1988 Archives of General Psychiatry
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800250004001
This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.
1988 Archives of General Psychiatry
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800250010002
This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.
Mannuzza, Salvatore;Klein, Rachel Gittelman;Bonagura, Noreen;Konig, Paula Horowitz;Shenker, Ronald
1988 Archives of General Psychiatry
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800250017003pmid: 3337607
Abstract • In a previous article we reported the rate of DSM-III diagnoses among 101 male adolescents (aged 16 to 23 years) in whom hyperactivity had been diagnosed between ages 6 and 12 years compared with 100 controls. This report examines the rates of dysfunction among the 52 probands and 80 control adolescents who did not receive a DSM-III diagnosis at followup. Contrary to expectations, there were few areas (primarily involving school adjustment) in which the formerly hyperactive children were found to be at a disadvantage and numerous areas (occupational adjustment, temperament, alcohol abuse, antisocial activities, etc) in which the groups were indistinguishable. The results are explained in accordance with a bimodal distribution of dysfunction in hyperactive children grown up. Indirectly, this model supports the construct validity of the DSM-III diagnoses attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, substance use disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Post hoc analyses suggest that behavior problems resulting from drug use in early adolescence have graver consequences for previously hyperactive children than normal subjects. References 1. Gittelman R, Mannuzza S, Shenker R, Bonagura N: Hyperactive boys almost grown up: I. Psychiatric status . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:937-947.Crossref 2. Weiss G, Hechtman L, Perlman T, Hopkins J, Wener A: Hyperactives as young adults: A controlled prospective ten-year follow-up of 75 children . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:675-681.Crossref 3. Weiss G, Hechtman L, Milroy T, Perlman T: Psychiatric status of hyperactives as adults: A controlled prospective 15-year follow-up of 63 hyperactive children . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985;24:211-220.Crossref 4. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Croughan J, Ratcliff KS: The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics, and validity . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:381-389.Crossref 5. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Ratcliff KS, Seyfried W: Validity of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, version II: DSM-III diagnoses . Psychol Med 1982;12:855-870.Crossref 6. Gittelman R, Mannuzza S: Diagnosing ADD-H in adolescents . Psychopharmacol Bull 1985;21:237-242.
Schiavi, Raul C.;Theilgaard, Alice;Owen, David R.;White, Daniel
1988 Archives of General Psychiatry
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800250023004pmid: 3122695
Abstract • Behavioral investigation of men with sex chromosome anomalies has been primarily limited to the study of institutionalized individuals or patient groups. A double-blind controlled investigation of XYY and XXY men found in a birth cohort of 4591 tall men born in Copenhagen gathered sexual information and assessed the role of hormonal determinants on sexual behavior. There were significant differences in several sexual dimensions and in gender role between XYY men and their controls and XXY men and their controls as well as between XYY and XXY men. Although both proband groups differed from each other and from their controls in pituitary gonadal function, there was no evidence that adult hormonal levels mediate the effect of sex chromosome anomalies on male sexuality. References 1. Owen DR: The 47,XYY male: A review . Psychol Bull 1972;78:209-233.Crossref 2. Hook EB: Behavioral implications of the human XYY genotype . Science 1973;179:139-150.Crossref 3. Borgaonkar SD, Shah SA: The XYY chromosome: Male or syndrome? Prog Med Genet 1974;10:135-222. 4. Walzer S, Gerald PS, Shah SA: The XYY genotype . Annu Rev Med 1978;29:563-570.Crossref 5. Court Brown WM, Price WH, Jacobs PA: Further information on the identity of 47,XYY males . Br Med J 1968;2:325-328.Crossref 6. Griffith AW, Richards BW, Zaremba J, Abramowics T, Stewart A: Psychological and sociological investigation of XYY prisoners . Nature 1970;227:290-292.Crossref 7. Marinello MJ, Berkson RA, Edwards JA, Bannerman RM: A study of the XYY syndrome in tall men and juvenile delinquents . JAMA 1969;208:321-325.Crossref 8. Money J, Gaskin RJ, Hull H: Impulse, aggression and sexuality in the XYY syndrome . St Johns Law Rev 1969;44:220-235. 9. Buhrich N, Barr R, Lam-Po-Tang PRLC: Two transsexuals with 47-XYY karyotype . Br J Psychiatry 1978;133:77-81.Crossref 10. Raboch J, Mellan J, Starka L: Klinefelter's syndrome: Sexual development and activity . Arch Sex Behav 1979;8:333-339.Crossref 11. Bancroft J, Axworthy D, Ratcliffe S: The personality and psychosexual development of boys with 47 XXY chromosome constitution . J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1982;23:169-180.Crossref 12. Paulsen CA, Gordon DL, Carpenter RW, Candy HM, Drucker WD: Klinefelter's syndrome and its variants in a hormonal and chromosome study . Recent Prog Horm Res 1968;24:321-353. 13. Becker KL: Clinical and therapeutic experiences with Klinefelter's syndrome . Fertil Steril 1972;23:568-578. 14. Wakeling A: Comparative study of psychiatric patients with Klinefelter's syndrome and hypogonadism . Psychol Med 1972;2:139-143.Crossref 15. Witkin HA, Mednick SA, Schulsinger F, Bakkestrom E, Christiansen KO, Goodenough DR, Hirschhorn K, Lundsteen C, Owen DR, Philip J, Rubin DB, Stocking M: Criminality in XYY and XXY men . Science 1976;193:547-555.Crossref 16. Schiavi RC, Owen D, Fogel M, White D, Szechter R: Pituitary gonadal function in XYY men and XXY men identified in a population survey . Clin Endocrinol 1978;9:223-239.Crossref 17. Schiavi RC, Theilgaard A, Owen DR, White D: Sex chromosome anomalies, hormones and aggressivity . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:93-99.Crossref 18. Schafer R: The Clinical Application of Psychological Tests . New York, International University Press, 1951. 19. Rapaport D, Gill MM, Schafer R: The thematic apperception test , in Holt R (ed): Diagnostic Psychological Testing . New York, International University Press, 1968, pp 464-515. 20. Swensen C, Newton KR: The development of sexual differentiation on the Draw-a-Person Test . J Clin Psychol 1955;11:417-419.Crossref 21. Theilgaard A: A psychological study of the personalities of XYY and XXY men . Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1984;69:1-133. 22. Davidson M, Toporek J: General univariate and multivariate analysis of variance and covariance, including repeated measures (URWAS) , in Dixon WJ (ed): Biomedical Computer Program P-Series . Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1980, pp 264-287. 23. Balodimos MC, Lisco H, Irwin I, Merrill W, Dingman JF: XYY karyotype in a case of familial hypogonadism . