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REACTIONS DUE TO PHENOLPHTHALEIN: A STUDY OF THEIR PATHOGENESIS

REACTIONS DUE TO PHENOLPHTHALEIN: A STUDY OF THEIR PATHOGENESIS Abstract Articles in which the harmlessness of phenolphthalein when used as a laxative has been questioned have appeared from time to time. They were concerned at first with various unexpected general symptoms and later also with the cutaneous eruptions which occur in certain persons after ingestion of the drug. I have been investigating the action of phenolphthalein and present in this paper the results of a survey of all the available literature dealing with reactions to phenolphthalein, not only the cutaneous reactions but those consisting of general ill effects as well. The results of biochemical investigations1 that have some bearing on the possible causes of the manifestations are also included. REPORTS OF GENERAL REACTIONS Incidence.— A study of the reports published in the literature since 1903 concerning cases of general disturbances attributed to the medicinal use of phenolphthalein2 has shown that prior to 1923 the patients presented various general symptoms unaccompanied by a cutaneous eruption, References 1. With the technical assistance of John A. Killian, Ph.D., and Edward F. Williams Jr., Ph.D. 2. (a) Schwartz, O.: Der heutige Arzneimittelverkehr und dessen Einfluss auf die Krankenbehandlung , München. med. Wchnschr. 50:24, 1903 3. Ueber den Gebrauch von Purgentabletten als Abführmittel bei Säuglingen und Erwachsenen , Schwartz München. med. Wchnschr. 50:1557, 1903. 4. (b) Holz, B.: Ueber Purgen-Vergiftung , Berl. klin. Wchnschr. 42:931, 1905. 5. (c) Blumenthal, F.: Diagnostische und therapeutische Vorschläge , Med. Klin. 1:841 ( (July 23) ) 1905. 6. d) Best: Ein Fall von Purgenvergiftung , Ztschr. f. Med.-Beamte 19:364, 1906 7. Näheres über Purgenvergiftung und Bemerkungen über den Arzneimittelverkehr , Best Ztschr. f. Med.-Beamte 19:722, 1906. 8. (e) Ortner, N.: Vorlesungen über spezielle Therapie innerer Krankheiten , ed. 4, Vienna, W. Braumüller, 1907, p. 531. 9. (f) Zabel, E.: Ein Fall von Purgen-Intoxikation , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 37:743 ( (April 20) ) 1911.Crossref 10. (g) Fontagny: Urémie et phénolphtaléine , Burgoyne méd. 8:489, 1912. 11. (h) Erdös. J.: Beitrag zur Wirkung des Purgens , Therap. Monatsh. 27:332, 1913. 12. (j) Hydrick, J. L.: Albuminuria Following Ingestion of Phenolphthalein , J. Biol. Chem. 17:36, 1914. 13. (k) Fürbringer: Schwere Vergiftung durch Laxativ-Drops (Phenolphthalein) , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 43:842, 1917.Crossref 14. l) Rosenstein, P.: Der Unfug mit Phenolphthalein , München. med. Wchnschr. 67:263, 1920. 15. (m) Schmilinsky, K.: Hämolyse durch Phenolphthalein , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 48:1311 ( (Sept. 29) ) 1922.Crossref 16. (n) Lauze, G.: Les méfaits des purgatifs synthétiques; Deux cas de purpura consécutifs à l'absorption de laxatifs à base de phénolphtaléine; traitement et guérison des accidents purpuriques par l'homohématothérapie, (injection sous-cutanée de sang humain: méthode de Sicard) , Bull. Soc. d. sc. méd. et biol. de Montpellier 4:120 ( (Jan.) ) 1923 17. Les méfaits des purgatifs synthétiques; deux cas de purpura consécutifs à l'absorption de phénolphtaléine; guérison par l'hémohémathérapie , Montpellier méd. 45:260 ( (June 1) ) 1923. 