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doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330240303pmid: 4960169
Sections were prepared throughout all areas of the various facial bones in young, growing Rhesus monkeys. The detailed distribution of resorptive and depository surfaces and the distribution of endosteal and periosteal bone tissue types were determined. From this information, the sequence of remodeling changes associated with the growth of the facial skeleton was then interpreted. This study is a sequal to previous reports in which growth and remodeling processes in the human face were described using similar procedures. In the present report, growth changes in the monkey and human facial skeleton are compared and contrasted. The general plan of facial growth is similar in both species, but major differences exist in the area of the muzzle. The maxillary arch in the monkey is entirely depository in nature, and it grows in a forward and downward direction as the maxillary tuberosity simultaneously grows backward. In the human, the forward part of the maxillary arch is resorptive in character. This contrasting growth factor results in a downward but not forward movement of this area. The result is decreased prognathism. Other differences in growth pattern exist in the forehead, malar, chin, and orbit. The developmental and phylogenetic basis for the upright human face is discussed and evaluated.
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330240304pmid: 4960296
The anatomical and histochemical features of the skin of the woolly monkey are intermediate between those of the Cercopithecoidea and the Pithecoidea. The animal has a prehensile tail, the glabrous, friction surface of which is similar to that of the fingers. The epidermis is heavily pigmented. The dermal vascularization is relatively well‐developed and similar to that of the skin of the Cercopithecoidea. Hair follicles grow in groups of 4 to 15, as in the skin of the Pithecoidea. In the hairy skin, eccrine sweat glands occur only in the tail and genitalia. The woolly monkey, like the green monkey, possesses only acetylcholinesterase‐containing nerve fibers around its eccrine sweat glands.
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330240305pmid: 5961601
Patterns of hair distribution of the front of the human neck are recognized. The basic patterns are supraclavicular, suprasternal and supraclaviculosuprasternal. They are correlated with the types of chest hair distribution.
Matson, G. Albin; Sutton, H. Eldon; Swanson, Jane; Robinson, Abner
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330240306pmid: 4960170
Blood specimens were procured from the following putatively pure Indians of the Peruvian rain forest: 90 Piro and 89 Campa on the Urubamba and Tambo rivers, 142 Shipibo and 14 Isconahua on the Rio Ucayali near Yarinacocha, 151 Aguaruna at Santa Maria de Nieva, where the Marañon and Nieva rivers join, and from 122 Ticuna and 9 Yagua near the Brazilian border on the Amazon. Specimens from highland Indians were obtained from 93 Aymará and 181 Quechua at Puno and environs. These 891 specimens were tested for antigens in the A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S‐s, P, Rh‐Hr, Lutheran, K‐k, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego (Dia) systems, and for the Wright (Wra) aglutinogen. Serum samples from these bloods were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins and hemolysates were prepared and examined for hemoglobin types. Results for these tests with claculated gene frequencies are presented, for the most part, on appropriate tables. A map is included to show the locations of the populations from which blood samples were procured. As in South American Indians generally, frequencies are high for the O gene it being the only gene of the ABO system which appears in isolated jungle populations and the Aymará. Gene frequencies are usually high also for M, s, R1 (CDe), R2 (cDE), Lub, k, LeH, and Fya; and low or absent for A, B, N, S, Mia, Vw, Ro (cDe), r (cde), Lua, K, Le1, Fyb, and Wra. The Diego (Dia) gene is present but varies greatly in frequencies among tribes. Hp1 gene frequencies vary from 0.44 to 0.69 among the Peruvian Indians tested. Transferrin CD was encountered in only one population i.e., in 3 of 86 Piro (gene frequency TfD= 0.02). All others were C. All Peruvian Indian bloods tested electrophoretically contained only hemoglobin (A) as a major component.
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330240307pmid: 4960171
One hundred and six skulls of various species of apes and monkeys were examined for the presence of cribra orbitalia. The condition was found in 15 (14.1%) of the animals. As in humans, cribra orbitalia was found localized mainly in the anterior parts of the orbital roof and appeared more frequently in infants and young animals. Only mild degrees of cribra orbitalia, i.e., the porotic type of lesions, were found in this series of animal skulls studied. More advanced degrees of development, as observed in human skulls, were not found. The etiology of the condition is not known; some type of nutritional deficiency is considered to be the most likely cause. The occurrence of cribra orbitalia in animals opens up possibilities of experimental work on the subject and may help to solve the problems of its etiology.
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330240308pmid: 4960172
Howler monkeys, Alouatta caraya, were collected in family groups from islands in the Rio Parana in northern Argentina. The body weights, lens weights, dental age and reproductive status of 261 individuals illustrated sexually dimorphic body weights after a period of accommodation as young adults, a large proportion of older females (even though there are more young adult males than females) and a higher percentage of pregnancies among these older females. Seventeen families, representing the entire social system of one island, showed that about three quarters were adult (equally divided between the sexes but with fewer older males than females) and the remaining quarter were immature (with an equal sex ratio). Half of the adult females were either pregnant or suckling young. The mean family size is seven which includes peripheral males. Group size and composition as well as adult to immature proportions compared closely with data on A. caraya in the Chaco of Argentina and the 1951 census of A. palliata on Barro Colorado Island. It can be said that when these two species of Alouatta occur in small size families, they have in common: a high proportion of adults to immature, a low proportion of infants, and can have either an equal sex ratio (A. caraya) or preponderance of females (A. palliata).
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330240309pmid: 5961602
This paper reports the configuration of metacarpo‐phalangeal creases and describes a technique to obtain adequate prints thereof. Metacarpo‐phalangeal creases may be classified into the boundary, ring and accessory crease. Generally only the middle and ring‐finger possess ring creases. The ring crease index, which depends on the position of the ring crease, is obtained on the middle finger. No significant differences are recognizable in the indices between males and females, and between right and left hands.
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