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1966;26:443-452.Crossref 24. Nielsen J: Y chromosomes in male psychiatric patients above 180 cm tall . Br J Psychiatry 1968;114:1589-1590.Crossref 25. Nielsen J, Christensen AL, Schultz-Larsen J, Yde H: A psychiatricpsychological study of patients with the XYY syndrome found outside of institutions . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1973;49:159-168.Crossref 26. Zeuthen E, Hansen M, Christensen AL, Nielsen J: A psychiatricpsychological study of XYY males found in a general male population . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1975;51:3-18.Crossref 27. Raboch J, Starka L: Reported coital activity of men and levels of plasma testosterone . Arch Sex Behav 1973;2:309-316.Crossref 28. Money J, Annecillo C, Van Orman B, Borgaonkar DS: Cytogenetics, hormones and behavior disability: Comparison of XYY and XXY syndromes . Clin Genet 1974;6:370-382.Crossref 29. Money J, Wiedeking C, Walker P, Migeon C, Meyer W, Borgaonkar D: 47,XYY and 46,XY males with antisocial and/or sex-offending behavior: Antiandrogen therapy plus counseling . Psychoendocrinology 1975;1:165-178.Crossref 30. Davidson JM, Camargo CA, Smith ER: Effects of androgens on sexual behavior in hypogonadal men . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979;48:955-958.Crossref 31. Skakkebaek N, Bancroft J, Davidson DW, Warner P: Androgen replacement with oral testosterone undecanoate in hypogonadal men: A double-blind controlled study . Clin Endocrinol 1981;14:49-61.Crossref 32. Wu FCW, Bancroft J, Davidson DW, Nicol K: The behavioural effects of testosterone undecanoate in adult men with Klinefelter's syndrome: A controlled study . Clin Endocrinol 1982;16:489-497.Crossref 33. Schiavi RC, White D: Adrogens and male sexual function: A review of human studies . J Sex Marital Ther 1976;2:214-228.Crossref 34. Bancroft J: Endocrinology of sexual function . Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1980;7:253-281. 35. Harris RJ: A Primer of Multivariate Statistics , ed 2. Orlando, Fla, Academic Press Inc, 1985.
Reiss, Allan L.;Hagerman, Randi J.;Vinogradov, Sophia;Abrams, Micheal;King, Roy J.
1988 Archives of General Psychiatry
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800250029005pmid: 3337608
Abstract • Fragile X syndrome, an X-linked genetic condition, is an important genetic cause of mental retardation in males. In addition to mental retardation, hemizygous males with fragile X syndrome appear to have a greater likelihood of displaying behaviors classified under the diagnostic category of pervasive developmental disorder than would be expected on the basis of mental retardation alone. Although the majority of female heterozygotes with the fragile X genetic defect are of normal intelligence, our clinical work with this population and a recent case report have suggested that females with fragile X syndrome have an increased rate of schizophrenia spectrum and affective disorders. In this study, the relationship of the fragile X genetic defect to psychopathology in female heterozygotes is investigated by psychiatric evaluation of 35 obligate female carriers of the fragile X chromosome and a comparison group of 24 fragile X—negative controls. Female fragile X carriers were found to have a greater frequency of psychopathology associated with schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses, particularly schizotypal features. A weaker association between the fragile X genetic defect and chronic affective disorders was detected. The specificity of the neuropsychiatric phenotype occurring in particular genetic conditions such as the fragile X syndrome adds a potentially valuable tool to the study of psychopathology in the general population. References 1. McKusick VA: Mendelian Inheritance in Man , ed 7. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. 2. Sutherland GR, Hecht F: Fragile Sites on Human Chromosomes . New York, Oxford University Press, 1985. 3. Ireland W: Mental Affections of Children . ed 2. New York, Churchill Livingstone Inc, 1900. 4. Martin JP, Bell Z: A pedigree of mental defect showing sex-linkage . J Neurol Psychiatry 1943;6:154-157.Crossref 5. Turner G, Opitz JM, Brown WT, Davies KE, Jacobs PA, Jenkins EC, Mikkelsen M, Partington MW, Sutherland GR: Conference report: Second international workshop on the fragile X and on X-linked mental retardation . Am J Med Genet 1986;23:11-68.Crossref 6. Opitz JM: On the gates of hell and a most unusual gene . Am J Med Genet 1986;23:1-10.Crossref 7. Lubs HA: A marker X chromosome . Am J Med Genet 1969;21:231-244. 8. Brown WT, Jenkins EC, Cohen IL, Fisch GS, Wolf-Schein EG, Gross A, Waterhouse L, Fein D, Mason-Brothers A, Ritro E, Ruttenberg BA, Bentley W, Castells S: Fragile X and autism: A multicenter survey . Am J Med Genet 1986;28:341-352.Crossref 9. Hagerman RJ, Jackson AW, Levitas A, Rimland B, Braden M: An analysis of autism in 50 males with the fragile X syndrome . Am J Med Genet 1986;23:359-374.Crossref 10. Kemper MB, Hagerman RJ, Ahmed RS, Mariner R: Cognitive profiles and the spectrum of clinical manifestations in heterozygous fra(X) females . Am J Med Genet 1986;23:139-156.Crossref 11. Fryns J: The female and the fragile X . Am J Med Genet 1986;23:157-170.Crossref 12. Hagerman RJ, Smith AC: The heterozygous female , in Hagerman RJ, McBogg PM (eds): The Fragile X Syndrome . Dillon, Colo, Spectra Publishing, 1983, pp 83-94. 13. Hagerman RJ, Chudley AE, Knoll JH, Jackson AW, Kemper M, Ahmed R: Autism in fragile X females . Am J Med Genet 1986;23:375-380.Crossref 14. Reiss AL, Feinstein C, Toomey KE, Goldsmith B, Rosenbaum K, Caruso MA: Psychiatric disability associated with the fragile X chromosome . Am J Med Genet 1986;23:393-402.Crossref 15. Jacobs P, Sherman S, Turner G, Webb T: The fragile (X) syndrome: The mutation problem . Am J Med Genet 1986;23:611-618.Crossref 16. Endicott J, Spitzer RL: A diagnostic interview: The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:837-844.Crossref 17. Andreasen NC, Grove WM, Shapiro RW, Keller MB, Hirschfield RM, McDonald-Scott P: Reliability of lifetime diagnosis: A multicenter collaborative perspective . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:400-405.Crossref 18. Leckman JF, Sholamskas D, Thompson WD: Best estimate of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis: A methodological study . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:879-883.Crossref 19. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E: Research diagnostic criteria: Rationale and reliability . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:773-782.Crossref 20. Mannuzza S, Fryer AJ, Klein DF: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia—Lifetime Version, Rater Manual . New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1985, pp 30-31. 21. Overall JE, Gorham DR: The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale . Psychol Rep 1962;10;799-812.Crossref 22. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E: Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for a Selected Group of Functional Disorders—Diagnostic Manual , ed 3. New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1981. 