18. (o) Martinson, H.: "Toxic Nephritis"; Persistent Hemorrhagic Nephritis Following Ingestion of Phenolphthalein Containing Laxative , Arch. Pediat. 41:578, 1924. 19. (p) Brockelmann, E.: Drug Eruption Due to Phenolphthalein Poisoning , Bull. St. Louis Baptist Hosp. 4:49 ( (Oct.) ) 1926. 20. (q) Talley, J. E., and Glenn, H. R.: Incipient Lipoid Nephrosis and Phenolphthalein Poisoning , M. Clin. North America 13:825 ( (Jan.) ) 1930. 21. (r) Ely, R. A.: Phenolphthalein Poisoning with Analax Tablets , J. A. M. A. 98:340 ( (Jan. 23) ) 1932. 22. (s) Cleeves, M.: Poisoning by "Ex-Lax" Tablets , J. A. M. A. 99:654 ( (Aug. 20) ) 1932.Crossref 23. (t) Nelson, W. E.: Possible Phenolphthalein Poisoning , J. A. M. A. 101:121 ( (July 8) ) 1933.Crossref 24. (u) Newman, B.: Phenolphthalein Intoxication , J. A. M. A. 101:761 ( (Sept. 2) ) 1933.Crossref 25. von Jaksch, R.: Die Vergiftungen , ed, 2, Vienna, Alfred Hölder, 1910, p. 345 26. Devrient: Ueber die Giftigkeit des Phenolphthaleins , Kazanski M. J. , (October) 1927 27. abstr., Schweiz. apoth. Ztg. 66:367, 1928. 28. (a) Bastedo, W. A.: Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics , ed. 3, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1932, p. 184. 29. (b) Unterberg, E.: Beiträge zur abführenden Wirkung des Purgens , Therap. d. Gegenw. 4:203 ( (May) ) 1902. 30. Orvosi hetil. 78:792 [ (Aug. 25) ] 1934 31. (a) Berthoumeau, M., and Daguin, A.: Les propriétés purgatives de la phénolphtaléine , Presse méd. 16:378, 1908. 32. (b) Jarvis, G. O.: Phenolphthalein as a Purgative , Internat. M. Mag. 11:722, 1902. 33. (c) Magnus, R.: Allgemeines über Abführmittel , in Bock, J., et al.: Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1920, vol. 2, p. 1592. 34. (d) McWalter, J. C.: One Thousand Doses of Phenolphthalein , Lancet 2:1141 ( (Nov. 20) ) 1915.Crossref 35. (e) von Noorden, C.: Zur Behandlung der Stuhlträgheit , Med. Klin. 26:1429, 1930. 36. (h) Wood, H. C., Jr.: The Use of Phenolphthalein as a Cathartic , Philadelphia Gen. Hosp. Rep. 7:183, 1909. 37. According to the figures of the United States Tariff Commission, the sales of medicinal phenolphthalein in this country amounted to 451,418 pounds (204,710 Kg.) for 1933. On the basis of the U. S. P. dose of 1 grain (0.06 Gm.), it is estimated that in America last year several billion doses of phenolphthalein were consumed. 38. Vámossy, Z.: Ueber ein neues Abführmittel (Purgen) , Therap. d. Gegenw. 4:201 ( (May) ) 1902. 39. Rowntree, L. G.: Subcutaneous Purgatives: A Clinical Study of Phenoltetrachlorphthalein (see discussion) , J. A. M. A. 54:348 ( (Jan. 29) ) 1910. 40. Wood, H. C., Jr., in discussion on Rowntree.8 41. (a) Brasch, G.: Phenolphthalein als Abführmittel nebst Bemerkungen über die Art der Einführung neuer Arzneimittel , Ztschr. f. Med.-Beamte 19:450, 1906. 42. (b) Gillette, H. F.: Accidental Overdose of Phenolphthalein , J. A. M. A. 51:1782 ( (Nov. 21) ) 1908.Crossref 43. (c) Kaminsky: Etude sur le purgène , Méd. mod. 15:354, 1904. 