Archives of General Psychiatry

Lewis, William C.

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080005001pmid: 4129479

Abstract Consultant psychiatrists are often asked to evaluate patients on the dimension of "hysteria." The term continues to suffer erosion through recent changes in definition. Labeling is a dangerous as well as useful procedure. Recently acquired information makes a diagnostic toilette necessary and possible, so as to promote constructive use of the term and to avoid its misuse and abuse. References 1. Ludwig AM: Hysteria . Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:771-777, 1972.Crossref 2. Hollender MH: Conversion hysteria . Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:311-315, 1972.Crossref 3. Veith I: Hysteria: The History of a Disease . Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1965. 4. Lazare A: Hysterical character in psychoanalytic theory . Arch Gen Psychiatry 25:131-137.Crossref 5. Slater E: Diagnosis of hysteria . Br Med J 1:395-1399, 1965. 6. Lester D: Hysteria and suicide, letter to the editor . JAMA 224:902, 1973.Crossref 7. Guze SB: Suicide, hysteria, and conversion symptoms, letter to the editor . JAMA 225:65, 1973.Crossref 8. Lewis WC, Berman M: Studies of conversion hysteria . Arch Gen Psychiatry 13:275-282, 1965.Crossref 9. Woodruff RA, Clayton PJ, Guze SB: Hysteria: Studies of diagnosis, outcome and prevalence . JAMA 215:425-428, 1971.Crossref 10. Woodruff, et al: A computer assisted deviation of a screening interview for Briquet syndrome (hysteria) . Arch Gen Psychiatry 29:450-454, 1973.Crossref 11. Raskin M, Talbott JA, Meyerson AT: Diagnosis of conversion reactions . JAMA 197:102-106, 1968. 12. Lazare A, Klerman GL: Hysteria and depression: The frequency and significance of hysterical personality features in hospitalized depressed women . Am J Psychiatry 11( (suppl) ):48-56, 1968. 13. Lazare A, Klerman GL, Armon DJ: Oral, obsessive and hysterical personality patterns: An investigation of psychoanalytic concepts by means of factor analysis . Arch Gen Psychiatry 14:624-630, 1966.Crossref 14. Lazare A, Klerman GL, Armon DJ: Oral, obsessive and hysterical personality patterns: Relication of factor analysis man independent sample . J Psychiatr Res 7:275-290, 1970.Crossref 15. Breuer J, Freud S: Studies on Hysteria . New York, Basic Books Inc Publisher, 1957. 16. Harris TA: I'm OK—You're OK . New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1967. 17. Szasz TS: The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conflict . New York, Paul B Hoeber Inc, 1961. 18. Redlich FC, Freedman DX: The Theory and Practice of Psychiatry . New York, Basic Books Inc Publishers, 1966. 19. Freud S: Observation of a severe case of hemian anesthesia in a hysterical male , standard ed. London, Hogarth Press, 1966, vol 1, p 25. 20. Chodoff P, Lyons H: Hysteria, the hysterical personality and hysterical conversion . Am J Psychiatry 114:734-740, 1958. 21. Carlson GA, Goodwin FK: The stages of mania . Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:221-228, 1973.Crossref 22. Sternbach RA, Tursky B: Ethnic differences among housewives in psychophysical and skin potential responses to electric shock . Psychophysiology 1:241-246, 1965.Crossref 23. Lewis WC: Why People Change: The Psychology of Influence . New York, Holt Rinehart & Winston Inc, 1972. 24. Wilber DL (ed): Symposium on pain . Postgraduate Med 63:56-223, 1973. 25. Sternbach RA: Pain: A Psychophysiologic Analyses . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1968. 26. Razran G: The observable unconscious and the inferrable conscious in current soviet psychophysiology: Interoceptive conditioning, semantic conditioning, and the orienting reflex . Psychol Rev 68:81-147, 1961.Crossref 27. Rice DG, Greenfield NS: Psychophysiological correlates of la belle indifference . Arch Gen Psychiatry 20:239-245, 1969.Crossref 28. Marmor J: Orality in the hysterical personality . J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1:656-671, 1953.Crossref 29. Seitz PFD: The consensus problem in psychoanalytic research , in Gottschalk L, Auerbach AH (eds): Methods of Research in Psychotherapy . New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts Inc, 1966. 30. Meyer E: In Harvey, et al (eds): The Principles and Practice of Medicine , ed 18. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1972, p 1448, paragraph 2. 31. Graham DT: Health, disease and the mind-body problem: Linguistic parallelism . Psychosomatic Med 29:52-71, 1967.Crossref 32. Freedman DX, Gordon RP: Psychiatry besieged: Attacks from without (or, psychiatry madly ridden from all directions at once) . Psychiatric Annals , to be published.