23. Delisi LE, White B, Reiss A, Gershon ES: Cytogenetic studies of schizophrenic patients, in Proceedings of the World Congresses of Biological Psychiatry. Pitman, NJ, Anthony Jannetti Co, 1985. 24. DeMeyer MK, Hingtgen JN, Jackson RK: Infantile autism reviewed: A decade of research . Schizophr Bull 1981;7:388-451.Crossref 25. Kenwrick S, Ionasescu V, Ionasescu G, Searby C, King A, Dubowitz M, Davies KE: Linkage studies of X-linked spastic paraplegia using DNA probes . Hum Genet 1986;73:264-266.Crossref 26. Mendelwicz J, Fleiss JL: Linkage studies with X-chromosome markers in bipolar (manic depressive) and unipolar (depressive) illness . Biol Psychiatry 1975;9:261-270. 27. Naidu S, Murphy M, Moser HW, Rett A: Rett syndrome: Natural history in 70 cases . Am J Med Genet 1986;24( (suppl 1) ):61-72.Crossref 28. Pennington BF, Bender B, Puck M, Salbenblatt J, Robinson A: Learning disabilities in children with sex chromosome anomalies . Child Dev 1982;53:1182-1192.Crossref 29. Money J, Alexander D: Turner's syndrome: Further demonstration of the presence of specific cognitional deficits . J Med Genet 1966;3:47-48.Crossref 30. Silbert A, Wolff DH, Lilienthal J: Spatial and temporal processing in patients with Turner's syndrome . Behav Genet 1977;7:11-21. 31. McCauley E, Ito J, Kay T: Psychosocial functioning in girls with Turner's syndrome and short stature: Social skills, behavior problems, and self-concept . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1986;25:105-112.Crossref 32. Overall JE, Hollister LE, Pichot P: Major psychiatric disorders: A four-dimensional model . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1967;16:146-151.Crossref
Gorman, Jack M.;Fyer, Minna R.;Goetz, Raymond;Askanazi, Jeffrey;Liebowitz, Michael R.;Fyer, Abby J.;Kinney, John;Klein, Donald F.
1988 Archives of General Psychiatry
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800250035006pmid: 2827599
Abstract • Thirty-one patients with DSM-III panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks, 13 normal controls, and 12 patients with other anxiety disorders were studied during ventilatory challenge with room air hyperventilation and 5% carbon dioxide inhalation. Patients also underwent sodium lactate infusion. Among the patients with panic disorder, 58% panicked with sodium lactate, 39% with 5% CO2, and 23% with room air hyperventilation. Of the other patients, four panicked with sodium lactate, none with 5% CO2, and one with room air hyperventilation. One normal control panicked with both sodium lactate and 5% CO2. Panic with CO2 was associated with an exaggerated ventilatory response and increases in plasma norepinephrine level and diastolic blood pressure. Patients with panic disorder may have hypersensitive CO2 receptors that, when triggered, evoke a subjective panic associated with an exaggerated ventilatory response and consequent hypocapnic alkalosis. References 1. Cohen ME, White PD: Life situations, emotions and neurocirculatory asthenia . Psychosom Med 1951;13:335-357.Crossref 2. Gorman JM, Askanazi J, Liebowitz MR, Fyer A, Stein J, Kinney JM, Klein DF: Response to hyperventilation in a group of patients with panic disorder . Am J Psychiatry 1984;41:857-861. 3. Woods SW, Charney DS, Lake J, Goodman WK, Redmond DE, Heninger DR: Carbon dioxide sensitivity in panic anxiety: Ventilatory and anxiogenic response to carbon dioxide in health subjects and panic anxiety patients before and after alprazolam treatment . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:900-909.Crossref 4. Read DJC: A clinical method for assessing the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide . Australas Ann Med 1967;16:20-32. 5. Griez E, van den Hout MA: Peripheral panic symptoms occur during changes in alveolar carbon dioxide . Compr Psychiatry 1985;26:381-387.Crossref 6. Van den Hout MA, Griez E: Panic symptoms after inhalation of CO2 . Br J Psychiatry 1984;144:503-507.Crossref 7. Van den Hout MA, Griez E: Cardiovascular and subjective response to inhalation of carbon dioxide . Psychother Psychosom 1982;37:75-82.Crossref 8. Lambertsen CJ: Neural control of respiration , in Mountcastle VS (ed): Medical Physiology . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1980, pp 1749-1773. 9. Mitchell RA, Loeschke HH, Severinghaus JW, Richardson BW, Massion WH: Regions of respiratory chemosensitivity on the surface of the medulla . Ann NY Acad Sci 1963;109:661-681.Crossref 10. Comroe JH Jr: Physiology of Respiration . Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers Inc, 1974. 11. Berger AJ, Mitchell RA, Severinghaus JW: Regulation of respiration . N Engl J Med 1977;297:138-143.Crossref 12. Askanazi J, Silverberg PA, Foster RJ, Hyman AI, Milic-Emili J, Kinney JM: Effects of respiratory apparatus on breathing pattern . J Appl Physiol 1980;48:577-580. 13. Kinney JM: The application of indirect calorimetry in clinical studies, in Kinney JM (ed): Assessment of Energy Metabolism in Health and Disease, Report of the First Ross Conference on Medical Research. Columbus, Ohio, Ross Laboratories, 1980, pp 42-48. 14. Milic-Emili J, Grunstein MM: Drive and timing components of ventilation . Chest 1976;70( (suppl 1) ):131-133.Crossref 15. Askanazi J, Milic-Emili J, Broell JR, Hyman AI, Kinney JM: Influence of exercise and CO2 on breathing pattern of normal man . J Appl Physiol 1979;47:192-196. 16. Weissman C, Abraham B, Askanazi J, Milic-Emili J, Hyman AI, Kinney JM: Effect of posture on the ventilatory response to CO2 . J Appl Physiol 1982;53:761-765.Crossref 17. Padget P: The respiratory response to carbon dioxide . Am J Physiol 1927;83:384-394. 18. Liebowitz MR, Gorman JM, Fyer AJ, Levitt M, Dillon D, Levy G, Appleby I, Anderson S, Palij M, Davies SO, Klein DF: Lactate provocation of panic attacks: II. Biochemical and physiologic findings . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:709-719.Crossref 19. Grossman P, Deswart JGG: Diagnosis of hyperventilation syndrome on the basis of reported complaints . J Psychosom Res 1984;28:97-104.Crossref 20. Folgering H, Colla P: Some anomalies in the control of PACO2 in patients with a hyperventilation syndrome . Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1978;14:503-512. 21. Gorman JM, Fyer AJ, Ross DC, Cohen BS, Martinez J, Liebowitz MR, Klein DF: Normalization of venous pH, pCO2 and HCO3 levels after blockade of panic attacks . Psychiatry Res 1985;14:57-65.Crossref 22. Gorman JM, Liebowitz MR, Fyer AJ, Fyer MR, Klein DF: Possible respiratory abnormalities in panic disorder . Psychopharmacol Bull , in press. 23. Rapoport SI: Blood-Brain Barrier in Physiology and Medicine . New York, Raven Press, 1976. 24. Lum LC: Hyperventilation and anxiety states . J R Soc Med 1981;74:1-4. 25. Lum LC: Physiological considerations in the treatment of hyperventilation syndromes . J Drug Res 1983;8:1867-1872. 26. Clark DM, Salkovskis PM, Chalkly AJ: Respiratory control as a treatment for panic attacks . J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1985;16:23-30.Crossref 27. Carr DB, Sheehan DV: Panic anxiety: A new biological model . J Clin Psychiatry 1984;45:323-330.