44. (d) Orland, F.: Ein Fall von unbeabsichtigter hoher Phenolpththaleindosis bei einem Kinde , Med. Klin. 9:257, 1913. 45. Elmer, W. P.: The Action and Dosage of Phenolphthalein , M. Rec. 74: 838, 1908. 46. Sollmann, T.: A Manual of Pharmacology and Its Applications to Therapeutics and Toxicology , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1932, p. 237. 47. Footnotes 2 and 10d. 48. Lauze.2n Talley and Glenn.2q 49. Roux.2i Cleeves.2s 50. Fox, H.: Erythema Perstans Following Ingestion of Phenolphthalein , J. Cutan. Dis. 36:252 ( (April) ) 1918. 51. Abramowitz, E. W.: Erythema Multiforme Associated with Cutaneous Pigmentation (Melanin): Clinical and Pathologic Report of Five Cases , J. Cutan. Dis. 36:11 ( (Jan.) ) 1918. 52. Wise, F., and Abramowitz, E. W.: Phenolphthalein Eruptions , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 5:297 ( (March) ) 1922. 53. Trimble, W. B.: Purpura , J. Cutan. Dis. 27:306, 1909. 54. Williams, E. F., Jr.; Abramowitz, E. W., and Killian, J. A.: The Value of the Monkey for the Study of the Laxative Activity of Phenolphthalein, Especially in Comparing Different Samples of the Drug , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 19:1213 ( (Aug.) ) 1934. 55. Novy, F. G.: Phenolphthalein Eruption; Experimental Data on Its Causation , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 26:125 ( (July) ) 1932. 56. Kastle, J. H.: The Conduct of Phenolphthalein in the Animal Organism , U. S. Pub. Health Serv., Hygienic Laboratory, bull. 26, 1906, p. 23. 57. Abel, J. J.. and Rowntree, L. G.: On the Pharmacological Action of Some Phthaleins and Their Derivatives, with Especial Reference to Their Behavior as Purgatives , J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. 1:231 ( (June 8) ) 1909-1910. 58. Sulzberger, M. B.: Personal communication. 59. (a) Tonnel and Raviart: Erythèmes bulleux dus à l'ingestion d'antipyrine; leur pathogénie , Echo méd. du nord 1:18, 1897. 60. (b) Mibelli, V.: Ueber die fixen Antipyrinerytheme , Monatschr. f. prakt. Dermat. 26:533, 1898. 61. Loewe, S., and Lange, F.: Entgiftetes Phenolphthalein , Klin. Wchnschr. 9:207 ( (Feb. 2) ) 1930. 62. Kaufman, E.: Entgiftetes Phenolphthalein , Klin. Wchnschr. 10:1219, 1931. 63. Fox, H.: Phenolphthalein Eruption with Bullae , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 26:741 ( (Oct.) ) 1932. 64. Corson, E. F., and Sidlick, D. M.: Urticaria from Habitual Use of Phenolphthalein , J. A. M. A. 78:882 ( (March 25) ) 1922. 65. Stancanelli, P.: Dermatitie eritemato-pemfigoide recidivante de origine medicamentosa (fenolftaleina) , Dermosifilografo 3:10 ( (Jan.) ) 1928. 66. Virga, E.: Erythèmes pigmentés fixes par phénolphtaléine , Dermosifilografo 3:675 ( (July) ) 1932. 67. Abramowitz, E. W.: Phenolphthalein Eruption Produced by the Eating of Iced Cup Cakes , M. J. & Rec. 136:31 ( (July 6) ) 1932. 68. Cannon, A. B.: Dermatitis Medicamentosa (Phenolphthalein) , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 24:899 ( (Nov.) ) 1931. 69. One patient (footnote 18, case 4) had a recurrence ten years later after taking a sugar-coated gum laxative containing phenolphthalein. 70. Personal observation. 