Panzetta, Anthony F.

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080014002pmid: 4809921

Abstract Psychiatric identity may be considered as a reflection of the adequacy of the nosology used in psychiatry. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II) is considered inadequate from a number of standpoints. The development of valid nosology in psychiatry depends on an understanding of the concepts of arbitrary focus, differentiation and standardization, time framing and reductionism, and systems. These principles provide conceptual guidelines in the development of nosology and DSM-II is analyzed according to each principle to point out its shortcomings. Various nosologies are valid for development and what kind depends on the use to be made of the nosology, ie, the pragmatics of nosology. Three types of nosology are discussed: interventional, descriptive, and administrative. Finally, the implications of the foregoing are discussed with reference to new nosologic systems, and in reference to their role in establishing new limits of identity for psychiatry. References 1. The Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics of the American Psychiatric Association: (DSM-II) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1968. 2. Shephard M, Oppenheim B, Mitchell S: Childhood Behaviour and Mental Health . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1971. 3. Wynne LC, Singer MT: Thought disorder and family relations of schizophrenics: I. A Research Strategy . Arch Gen Psychiatry 9:191-198, 1963.Crossref 4. Hetznecker W, Forman M: Childhood Mental Health: A Guide to Action . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, to be published. 5. Eysenck H: A dimensional system of psychodiagnostics , in Mahrer A (ed): New Approaches to Personality Classification . New York, Columbia University Press, 1970. 6. Woodger JH: Physics, Psychology and Medicine . London, Cambridge at the University Press, 1956. 7. Temkin O: The history of classification in the medical sciences , in Katz M, Cole J, Barton W (eds): Classification in Psychiatry and Psychopathology . Rockville, Md, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1971. 8. Grinker RR, Nunnally JC: The phenomena of depressions , in Katz M, Cole J, Barton W (eds): Classification in Psychiatry and Psychopathology . Rockville, Md, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1971. 9. Lorr M: A typology for functional psychotics , in Katz M, Cole J, Barton W (eds): Classification in Psychiatry and Psychopathology . Rockville, Md, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1971. 10. Katz MM: A phenomenological typology of schizophrenia , in Katz M, Cole J, Barton W (eds): Classification in Psychiatry and Psychopathology . Rockville, Md, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1971. 11. Stein MI, Neulinger J: A typology of self-descriptions , in Katz M, Cole J, Barton W (eds): Classification in Psychiatry and Psychopathology . Rockville, Md, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1971. 12. Mattsson NB, Gerard RW: Typology of schizophrenia based on multidisciplinary observational vectors , in Katz M, Cole J, Barton W (eds): Classification in Psychiatry and Psychopathology . Rockville, Md, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1971. 13. Cattell RB: The integration of functional and psychometric requirements in a quantitative and computerized diagnostic system , in Mahrer AR (ed): New Approaches to Personality Classification . New York, Columbia University Press, 1970.

Stoller, Robert J.