Woods, Scott W.;Charney, Dennis S.;Goodman, Wayne K.;Heninger, George R.
1988 Archives of General Psychiatry
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800250051007pmid: 3122696
Abstract • Carbon dioxide was administered for 15 minutes to patients with panic disorders (5% CO2, n =14) and healthy subjects (5% CO2, n =11; 7.5% CO2, n = 8). Following administration of CO2 and air placebo, changes in behavioral ratings, vital signs, and plasma levels of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin were measured over three hours. In the healthy subjects, CO2 produced dose-related increases in anxiety, somatic symptoms, vital signs, and plasma cortisol levels. In the patients, the frequency of panic attacks (in eight of 14 patients) and the increases in anxiety and somatic symptoms induced by 5% CO2 exceeded those in the healthy subjects and were similar to those induced by 7.5% CO2 in the healthy subjects. The physiologic and biochemical measurements obtained did not elucidate the mechanisms underlying CO2-induced anxiety or the greater anxiogenic effects of CO2 seen in patients with panic disorders. References 1. Gorman JM, Askanazi J, Liebowitz MR, Fyer AJ, Stein J, Kinney JM, Klein DF: Response to hyperventilation in a group of patients with panic disorder . Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:857-861. 2. Woods SW, Charney DS, Loke J, Goodman WK, Redmond DE, Heninger GR: Carbon dioxide sensitivity in panic anxiety . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:900-909.Crossref 3. Ehlers A, Margraf J, Roth WT, Taylor CB, Maddock RJ, Kopell BS: CO2 as a trigger for panic in panic patients. Read before the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Dallas, May 23, 1985. 4. Drury AN: The percentage of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air and the tolerance to accumulating carbon dioxide in cases of so-called 'irritable heart' of soldiers . Heart 1919;7:165-173. 5. Cohen ME, White PD: Life situations, emotions, and neurocirculatory asthenia (anxiety neurosis, neurasthenia, effort syndrome) . Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1950;29:832-869. 6. Singh BS: Ventilatory response to CO2: II. Studies in neurotic psychiatric patients and practitioners of transcendental meditation . Psychosom Med 1984;46:347-362.Crossref 7. Sechzer PH, Egbert LD, Linde HW, Cooper DY, Dripps RD, Price HL: Effect of CO2 inhalation on arterial pressure, ECG and plasma catecholamines and 17-OH corticosteroids in normal man . J Appl Physiol 1960;15:454-458. 8. Lambertsen CJ: Therapeutic gases: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and helium , in DiPalma JR (ed): Drill's Pharmacology in Medicine , ed 4. New York, McGraw-Hill International Book Co, 1971, pp 1167-1171. 9. Van den Hout MA, Griez E: Panic symptoms after inhalation of carbon dioxide . Br J Psychiatry 1984;144:503-507.Crossref 10. Van den Hout MA, Griez E: Peripheral panic symptoms occur during changes in alveolar carbon dioxide . Compr Psychiatry 1985;26:381-387.Crossref 11. American Psychiatric Association Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , ed 3. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1980. 12. Redmond DE Jr: New and old evidence for the involvement of a brain norepinephrine system in anxiety , in Fann WE (ed): The Phenomenology and Treatment of Anxiety . New York, Spectrum Press, 1979, pp 153-203. 13. Carlsson A, Holmin T, Lindqvist M, Siesjo BK: Effect of hypercapnia and hypocapnia on tryptophan and tyrosine hydroxylation in rat brain . Acta Physiol Scand 1977;99:503-509.Crossref 14. Garcia de Yebenes Prous J, Carlsson A, Mena Gomez MA: The effect of CO2 on monoamine metabolism in rat brain . Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1977;301:11-15.Crossref 15. Stone EA: Rapid adaptation of the stimulatory effect of CO2 on brain norepinephrine metabolism . Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1983;324:313-315.Crossref 16. Oke A, Kent T, Preskorn S, Adams RN: In vivo electrochemical detection of the effects of CO2 on biogenic amine release, abstracted . Soc Neurosci Abstr 1983;9:1002. 17. Elam M, Yao T, Thoren P, Svensson TH: Hypercapnia and hypoxia: Chemoreceptor mediated control of locus coeruleus neurons and splanchnic svmpathetic nerves . Brain Res 1981;222:373-381.Crossref 18. Maas JW, Hattox SE, Greene NM, Landis DH: 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol production by human brain in vivo . Science 1979;205:1025-1027.Crossref 19. Kopin IJ, Jimerson DC, Markey SP, Ebert MH, Polinsky RJ: Disposition and metabolism of MHPG in humans: Application to studies in depression . Pharmacopsychiatry 1984;17:3-8.Crossref 20. Woods SW, Charney DS, Heninger GR, Goodman WK, Loke J, Redmond DE Jr: Mechanisms of CO2-induced anxiety, abstracted . Soc Neurosci Abstr 1985;11:132. 21. Fyer MR, Goetz R, Askanzi T, Klein DF, Gorman JM: Hyperventilation, carbon dioxide, and anxiety. Read before the 139th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, May 14, 1986. 22. Richards JB, Stein SN: Effect of CO2 exposure and respiratory acidosis on adrenal 17-OH corticosteroid secretion in anesthetized dogs . Am J Physiol 1957;188:1-10. 23. Charney DS, Heninger GR, Breier A: Noradrenergic function in panic anxiety: Effects of yohimbine in healthy subjects and patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:751-763.Crossref 24. Schneider EC, Truesdell D: The effects on the circulation and respiration of an increase in the carbon dioxide content of the blood in man . Am J Physiol 1922;63:155-175. 25. Dripps RD, Comroe JH Jr: The respiratory and circulatory response of normal man to inhalation of 7.6 and 10.4% CO2 with a comparison of the maximal ventilation produced by severe muscular exercise, inhalation of CO2, and maximal voluntary hyperventilation . Am J Physiol 1947;149:43-51. 26. Goldstein JD, DuBois EL: The effect on the circulation in man of rebreathing different concentrations of carbon dioxide . Am J Physiol 1927;81:650-660. 