71. Wise, F., and Sulzberger, M. B.: Drug Eruptions , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 27:549 ( (April) ) 1933. 72. Bernstein, F.: Ueberempfindlichkeit gegen Phenolphthalein , Dermat. Ztschr. 62:368 ( (Dec.) ) 1931. 73. Wise, F., and Sulzberger, M. B.: Personal communication. 74. Joltrain, in discussion on Milian and Mourrut: Erythème fixe récidivant dû aux laxatifs à base de phénolphtaléine , Bull. Soc. franç. de dermat. et syph. 39:1672 ( (Dec.) ) 1932. 75. Brockelmann.2p Cannon.35 76. Bloch, Bruno: The Rôle of Idiosyncrasy and Allergy in Dermatology , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 19:192 ( (Feb.) ) 1929. 77. Kobayashi, Utaka: Ein Fall von Laxatol-Exanthem , Jap. J. Dermat. & Urol. 31:86, 1931. 78. (Kenedy, D.: Sulla ipersensibilita , Gior. ital. di dermat. e sif. 75:965 [ (April) ] 1934). 79. Naegeli, de Quervain and Stalder: Nachweis des zellulären Sitzes der Allergie beim fixen Antipyrinexanthem (Autotransplantationen, Versuch in Vitro) , Klin. Wchnschr. 9:924 ( (May 17) ) 1930.Crossref 80. Urbach, E., and Sidaravičius, B.: Zur Kritik der Methoden der passiven Uebertragung der Ueberempfindlichkeit , Klin. Wchnschr. 9:2095 ( (Nov. 8) ) 1930.Crossref 81. Loveman, A. B.: Experimental Aspect of Fixed Eruption Due to Alurate, a Compound of Allonal , J. A. M. A. 102:97 ( (Jan. 13) ) 1934.Crossref 82. Abramowitz.18 Mibelli.27b http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology American Medical Association

REACTIONS DUE TO PHENOLPHTHALEIN: A STUDY OF THEIR PATHOGENESIS

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Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1935 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0096-6029
DOI
10.1001/archderm.1935.01460240002001
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Abstract

Abstract Articles in which the harmlessness of phenolphthalein when used as a laxative has been questioned have appeared from time to time. They were concerned at first with various unexpected general symptoms and later also with the cutaneous eruptions which occur in certain persons after ingestion of the drug. I have been investigating the action of phenolphthalein and present in this paper the results of a survey of all the available literature dealing with reactions to phenolphthalein, not only the cutaneous reactions but those consisting of general ill effects as well. The results of biochemical investigations1 that have some bearing on the possible causes of the manifestations are also included. REPORTS OF GENERAL REACTIONS Incidence.— A study of the reports published in the literature since 1903 concerning cases of general disturbances attributed to the medicinal use of phenolphthalein2 has shown that prior to 1923 the patients presented various general symptoms unaccompanied by a cutaneous eruption, References 1. With the technical assistance of John A. Killian, Ph.D., and Edward F. Williams Jr., Ph.D. 2. (a) Schwartz, O.: Der heutige Arzneimittelverkehr und dessen Einfluss auf die Krankenbehandlung , München. med. Wchnschr. 50:24, 1903 3. Ueber den Gebrauch von Purgentabletten als Abführmittel bei Säuglingen und Erwachsenen , Schwartz München. med. Wchnschr. 50:1557, 1903. 