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080024003pmid: 4809922

Abstract Symbiosis anxiety is the fear one may not escape from the primitive urge to merge again with mother. If, as is suggested, there is a stage at the beginning of life in both males and females when one feels as if a part of mother, this will establish a feminine quality in one's identity. While helpful for the girl who is to become feminine, it can threaten the boy's capacity for masculinity. Much of what a society calls masculinity may be, then, an attempt to keep separate from mother's attraction. References 1. Freud S: Three essays on the theory of sexuality , in the Standard Edition . London, Hogarth Press, 1953, vol 7, pp 135-243. 2. Freud S: Femininity , in the Standard Edition . London, Hogarth Press, 1964, vol 22, pp 112-135. 3. Galenson E: A consideration of the nature of thought in childhood play , in McDevitt JB, Settlage CF (eds): Separation-Individuation . New York, International Universities Press, 1971, pp 41-59. 4. Galenson E, Roiphe H: The impact of early sexual discovery on mood, defensive organization, and symbolization . Psychoanal Study Child 26:195-216, 1972. 5. Mahler MS: On child psychosis and schizophrenia: Autistic and symbiotic infantile psychoses . Psychoanal Study Child 7:286-305, 1952. 6. Mahler MS: Autism and symbiosis, two extreme disturbances of identity . Int J Psychoanal 39:77-83, 1958. 7. Mahler MS: Thoughts about development and individuation . Psychoanal Study Child 18:307-324, 1963. 8. Mahler MS: On the significance of the normal separation-individuation phase: With reference to research in symbiotic child psychosis , in Schur M (ed): Drives, Affects, Behavior . New York, International Universities Press, 1965, vol 2. 9. Mahler MS: Rapprochement subphase of the separation-individuation process . Psychoanal Quart 41:487-506, 1972. 10. Mahler MS, Furer M: Certain aspects of the separation-individuation phase . Psychoanal Quart 32:1-14, 1963. 11. Newman LE, Stoller RJ: The oedipal situation in male transsexualism . Br J Med Psychol 44:295-303, 1971.Crossref 12. Stoller RJ: Sex and Gender . New York, Science House Inc, 1968. 13. Stoller RJ: The transsexual boy: Mother's feminized phallus . Br J Med Psychol 43:117-128, 1970.Crossref 14. Stoller RJ: The male transsexual as "experiment." Int J Psychoanal 54:215-225, 1973. 15. Stoller RJ, Newman LE: The bisexual identity of transsexuals: Two case examples . Arch Sex Behav 1:17-28, 1971.Crossref 16. Stoller RJ: Etiological factors in female transsexualism: A first approximation . Arch Sex Behav 2:47-64, 1972.Crossref 17. Green R: Sexual Identity Conflict in Children and Adults . New York, Basic Books Inc Publisher, 1973. 18. Stoller RJ, Baker HJ: Two male transsexuals in one family . Arch Sex Behav 3:323-328, 1973.Crossref 19. Greenson RR: A transvestite boy and a hypothesis . Int J Psychoanal 47:396-403, 1966. 20. Greenson RR: Disidentifying from mother . Int J Psychoanal 49:370-374, 1968. 21. Freud S: Analysis terminable and interminable , in the Standard Edition . London, Hogarth Press, 1964, vol 23, pp 216-253. 22. Klein M: The Psychoanalysis of Children . London, Hogarth Press, 1932. 23. Rosenfeld H: Remarks on the relation of male homosexuality to paranoia, paranoid anxiety and narcissism . Int J Psychoanal 30:36-47, 1949. 24. White RB: The mother-conflict in Schreber's psychosis . Int J Psychoanal 42:55-73, 1961. 25. Bieber I, et al: Homosexuality . New York, Basic Books Inc Publisher, 1962. 26. Socarides CW: The Overt Homosexual . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1968. 27. Freud S: Psycho-analytic notes on an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia (dementia paranoides) , in the Standard Edition . London, Hogarth Press, 1958, vol 12, pp 9-82. 28. Searles HF: Sexual processes in schizophrenia . Psychiatry 24:87-95, 1961. 29. MacAlpine I, Hunter RA: David Paul Schreber Memoirs of My Nervous Illness . London, Dawson, 1955. 30. Winnicott DW: Primary maternal preoccupation , in Collected Papers . London, Tavistock Publications, 1958, pp 300-305. 31. Freud S: Instincts and their vicissitudes , in the Standard Edition . London, Hogarth Press, 1957, vol 14, pp 117-140. 32. Hartmann H: Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation . New York, International Universities Press, 1958. 33. Greenspan J, Myers JM Jr: A review of the theoretical concepts of paranoid delusions with special reference to women . Pennsylvania Psychiatric Quart 1:11-28, 1961. 34. Klaf FS: Female sexuality and paranoid schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1:84-86, 1961.Crossref 35. Klein HR, Horwitz WA: Psycho-sexual factors in the paranoid phenomena . Am J Psychiatry 105:697-701, 1949. 36. Modlin HC: Psychodynamics and management of paranoid states in women . Arch Gen Psychiatry 8:263-268, 1963.Crossref 37. Stoller RJ: Pornography and perversion . Arch Gen Psychiatry 22:490-499, 1970.Crossref 38. Lichtenstein H: Identity and sexuality . J Am Psychoanal Assoc 9:179-260, 1961.Crossref 39. Reich W: The phallic-narcissistic character , in Character Analysis . New York, Orgone Institute Press, 1949, pp 200-207. 40. Stoller RJ: Shakespearean tragedy: Coriolanus . Psychoanal Quart 35:263-274, 1966. 41. Stoller RJ: Splitting . New York, Quadrangle Books, 1973. 42. McDougall J: Primal scene and sexual perversion . Int J Psychoanal 53:371-384, 1972.