27. Hardgrove M, Roth GM, Brown GE: The pressor reaction produced by inhalation of carbon dioxide: Studies of patients with normal blood pressure and with hypertension . Ann Intern Med 1938;12:482-492.Crossref 28. Downing SE, Siegel JH: Baroreceptor and chemoreceptor influences on sympathetic discharge to the heart . Am J Physiol 1963;204:471-479. 29. Nahas GG: Effect of hydrocortisone on acidotic failure of the isolated heart . Circ Res 1957;5:489-492.Crossref 30. Price HL: Effects of carbon dioxide on the cardiovascular system . Anesthesiology 1960;21:652-663.Crossref 31. Honig CR, Tenney SM: Determinants of the circulatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia . Am Heart J 1957;53:687-698.Crossref 32. Lurie AA, Jones RE, Linde HW, Price ML, Dripps RD, Price HL: Cyclopropane anesthesia: Cardiac rate and rhythm during steady levels of cyclopropane anesthesia at normal and elevated end-expiratory carbon dioxide tensions . Anesthesiology 1958;19:457.Crossref 33. McDowall RJS: On variation in activity of cardio-inhibitory centre . J Physiol 1931;71:417. 34. CoTui, Burnstein CL, Ruggiero WF: Total spinal block: A preliminary report . Anesthesiology 1940;1:280-291.Crossref 35. Smith HW, Rovenstine EA, Goldring W, Chasis H, Ranges HA: The effects of spinal anesthesia on the circulation in normal, unoperated man with reference to the autonomy of the arterioles, and especially those of the renal circulation . J Clin Invest 1939;18:319-341.Crossref 36. Cullen DJ, Eger EI II: Cardiovascular effects of carbon dioxide in man . Anesthesiology 1979;41:345-349.Crossref 37. Rose RM: Overview of endocrinology of stress , in Brown GM, Koslow SH, Reichlin S (eds): Neuroendocrinology and Psychiatric Disorder . New York, Raven Press, 1984, pp 95-131. 38. Pinter EJ, Tolis G, Guyda H, Katsarkas A: Hormonal and free fatty acid changes during strenuous flight in novices and trained personnel . Psychoneuroendocrinology 1979;4:79-82.Crossref 39. Noel GL, Suh HK, Stone JG, Frantz AG: Human prolactin and growth hormone release during surgery and other conditions of stress . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1972;35:840-851.Crossref 40. Miyabo S, Asato T, Mizushima N: Prolactin and growth hormone responses to psychological stress in normal and neurotic subjects . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977;44:947-951.Crossref 41. Hamilton M: Diagnosis and ratings of anxiety . Br J Psychiatry 1969;3:76-79. 42. Zitrin GM, Klein DF, Woerner MG, Ross DC: Treatment of phobias: Comparison of imipramine and placebo . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:125-138.Crossref 43. Dekirmenjian H, Maas JW: MHPG in plasma . Clin Chim Acta 1974;52:203-208.Crossref 44. Maas JW, Hattox SE, Roth RH: The determination of a brain arteriovenous difference for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) . Brain Res 1976;118:167-174.Crossref 45. Schalch DS, Packer ML: A sensitive double antibody immunoassay for human growth hormone in plasma . Nature 1964;263:1141-1142.Crossref 46. SAS Institute Inc: SAS User's Guide: Statistics. Cary, NC, SAS Institute Inc, 1982. 47. Dixon WJ, Brown MB, Engelman L, Frane JW, Hill MA, Jennvick RI, Toporek JD: BMDP Statistical Software: 1983 Printing With Additions . Berkeley, Calif, University of California Press, 1983. 48. Checkley SA, Glass IB, Thompson C, Corn T, Robinson P: The GH response to clonidine in endogenous as compared with reactive depression . Psychol Med 1984;14:773-777.Crossref 49. Berger AJ, Mitchell RA, Severinghaus JW: Regulation of respiration . N Engl J Med 1977;297:92-97, 138-143, 194-201.Crossref 50. Rebuck AS, Slutsky AS: Measurement of ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia , in Hornbein TF (ed): Regulation of Breathing . New York, Marcel Dekker Inc, 1981, pp 745-772. 51. Dempsey JA: CO2 response: Stimulus definition and limitations . Chest 1976;70( (suppl) ):114-118.Crossref 52. Slater SL, Leavy A: The effects of inhaling a 35% CO2—65% O2 mixture upon anxiety level in neurotic patients . Behav Res Ther 1966;4:309-316.Crossref 53. Ley R, Walker H: Effects of carbon dioxide-oxygen inhalation on heart rate, blood pressure, and subjective anxiety . J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1973;4:223-228.Crossref 54. Latimer P: Carbon dioxide as a reciprocal inhibitor in the treatment of neurosis . J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1977;8:83-85.Crossref 55. Haslam MT: The relationship between the effect of lactate infusion on anxiety states, and their amelioration by carbon dioxide inhalation . Br J Psychiatry 1974;125:88-90.Crossref 56. Wolpe J: Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition . Stanford, Calif, Stanford University Press, 1985, pp 74, 166, 168. 57. Rose EC Jr, Althaus JA, Kaiser DL, Miller ED, Carey RM: Acute hypoxemia and hypercapnia: Increase in plasma catecholamines in conscious dogs . Am J Physiol 1983;245:H924-H929. 58. O'Brodovich HM, Stalcup SA, Pang LM, Mellins RB: Hemodynamic and vasoactive mediator response to experimental respiratory failure . J Appl Physiol 1982;52:1230-1236. 59. Miller RA, Morris ME: Norepinephrine release during respiratory acidosis in adrenalectomized dogs . Anesthesiology 1961;22:62-66.Crossref 60. Price HL, Lurie AA, Jones RE, Price ML, Linde HW: Cyclopropane anesthesia: II. Epinephrine and norepinephrine in initiation of ventricular arrhythmias by carbon dioxide inhalation . Anesthesiology 1958;19:619-630.Crossref 61. Charney DS, Heninger GR, Jatlow PI: Increased anxiogenic effects of caffeine in panic disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:233-243.Crossref 62. Carr DB, Sheehan DV, Surman OS, Coleman JH, Greenblatt DJ, Heninger GR, Jones KJ, Levine PH, Watkins WD: Neuroendocrine correlates of lactate-induced anxiety and their response to chronic alprazolam therapy . Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:483-494. 63. Woods SW, Charney DS, McPherson CA, Gradman AH, Heninger GR: Situational panic attacks: Behavioral, physiological, and biochemical characterization . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:365-375.Crossref 64. Woods SW, Goodman WK, Charney DS: NE Hyperactivity Associated With Yohimbine Panic , New Research Abstract 7. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1986. 