;76:1536-1538.Crossref 19. Matsuoko L, Ide L, Wortsman J, et al: Sunscreens suppress cutaneous vitamin D, synthesis . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64:1165-1168.Crossref 20. Clemens TL, Adams JA, Henderson SL, et al: Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of the skin to synthesize vitamin D . Lancet 1982;1:74-76.Crossref 21. Holick MF, Potts JT Jr, Krane SM: Calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D metabolism , in Brauwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Petersdorf RG, et al (eds): Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine , ed 11. New York, McGraw-Hill International Book Co, 1986, pp 1857-1870. 22. DeLuca HF: The metabolism, physiology, and function of vitamin D , in Kumar R (ed): Vitamin D, Basic and Clinical Aspects . Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1984, pp 1-68. 23. Mayer E, Kadowaki S, Williams G, et al: Mode of action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D , in Kumar R (ed): Vitamin D, Basic and Clinical Aspects . Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1984, pp 259-302. 24. Haussler MR, Donaldson CA, Kelly MA, et al: Functions and mechanism of action of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, receptor , in Norman AW, Schaefer K, Grigoleit H-G, et al (eds): Vitamin D: A Chemical, Biochemical and Clinical Update . Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1985, pp 83-92. 25. Merke J, Klaus G, Hugel U, et al: No 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, receptors on osteoclasts of calcium-deficient chicken despite demonstrable receptors on circulating monocytes . J Clin Invest 1986;77:312-314.Crossref 26. Stumpf WE, Sar M, Reid FA, et al: Target cells for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal tract, stomach, kidney, skin, pituitary and parathyroid . Science 1979;206:1188-1190.Crossref 27. Tanaka H, Abe E, Miyaura C, et al: 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol and human myeloid leukemia cell line (HL-60): The presence of cytosol receptor and induction of differentiation . Biochem J 1982;204:713-719. 28. Smith EL, Holick MF: The skin: The site of vitamin D, synthesis and a target tissue for its metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitain D3 . Steroids , in press. 29. Mason RS: Extra-renal production of 1,25-(OH)2-D3, the metabolism of vitamin D by non-traditional tissues , in Norman AW, Schaefer K, Grigoleit H-G, et al (eds): Vitamin D: A Chemical, Biochemical and Clinical Update . Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1985, pp 23-32. 30. Holick MF: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D: A renal hormone with unlimited potential . Kidney Int , in press. 31. Teitelbaum SL, Bar-Shavit Z, Reitsma PH, et al: Vitamin D and macrophage differentiation , in Norman AW, Schaefer K, Grigoleit H-G, et al (eds): Vitamin D: A Chemical, Biochemical and Clinical Update . Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1985, pp 177-182. 32. Merke J, Schwittay D, Furstenberger G, et al: Demonstration and characterization of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, receptors in basal cells of epidermis of neonatal and adult mice . Calcif Tissue Int 1985;37:257-267.Crossref 33. Hirst MA, Hochman HI, Feldman D: Vitamin D resistance and alopecia: A kindred with normal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D binding, but decreased receptor affinity for deoxyribonucleic acid . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:490-495.Crossref 34. Clemens TL, Adams JS, Horiuchi N, et al: Comparison of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3-receptor binding in keratinocytes and fibroblasts from skin of normal subjects and a subject with vitamin-D-dependent rickets, type II: A model for the study of the mode of action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;56:824-830.Crossref 35. Smith EL, Walworth NC, Holick MF: Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, on the morphologic and biochemical differentiation of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes grown in serum-free conditions . J Invest Dermatol 1986;86:709-714.Crossref 36. Lichi U, Ben T, Yuspa AH: Retinoic acid-induced transglutaminase in mouse epidermal cells is distinct from epidermal transglutaminase . J Biol Chem 1985;260:1422-1426. 37. Petrovich PM, Heersche JNM, Aubin JE, et al: Retinoic acid induced changes in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, receptor levels in tumor and non-tumor derived cells from rat bone . J Biochem 1985;259:7115-7119. 38. Grigoriadia AG, Petkovich MP, Rosenthal EE, et al: Modulation by retinoic of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, effect on alkaline phosphatase activity and parathyroid hormone responsiveness in an osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cell line . Endocrinology 1986; 119:932-939.Crossref 39. Colston K, Colston MJ, Feldman D: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, and malignant melanoma: The presence of receptors and inhibition of cell growth in culture . Endocrinology 1981;108:1083-1086.Crossref 40. Oikawa A, Nakayasu M: Stimulation of melanogenesis in cultured melanoma cells by calciferols . FEBS Lett 1974;42:32-35.Crossref 41. Feldman D, Chen T, Cone C, et al: Vitamin D resistant rickets with alopecia: Cultured skin fibroblasts exhibit defective cytoplasmic receptors and unresponsiveness to 1,25-(OH)2-D3 . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982;55:1020-1022.Crossref 42. Smith EL, Holick MF: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, stimulates differentiation and 24-hydroxylase activity in cultured human keratinocytes , in Norman AW, Schaefer K, Grigoleit H-G, et al (eds): Vitamin D: A Chemical, Biochemical and Clinical Update . Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1985, pp 255-256. 43. Bikle DD, Nemanic MK, Whitney JO, et al: Neonatal human foreskin keratinocytes produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 . Biochemistry 1986;25:1545-1548.Crossref 44. MacLaughlin JA, Gange W, Taylor D, et al: Cultured psoriatic fibroblasts from involved and uninvolved sites have a partial but not absolute resistance to the proliferation-inhibition activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985;82:5409-5421.Crossref 45. Morimoto S, Onishi T, Imanaka S, et al: Topical administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, for psoriasis: Report of five cases . Calcif Tissue Int 1986;38:119-122.Crossref 46. Kato T, Rokugo M, Terui T, et al: Successful treatment of psoriasis with topical application of active vitamin D, analogue, 1,24-dihydroxycholecalciferol . Br J Dermatol 1986;115:431-433.Crossref 47. Holick MF, Potts JT Jr: Vitamin D , in Isselbacher KJ, Adams RD, Braunwald E, et al (eds): Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine , ed 10. New York, McGraw-Hill International Book Co, 1983, pp 1944-1949. 48. Fraser D, Scriber CR: Disorders associated with hereditary or acquired abnormalities in vitamin D function: Hereditary disorders associated with vitamin D resistance or defective phosphate metabolism , in DeGroot L, Cahill G, Odell WD, et al (eds): Endocrinology . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1979, vol 2, pp 797-808. 49. Holick MS: Vitamin D photobiology: Recent advances in the biochemistry and some clinical applications in Norman AW, Schaefer K, Grigoleit H-G, et al (eds): Vitamin D: A Chemical, Biochemical and Clinial Update . Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1985, pp 219-227.

Journal

Archives of Dermatology – American Medical Association

Published: Dec 1, 1987

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