4. (b) Holz, B.: Ueber Purgen-Vergiftung , Berl. klin. Wchnschr. 42:931, 1905. 5. (c) Blumenthal, F.: Diagnostische und therapeutische Vorschläge , Med. Klin. 1:841 ( (July 23) ) 1905. 6. d) Best: Ein Fall von Purgenvergiftung , Ztschr. f. Med.-Beamte 19:364, 1906 7. Näheres über Purgenvergiftung und Bemerkungen über den Arzneimittelverkehr , Best Ztschr. f. Med.-Beamte 19:722, 1906. 8. (e) Ortner, N.: Vorlesungen über spezielle Therapie innerer Krankheiten , ed. 4, Vienna, W. Braumüller, 1907, p. 531. 9. (f) Zabel, E.: Ein Fall von Purgen-Intoxikation , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 37:743 ( (April 20) ) 1911.Crossref 10. (g) Fontagny: Urémie et phénolphtaléine , Burgoyne méd. 8:489, 1912. 11. (h) Erdös. J.: Beitrag zur Wirkung des Purgens , Therap. Monatsh. 27:332, 1913. 12. (j) Hydrick, J. L.: Albuminuria Following Ingestion of Phenolphthalein , J. Biol. Chem. 17:36, 1914. 13. (k) Fürbringer: Schwere Vergiftung durch Laxativ-Drops (Phenolphthalein) , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 43:842, 1917.Crossref 14. l) Rosenstein, P.: Der Unfug mit Phenolphthalein , München. med. Wchnschr. 67:263, 1920. 15. (m) Schmilinsky, K.: Hämolyse durch Phenolphthalein , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 48:1311 ( (Sept. 29) ) 1922.Crossref 16. (n) Lauze, G.: Les méfaits des purgatifs synthétiques; Deux cas de purpura consécutifs à l'absorption de laxatifs à base de phénolphtaléine; traitement et guérison des accidents purpuriques par l'homohématothérapie, (injection sous-cutanée de sang humain: méthode de Sicard) , Bull. Soc. d. sc. méd. et biol. de Montpellier 4:120 ( (Jan.) ) 1923 17. Les méfaits des purgatifs synthétiques; deux cas de purpura consécutifs à l'absorption de phénolphtaléine; guérison par l'hémohémathérapie , Montpellier méd. 45:260 ( (June 1) ) 1923. 18. (o) Martinson, H.: "Toxic Nephritis"; Persistent Hemorrhagic Nephritis Following Ingestion of Phenolphthalein Containing Laxative , Arch. Pediat. 41:578, 1924. 19. (p) Brockelmann, E.: Drug Eruption Due to Phenolphthalein Poisoning , Bull. St. Louis Baptist Hosp. 4:49 ( (Oct.) ) 1926. 20. (q) Talley, J. E., and Glenn, H. R.: Incipient Lipoid Nephrosis and Phenolphthalein Poisoning , M. Clin. North America 13:825 ( (Jan.) ) 1930. 21. (r) Ely, R. A.: Phenolphthalein Poisoning with Analax Tablets , J. A. M. A. 98:340 ( (Jan. 23) ) 1932. 22. (s) Cleeves, M.: Poisoning by "Ex-Lax" Tablets , J. A. M. A. 99:654 ( (Aug. 20) ) 1932.Crossref 23. (t) Nelson, W. E.: Possible Phenolphthalein Poisoning , J. A. M. A. 101:121 ( (July 8) ) 1933.Crossref 24. (u) Newman, B.: Phenolphthalein Intoxication , J. A. M. A. 101:761 ( (Sept. 2) ) 1933.Crossref 25. von Jaksch, R.: Die Vergiftungen , ed, 2, Vienna, Alfred Hölder, 1910, p. 345 26. Devrient: Ueber die Giftigkeit des Phenolphthaleins , Kazanski M. J. , (October) 1927 27. abstr., Schweiz. apoth. Ztg. 66:367, 1928. 28. (a) Bastedo, W. A.: Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics , ed. 3, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1932, p. 184. 29. (b) Unterberg, E.: Beiträge zur abführenden Wirkung des Purgens , Therap. d. Gegenw. 4:203 ( (May) ) 1902. 30. Orvosi hetil. 