65. Nesse RM, Cameron OG, Curtis GC, McCann DS, Huber-Smith MJ: Adrenergic function in patients with panic anxiety . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:771-776.Crossref 66. Carr DB, Sheehan DV: Panic anxiety: A new biological model . J Clin Psychiatry 1984;45:323-330. 67. Bledsoe SW, Hornbein TF: Central chemosensors and the regulation of their chemical environment , in Hornbein TF (ed): Regulation of Breathing . New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc, 1981, pp 347-428. 68. Loeschcke HH: Central chemosensitivity and the reaction theory . J Physiol 1982;332:1-24. 69. Liebowitz MR, Gorman JM, Fyer AF, Levitt M, Dillon D, Levy G, Appleby IL, Anderson S, Palij M, Davies SO, Klein DF: Lactate provocation of panic attacks: II. Biochemical and physiological findings . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:709-719.Crossref 70. Evans IM: A conditioning model of a common neurotic pattern: Fear of fear . Psychother Theory Res Pract 1972;9:238-241.Crossref 71. Clark DM: A cognitive approach to panic . Behav Res Ther 1986;24:461-470.Crossref 72. Barlow DH: A psychological model of panic , in Shaw BF, Cashman F, Segal ZV, Vallis TM (eds): Anxiety Disorder: Theory, Diagnosis and Treatment . New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, in press. 73. Cameron IR, Davson H, Segal MB: The effect of hypercapnia on the blood-brain barrier to sucrose in the rabbit . Yale J Biol Med 1969-70;42:241-247. 74. Kety SS, Schmidt CF: The effects of altered arterial tensions of carbon dioxide and oxygen on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption of normal young men . J Clin Invest 1948;27:484-492.Crossref 75. Lassen NA, Christensen MS: Physiology of cerebral blood flow . Br J Anaesth 1976;48:719-734.Crossref 76. Reiman EM, Raichle ME, Robins E, Butler FK, Herscovitch P, Fox P, Perlmutter J: The application of positron emission tomography to the study of panic disorder . Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:469-477. 77. Reiman EM, Raichle ME, Butler FK, Herscovitch P, Robins E: A focal brain abnormality in panic disorder, a severe form of anxiety . Nature 1984;310:683-685.Crossref 78. Ramana Reddy SV, Yaksh TL, Anderson RE, Sundt TM Jr: Effect in cat of locus coeruleus lesions on the response of cerebral blood flow and cardiac output to altered paCO2 . Brain Res 1986;365:278-288.Crossref
Gaffney, F. Andrew;Fenton, Barry J.;Lane, Lynda D.;Lake, C. Ray
1988 Archives of General Psychiatry
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800250063008pmid: 3337609
Abstract • Hemodynamic, ventilatory, and biochemical variables were measured in ten healthy adults and ten panic patients during infusion of 0.5 mol/L of sodium lactate. Physical activity, fitness level, and ambulatory electrocardiograms were also recorded. Lactate infusion doubled cardiac output, increased blood lactate levels by sixfold, and produced hypernatremia, hypocalcemia, and decreased serum bicarbonate levels in both groups but raised arterial pressure only in the patients. The patients hyperventilated before and during the infusion. Physiological responses and somatic complaints with the infusion differed little between the groups, but emotional complaints were six times more frequent among the panic patients. Eight patients but no control subjects interpreted their symptoms as a panic attack. Heart rate increased with only 14 of 31 recorded spontaneous outpatient panic attacks. Sodium lactate infusions appear to produce panic by mimicking the physiology of spontaneous panic. Treatment with cardioactive agents is not indicated in the absence of cardiopulmonary or autonomic nervous system abnormalities. References 1. Jones M, Mellersh V: A comparison of the exercise response in anxiety states and normal controls . Psychosom Med 1946:8:180-187.Crossref 2. Linko E: Lactic acid response to muscular exercise in neurocirculatory asthenia . Ann Med Interne Fenniae 1950;39:161-176. 3. Holmgren A, Strom G: Blood lactate concentration and relative workload in normal men and in mitral stenosis, atrial septal defect, and vasoregulatory asthenia . Acta Med Scand 1959;163:183-184. 4. Pitts FN, McClure JN: Lactate metabolism in anxiety neurosis . N Engl J Med 1967;277:1329-1336.Crossref 5. Grosz HJ, Farmer BB: Pitts' and McClure's lactate-anxiety study revisited . Br J Psychiatry 1972;120:415-418.Crossref 6. Grosz HJ, Farmer BB: Blood lactate in the development of anxiety symptoms . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1969;21:611-619.Crossref 7. Kelly D, Mitchell-Heggs N, Sherman D: Anxiety and the effects of sodium lactate assessed clinically and physiologically . Br J Psychiatry 1971;119:129-141.Crossref 8. Bonn JA, Harrison J, Rees WL: Lactate infusion in the treatment of 'free-floating' anxiety . Can J Psychiatry 1973;18:41-46. 9. Gorman JM, Levy GF, Liebowitz MR. McGrath P, Appleby IL, Dillon DJ, Davies SO, Klein DF: Effect of acute β-adrenergic blockage on lactateinduced panic . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:1079-1082.Crossref 10. Freedman RR, Ianni P, Ettedgui E, Nandakumaran P: Ambulatory monitoring of panic disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:244-248.Crossref 11. Spitzer RL, Williams JB: Structure Clinical Interview for DSM-III, Upjohn Version . New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1983. 12. Gaffney FA, Karlsson ES, Campbell W, Schutte JE, Nixon JV, Willerson JT, Blomqvist CG: Autonomic dysfunction in women with mitral valve prolapse syndrome . Circulation 1979;59:894-901.Crossref 13. Triebwasser JH, Johnson RL, Burpo RP, Campbell JC, Reardon WC, Blomqvist CG: Noninvasive determination of cardiac output by a modified acetylene rebreathing procedure utilizing mass spectrometer measurements . Aviat Space Environ Med 1977;48:203-209. 14. Nielsen MH, Nielsen NC: Spectrophotometric determination of Evans' blue dye in plasma with individual correction for blood density by a modified Gaebleis method . Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1962;14:605-617.Crossref 15. Durett LR, Ziegler MG: A sensitive radioenzymatic assay for catechol drugs . J Neurosci Res 1980;5:587-598.Crossref 16. Statistical Analysis System. Cary, NC, SAS Institute Inc, 1985. 