American Journal of Physical Anthropology

doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330350101pmid: N/A

Brožek, Josef

doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330350103pmid: N/A

doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330350102pmid: N/A

Friedlaender, Jonathan S.

doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330350104pmid: 5003050

The technique of population structure analysis is described and then applied to blood polymorphic, anthropometric, and demographic data collected from residents of south‐central Bougainville Island, Territory of New Guinea. The results from these various analyses are relatively consistent, and support the idea that this theoretical model can be applied successfully to real sets of biological data and that valid conclusions concerning the breeding structure of human populations can be reached. A comparison of breeding structures from various parts of the world reveals how sharply subdivided the breeding structure in Melanesia is, and how relatively rapidly the coefficient of kinship declines over distance in that area.

Haines, Duane E.

doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330350105pmid: 4109672

The cerebellar nuclei of the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis) and the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) were studied. The cerebellar nuclear grey of Galago is divisible into a medial nucleus, a nucleus interpositus anterior, a nucleus interpositus posterior, and a lateral nucleus. The lateral nucleus is slightly concave medially suggestive of a primitive hilus. The interpositus nucleus is divided into anterior and posterior portions by a delicate lamina of fibers. The medial cerebellar nucleus is an irregular mass of cells located dorsal to the fourth ventricle.

Bang, Gisle; Hasund, Asbjörn

doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330350106pmid: 5138852

As part of a comprehensive dental study of coastal and inland Alaskan Eskimos, information regarding the frequency of the shovel‐shape trait in the maxillary incisors is presented. The findings are compared with the trait as found in other populations.

Heath, Barbara Honeyman; Carter, J. E. Lindsay

doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330350107pmid: 5138853

The growth and somatotype patterns of Manus children, Territory of Papua and New Guinea, reflected in anthropometric measurements and somatotype photographs, is reported for 438 children, ranging from 15 months of age to maturity. Somatotype distributions and individual somatotype photographs indicate little difference between boys and girls from age 1 to 4 years; between age 5 and 9 years boys shift toward higher second component ratings; between age 10 and 18 years boys shift toward higher second and third component ratings, while girls shift toward higher first and third component ratings. Four sample somatotype photographs are representative of the population at age 10 and 14 years, and show age and sex characters easily noted visually. Comparison of height, weight and subscapula skinfold values show that the Manus children resemble the Kaiapit and Bundi children of the New Guinea highlands populations reported by Malcolm in the form of their growth curves but not in growth rates. Manus children grow more slowly than the British, but faster than the Kaiapit and Bundi children. While low skinfold values and height/weight ratios derived from means for height and weight suggest somatotypic similarity of the Manus, Kaiapit and Bundi populations, somatotype photographs are needed for confirmation. Lacking historical information and genetic evidence, we can speculare that diet, nutrition, climate and perhaps physical activity are factors which influence the growth patterns of these populations. The protein intake derived from fish and other seafood may be an important factor in the relatively fast growth and earlier maturation of the Manus. Malcolm thinks that low protein intake plays an important role with the Kaiapit and Bundi, but does not rule out survival value of slow growth and short stature.

Rosen, S. I.; McKern, Thomas W.

doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330350108pmid: 5167752

An evaluation of three cranial indices proposed by Le Gros Clark ('50) is presented in light of hominid fossil material not previously considered. The data analysis suggests that the supra‐orbital height index is an important contribution to cranial analysis and elaborations of it may prove valuable. From the results, the authors suggest that the two australopithecine types be separated on the genus level, i.e., Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus. It is also proposed that Skhūl V be considered Homo sapiens sapiens.

Heiple, Kingsbury G.; Lovejoy, C. Owen

doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330350109pmid: 5003051

The anatomy of the distal femoral fragments from Sterkfontein is reviewed, including its orthopaedic and biomechanical implications with respect to locomotion pattern. Comparisons are made with other hominids and a number of quadrupedal primates. Items which are considered are the obliquity and robustness of the shaft, the anterior intercondylar groove, the intercondylar notch, and the contour of the medial and lateral articular surfaces. The distinctive hominid status of these specimens is shown by their extensive adaptation to bipedal locomotion. No feature is found which is not fully commensurate with completely bipedal locomotion; rather, their distinctive hominid character points to a need for a reanalysis of the gait pattern in these early Pleistocene hominids.

Frisancho, A. Roberto; Garn, Stanley M.; McCreery, Lawrence D.

doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330350110pmid: 5138854

The relationships between triceps skinfolds and stature and between upper arm muscle size and stature were studied on 874 pairs matched for age derived from a cross‐sectional sample of 2,445 Costa Rican rural subjects, aged 0 to 20 years. The results indicate that fatter children for their age, on the average, are not taller than their leaner counterparts. On the other hand, more muscular children, on the average, are taller than their less muscular counterparts of the same age.