78:792 [ (Aug. 25) ] 1934 31. (a) Berthoumeau, M., and Daguin, A.: Les propriétés purgatives de la phénolphtaléine , Presse méd. 16:378, 1908. 32. (b) Jarvis, G. O.: Phenolphthalein as a Purgative , Internat. M. Mag. 11:722, 1902. 33. (c) Magnus, R.: Allgemeines über Abführmittel , in Bock, J., et al.: Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1920, vol. 2, p. 1592. 34. (d) McWalter, J. C.: One Thousand Doses of Phenolphthalein , Lancet 2:1141 ( (Nov. 20) ) 1915.Crossref 35. (e) von Noorden, C.: Zur Behandlung der Stuhlträgheit , Med. Klin. 26:1429, 1930. 36. (h) Wood, H. C., Jr.: The Use of Phenolphthalein as a Cathartic , Philadelphia Gen. Hosp. Rep. 7:183, 1909. 37. According to the figures of the United States Tariff Commission, the sales of medicinal phenolphthalein in this country amounted to 451,418 pounds (204,710 Kg.) for 1933. On the basis of the U. S. P. dose of 1 grain (0.06 Gm.), it is estimated that in America last year several billion doses of phenolphthalein were consumed. 38. Vámossy, Z.: Ueber ein neues Abführmittel (Purgen) , Therap. d. Gegenw. 4:201 ( (May) ) 1902. 39. Rowntree, L. G.: Subcutaneous Purgatives: A Clinical Study of Phenoltetrachlorphthalein (see discussion) , J. A. M. A. 54:348 ( (Jan. 29) ) 1910. 40. Wood, H. C., Jr., in discussion on Rowntree.8 41. (a) Brasch, G.: Phenolphthalein als Abführmittel nebst Bemerkungen über die Art der Einführung neuer Arzneimittel , Ztschr. f. Med.-Beamte 19:450, 1906. 42. (b) Gillette, H. F.: Accidental Overdose of Phenolphthalein , J. A. M. A. 51:1782 ( (Nov. 21) ) 1908.Crossref 43. (c) Kaminsky: Etude sur le purgène , Méd. mod. 15:354, 1904. 44. (d) Orland, F.: Ein Fall von unbeabsichtigter hoher Phenolpththaleindosis bei einem Kinde , Med. Klin. 9:257, 1913. 45. Elmer, W. P.: The Action and Dosage of Phenolphthalein , M. Rec. 74: 838, 1908. 46. Sollmann, T.: A Manual of Pharmacology and Its Applications to Therapeutics and Toxicology , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1932, p. 237. 47. Footnotes 2 and 10d. 48. Lauze.2n Talley and Glenn.2q 49. Roux.2i Cleeves.2s 50. Fox, H.: Erythema Perstans Following Ingestion of Phenolphthalein , J. Cutan. Dis. 36:252 ( (April) ) 1918. 51. Abramowitz, E. W.: Erythema Multiforme Associated with Cutaneous Pigmentation (Melanin): Clinical and Pathologic Report of Five Cases , J. Cutan. Dis. 36:11 ( (Jan.) ) 1918. 52. Wise, F., and Abramowitz, E. W.: Phenolphthalein Eruptions , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 5:297 ( (March) ) 1922. 53. Trimble, W. B.: Purpura , J. Cutan. Dis. 27:306, 1909. 54. Williams, E. F., Jr.; Abramowitz, E. W., and Killian, J. A.: The Value of the Monkey for the Study of the Laxative Activity of Phenolphthalein, Especially in Comparing Different Samples of the Drug , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 19:1213 ( (Aug.) ) 1934. 55. Novy, F. G.: Phenolphthalein Eruption; Experimental Data on Its Causation , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 26:125 ( (July) ) 1932. 56. Kastle, J. H.: The Conduct of Phenolphthalein in the Animal Organism , U. S. Pub. Health Serv., Hygienic Laboratory, bull. 26, 1906, p. 23. 