17. Rubenstein E, Federman DD: Medicine . New York, Scientific American Inc, 1982, vol 6, pp 11-12. 18. Liebowitz MR, Fyer AJ, Gorman JM, Dillon D, Appleby IL, Levy G, Anderson S, Levitt M, Palij M, Davies SO, Klein DF: Lactate provocation of panic attacks: I. Clinical and behavioral findings . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:764-770.Crossref 19. Liebowitz MR, Gorman JM, Fyer AJ, Levitt M, Dillon D, Levy G, Appleby IL, Anderson S, Palij M, Davies SO, Klein DF: Lactate provocation of panic attacks: II. Biochemical and physiological findings . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:709-719.Crossref 20. Shear MK, Polan JJ, Harshfield G, Pickering T, Mann JJ, Frances A, James G: Ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate in panic patients, abstracted. Philadelphia, Society for Behavioral Medicine, 1984. 21. Taylor CB, Sheikh J, Agras WS, Roth WT, Margraf J, Ehlers A, Maddock RJ, Gossand D: Ambulatory heart rate changes in patients with panic attacks . Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:478-482. 22. Charney DS, Heninger GR, Breier A: Noradrenergic function in panic anxiety . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:751-763.Crossref 23. Boulenger JP, Uhde TW, Wolff EA III, Post RM: Increased sensitivity to caffeine in patients with panic disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:1067-1071.Crossref 24. Charney DS, Heninger GR, Jatlow PI: Increased anxiogenic effects of caffeine in panic disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:233-243.Crossref 25. Folkow B, Neil E: Circulation . New York, Oxford University Press Inc, 1971, pp 340-363. 26. Nesse RM, Cameron OG, Curtis GC, McCann DS, Huber-Smith MJ: Adrenergic function in patients with panic anxiety . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:771-776.Crossref 27. Carr DB, Sheehan DV: Panic anxiety: A new biological model . J Clin Psychiatry 1984;45:323-330. 28. Neill WA, Hattenhauer M: Impairment of myocardial O2 supply due to hyperventilation . Circulation 1975;52:854-858.Crossref 29. Mudge GH Jr, Goldberg S, Gunther S, Mann T, Grossman W: Comparison of metabolic and vasoconstrictor stimuli on coronary vascular resistance in man . Circulation 1979;59:544-552.Crossref 30. Folkow B, Neil E: Circulation . New York, Oxford University Press Inc, 1971, pp 440-443. 31. Gorman JM, Askanazi J, Liebowitz MR, Fyer AJ, Stein J, Kinney JM, Klein DF: Response to hyperventilation in a group of patients with panic disorder . Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:857-861. 32. Gorman JM, Cohen BS, Liebowitz MR, Fyer AJ, Ross D, Davies SO, Klein DF: Blood gas changes and hypophosphatemia in lactate-induced panic . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:1067-1071.Crossref 33. Cross SA, Calloway CW: D-lactic acidosis and selected cerebellar ataxias . Mayo Clin Proc 1984;59:202-205.Crossref 34. Dahlquist NR, Perrault J, Calloway CW, Jones J: D-lactic acidosis and encephalopathy after jejuno-ileostomy-ileostomy: Response to overfeeding and to fasting in humans . Mayo Clin Proc 1984;59:141-145.Crossref 35. Morbert CL: Lactate dehydrogenase: Biochemistry and function of lactate dehydrogenase . Cell Biochem Funct 1984;2:131-134.Crossref 36. Holmgren A, Strom G: Blood lactate concentration in relation to absolute and relative workload in normal men and in mitral stenosis, atrial septal defect, and vasoregulatory asthenia . Acta Med Scand 1959;163:185-193.Crossref 37. Frohlich ED, Dustan HP, Tarazi RC: Hyperdynamic β-adrenergic circulatory state: An overview . Arch Intern Med 1970;126:1068-1069.Crossref 38. Easton JD, Sherman DG: Somatic anxiety attacks and propranolol . Arch Neurol 1976;33:689-691.Crossref
Paulsen, Annamarie Spillane;Crowe, Raymond R.;Noyes, Russell;Pfohl, Bruce
1988 Archives of General Psychiatry
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800250076009pmid: 3337610
Abstract • The reliability of psychiatric diagnosis using the Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia—Lifetime Version in personal and telephone Interviews with 39 subjects was assessed using a 12- to 19-month test-retest design. Interrater reliability was high (K,.69 to.84) for the diagnosis of panic disorder, agoraphobia with panic attacks, probable panic disorder, major depression, and alcohol abuse. We conclude that it is possible to reliably make these lifetime diagnoses in a family study using the telephone interview. References 1. Aneshensel CS, Frerichs RR, Clark VA, Yokopenic PA: Measuring depression in the community: A comparison of telephone and personal interviews . Public Opinion Q 1982;46:110-121.Crossref 2. American Psychiatric Association, Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , ed 3. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1980. 3. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Croughan J, Ratcliff KS: National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics, and validity . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:381-389.Crossref 4. Katon W: DIS screening for panic disorder in medical populations . DIS Newslett 1986;3:3-5. 5. DiNardo PA, O'Brien GT, Barlow DH, Waddell MT, Blanchard EB: Reliability of DSM-III anxiety disorder categories using a new structured interview . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:1070-1074.Crossref 6. Grove WM, Andreasen NC, McDonald-Scott P, Keller MB, Shapiro RW: Reliability studies of psychiatric diagnosis: Theory and practice . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:408-413.Crossref 7. Andreasen NC, Grove WM, Shapiro RW, Keller MB, Hirschfeld RMA, McDonald-Scott P: Reliability of lifetime diagnosis: A multicenter collaborative perspective . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:400-405.Crossref 8. Crowe RR, Noyes R, Pauls DL, Slymen D: A family study of panic disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:1065-1069.Crossref 9. Crowe RR, Noyes R: Panic disorder and agoraphobia . Disease-A-Month 1986;7:390-444.