57. Abel, J. J.. and Rowntree, L. G.: On the Pharmacological Action of Some Phthaleins and Their Derivatives, with Especial Reference to Their Behavior as Purgatives , J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. 1:231 ( (June 8) ) 1909-1910. 58. Sulzberger, M. B.: Personal communication. 59. (a) Tonnel and Raviart: Erythèmes bulleux dus à l'ingestion d'antipyrine; leur pathogénie , Echo méd. du nord 1:18, 1897. 60. (b) Mibelli, V.: Ueber die fixen Antipyrinerytheme , Monatschr. f. prakt. Dermat. 26:533, 1898. 61. Loewe, S., and Lange, F.: Entgiftetes Phenolphthalein , Klin. Wchnschr. 9:207 ( (Feb. 2) ) 1930. 62. Kaufman, E.: Entgiftetes Phenolphthalein , Klin. Wchnschr. 10:1219, 1931. 63. Fox, H.: Phenolphthalein Eruption with Bullae , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 26:741 ( (Oct.) ) 1932. 64. Corson, E. F., and Sidlick, D. M.: Urticaria from Habitual Use of Phenolphthalein , J. A. M. A. 78:882 ( (March 25) ) 1922. 65. Stancanelli, P.: Dermatitie eritemato-pemfigoide recidivante de origine medicamentosa (fenolftaleina) , Dermosifilografo 3:10 ( (Jan.) ) 1928. 66. Virga, E.: Erythèmes pigmentés fixes par phénolphtaléine , Dermosifilografo 3:675 ( (July) ) 1932. 67. Abramowitz, E. W.: Phenolphthalein Eruption Produced by the Eating of Iced Cup Cakes , M. J. & Rec. 136:31 ( (July 6) ) 1932. 68. Cannon, A. B.: Dermatitis Medicamentosa (Phenolphthalein) , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 24:899 ( (Nov.) ) 1931. 69. One patient (footnote 18, case 4) had a recurrence ten years later after taking a sugar-coated gum laxative containing phenolphthalein. 70. Personal observation. 71. Wise, F., and Sulzberger, M. B.: Drug Eruptions , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 27:549 ( (April) ) 1933. 72. Bernstein, F.: Ueberempfindlichkeit gegen Phenolphthalein , Dermat. Ztschr. 62:368 ( (Dec.) ) 1931. 73. Wise, F., and Sulzberger, M. B.: Personal communication. 74. Joltrain, in discussion on Milian and Mourrut: Erythème fixe récidivant dû aux laxatifs à base de phénolphtaléine , Bull. Soc. franç. de dermat. et syph. 39:1672 ( (Dec.) ) 1932. 75. Brockelmann.2p Cannon.35 76. Bloch, Bruno: The Rôle of Idiosyncrasy and Allergy in Dermatology , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 19:192 ( (Feb.) ) 1929. 77. Kobayashi, Utaka: Ein Fall von Laxatol-Exanthem , Jap. J. Dermat. & Urol. 31:86, 1931. 78. (Kenedy, D.: Sulla ipersensibilita , Gior. ital. di dermat. e sif. 75:965 [ (April) ] 1934). 79. Naegeli, de Quervain and Stalder: Nachweis des zellulären Sitzes der Allergie beim fixen Antipyrinexanthem (Autotransplantationen, Versuch in Vitro) , Klin. Wchnschr. 9:924 ( (May 17) ) 1930.Crossref 80. Urbach, E., and Sidaravičius, B.: Zur Kritik der Methoden der passiven Uebertragung der Ueberempfindlichkeit , Klin. Wchnschr. 9:2095 ( (Nov. 8) ) 1930.Crossref 81. Loveman, A. B.: Experimental Aspect of Fixed Eruption Due to Alurate, a Compound of Allonal , J. A. M. A. 102:97 ( (Jan. 13) ) 1934.Crossref 82. Abramowitz.18 Mibelli.27b

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Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology – American Medical Association

Published: Jun 1, 1935

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