Popkin, Michael K.;Callies, Allan L.;Lentz, Richard D.;Colon, Eduardo A.;Sutherland, David E.
1988 Archives of General Psychiatry
doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800250078010pmid: 3257379
Abstract • To examine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with long-standing type I diabetes mellitus, we assessed a series of candidates for pancreas transplantation. Using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, six-month and lifetime prevalences of psychiatric disorders were established for the candidates and their potential donors (first-degree relatives). Excluding tobacco use disorder and psychosexual dysfunction, 38 diabetic subjects (51%) received one or more psychiatric diagnoses. The lifetime prevalence of major depression was comparable for female (11 of 48 [22.9%]) and male (seven of 27 [25.9%]) diabetics; both rates were significantly higher than rates in first-degree relatives and the general population. Among female diabetics, the six-month and lifetime prevalences of simple phobia were increased vs donors and the general population; among male diabetics, the lifetime prevalence of antisocial personality disorder was greater than that in the general population. None of these disorders was found to be related to the duration of diabetes or the presence of various complications. The data suggest that increased rates of psychiatric disorder in type I diabetics have both gender-independent and gender-related components. References 1. Ryan C, Vega A, Drash A, Longstreet C: Neuropsychological changes in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes . J Consult Clin Psychol 1984;52:335-342.Crossref 2. Ryan C, Vega A, Drash A: Cognitive deficits in adolescents who developed diabetes early in life . Pediatrics 1985;75:921-927. 3. Perlmuter LC, Hakami MK, Hodgson-Harrington C, Ginsberg J, Katz J, Singer DE, Nathan DM: Decreased cognitive function in aging non—insulin dependent diabetic patients . Am J Med 1984;77:1043-1048.Crossref 4. Lustman PJ, Amado H, Wetzel RD: Depression in diabetes: A critical appraisal . Compr Psychiatry 1983;1:65-74.Crossref 5. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Croughan J, Rutcliff KS: NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics, validity . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:381-389.Crossref 6. Lustman PJ, Harper GW, Griffith LS, Clouse RE: Use of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule in patients with diabetes mellitus . J Nerv Ment Dis 1986;174:743-746.Crossref 7. Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse ER, Cryer PE: Psychiatric illness in diabetes mellitus: Relationship to symptoms and glucose control . J Nerv Ment Dis 1986;174:736-742.Crossref 8. Popkin MK, Callies AL: Psychiatric consultation to inpatients with early onset type I diabetes mellitus in a university hospital . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:169-171.Crossref 9. Sutherland DER, Kendall DM: Pancreas transplantation: Registry Report and a commentary . West J Med 1985;143:845-852. 10. Sutherland DER, Goetz FC, Kendall DM, Najarian JS: One institution's experience with pancreas transplantation . West J Med 1985;143:838-844. 11. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Weissman MM, Orvaschel H, Gruenberg E, Burke JD, Regier DA: Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:949-958.Crossref 12. Myers JK, Weissman MM, Tischler GL, Holzer CE, Leaf PJ, Orvaschel H, Anthony JC, Boyd JH, Burke JD, Kramer H, Stoltzman R: Sixmonth prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:959-967.Crossref 13. Robinson RG, Lipsey JR: Cerebral localization of emotion based on clinical-neuropathological correlations: Methodological issues . Psychiatr Dev 1985;4:335-347. 14. Robinson RG, Kubos KL, Starr LB, Rao K, Price TR: Mood disorders in stroke patients: Importance of location and lesion . Brain 1984;107:81-93.Crossref 15. Hoeper E, Nycz G, Cleary P, Regier D, Goldberg I: Estimated prevalence of RDC mental disorder in primary medical care . Int J Ment Health 1979;8:6-15. 16. Helzer JE, Chammas S, Norland CC, Stillings WA, Alpers DH: A study of the association between Crohn's disease and psychiatric illness . Gastroenterology 1984;86:324-330. 17. Leeper J, Badger L, Milo T: Mental disorders among physical disability determination patients . Am J Public Health 1985;75:78-79.Crossref 18. Schulberg HC, Saul M, McClelland M, Ganguli M, Christy W, Frank R: Assessing depression in primary medical and psychiatric practices . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:1164-1170.Crossref 19. Popkin MK, Callies AL, Colon E: A framework for the study of medical depression . Psychosomatics 1987;28:27-33.Crossref 20. Keller MB, Klerman GL, Lavori PW, Fawcett JA, Coryell W, Endicott J: Treatment received by depressed patients . JAMA 1982;248:1848-1855.Crossref 21. Lustman PJ, Harper GW: Nonpsychiatric physicians' identification and treatment of depression in patients with diabetes . Compr Psychiatry 1987;28:22-27.Crossref 22. Normand PS, Jenike MA: Lowered insulin requirements after ECT . Psychosomatics 1984;25:418-419.Crossref 23. Kronfol Z, Greden J, Farroll B: Psychiatric aspects of diabetes mellitus: Diabetes and depression . Br J Psychiatry 1981;139:172. 24. Alex M, Baron EK, Goldenberg S, Blumenthal HT: An autopsy study of cerebrovascular accident in diabetes mellitus . Circulation 1962;25:663-673.Crossref 25. Kannell WB, McGee DL: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Study . JAMA 1979;241:2035-2038.Crossref 26. Roth M: The natural history of mental disorder in old age . J Ment Sci 1955;101:281-301. 27. Post F: Significance of Affective Symptoms in Old Age: A Follow-up Study of 100 Patients , Maudsley Monograph No. 10. New York, Oxford University Press Inc, 1962. 28. Clayton PJ, Lewis CE: The significance of secondary depression . J Affective Disord 1981;3:25-35.Crossref 29. Mavissakalian M, Barlow DH: Phobia: Psychological and Pharmacological Treatment . New York, Guilford Press, 1981, pp 1-34. 30. Sheehan DV, Sheehan KH: The classification of anxiety and hysterical states: II. Toward a more heuristic classification . J Clin Psychopharmacol 1982;2:386-393. 31. Mackenzie TB, Popkin MK: Organic anxiety syndrome . Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:342-344. 32. Auer RN: Progress review: Hypoglycemic brain damage . Stroke 1986;17:699-708.Crossref 33. Pinart J: Diabetes mellitus and its complications: A prospective study of 4400 patients observed between 1947 and 1973 . Diabetes Care 1978;1:168-188.
Showing 1 to 10 of 19 Articles