Zuger, Bernard

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080033004pmid: 4149175

Abstract This report continues previously published studies on boys with early and persistent effeminate behavior. Parental age and birth weight did not differ in the case of 43 such boys as compared with 153 boys from an ambulant psychiatric population. Complications occurring in the pregnancies with them were fewer than in the comparison group and approximated a normal incidence. The majority of the effeminate boys were first- or second-born, more of them second-than firstborn. Incidence rates for indirect inguinal hernia, enuresis, imperfect descent of the testicle, and speech impairment were found to be high among them. The relevance of these findings for the possibility of a genetic basis for the effeminate behavior of this group of boys is considered. References 1. Bieber I, et al: Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study . New York: Basic Books Inc Publishers, 1962. 2. Holemon RE, Winokur G: Effeminate homosexuality: A disease of childhood . Am J Orthopsychiatry 35:48-56, 1965.Crossref 3. Evans RB: Childhood parental relationships of homosexual men . J Consult Clin Psychol 33:129-135, 1969.Crossref 4. Saghir MT, Robins E: Male and Female Homosexuality: A Comprehensive Investigation . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1973. 5. Green R, Money J: Prepubertal morphologically normal boys demonstrating signs of cross-gender identity. Read before the annual meeting of the American Orthopsychiatric Association, Chicago, 1964. 6. Zuger B: Effeminate behavior present in boys from early childhood: 1. The clinical syndrome and follow-up studies . J Pediatr 69:1098-1107, 1966.Crossref 7. Bakwin H: Deviant gender-role behavior in children: Realtion to homosexuality . Pediatrics 41:620-629, 1968. 8. Lebovitz PS: Feminine behavior in boys: Aspects of its outcome . Am J Psychiatry 128:103-109, 1972. 9. Bakwin H, Bakwin R: Homosexual behavior in children . J Pediatr 43:108-110, 1953.Crossref 10. Zuger B: The role of familial factors in persistent effeminate behavior in boys . Am Psychiatry 126:151-154, 1970. 11. Zuger B: Effeminate behavior present in boys from early childhood: II. Comparison with similar symptoms in non-effeminate boys . Pediatrics 44:375-380, 1969. 12. Hollingshead AB: Two-Factor Index of Social Position . New Haven, Conn, August B. Hollingshead, 1957, pp 1-11. 13. Israel SL, Deutschberger J: Relation of the mother's age to obstetric performance . Obstet Gynecol 24:411-417, 1964. 14. Murdoch JL, et al: Achondroplasia: A genetic and statistical survey . J Hum Genet 33:227-238, 1970. 15. Stoller RJ: Gender Identity: The Development of Masculinity and Femininity . New York, Science House Inc, 1968, p 90. 16. Abe K, Moran PAP: Parental age of homosexuals . Br J Psychiatry 115:313-317, 1969.Crossref 17. Pasamanick B, Lilienfeld AM: Association of maternal and fetal factors with the development of mental deficiency: 1. Abnormalities in the prenatal and paranatal periods . JAMA 159:155-160, 1955.Crossref 18. Lilienfeld AM, Pasamanick B: Association of maternal and fetal factors with the development of epilepsy: 1. Abnormalities in the prenatal and paranatal periods . JAMA 155:719-724, 1954.Crossref 19. Natality Statistics Analysis United States 1962. Washington, DC, National Center for Health Statistics, series 21, No. 1. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1964. 20. Scott PD: Homosexuality with special reference to classification . Proc R Soc Med 50:655-660, 1957. 21. Knox G: The incidence of inguinal hernia in Newcastle children . Arch Dis Child 34:482-486, 1959.Crossref 22. Rahe RH, Holmes TH: Social, psychologic and psychophysiologic aspects of inguinal hernia . J Psychosom Res 8:487-491, 1965.Crossref 23. Rambler AC, Goldberg SL: Inguinal hernias in premature infants , in Hess JH, Mohr GJ, Bartelone PF (eds): The Physical and Mental Growth of Prematurely Born Children . Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1934, p 134. 24. Bakwin H: Indirect inguinal hernia in twins . J Pediatr Surg 6:165-168, 1971.Crossref 25. Overzier C: True hermaphroditism , in Overzier C (ed): Intersxuality . NEW York, Academic Press Inc, 1963. 26. Hauser GA: Testicular feminization , in Overzier C (ed): Intersexuality . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1963, p 194. 27. Warren RJ, Rimon DL: G deletion syndromes . J Pediatr 77:658-663, 1970.Crossref 28. Wang C-I, Kwok S, Edelbrock H: Inguinal hernia, hydrocele, and other genitourinary abnormalities in boys with cystic fibrosis and their male siblings . Am J Dis Child 119:236-237, 1970.Crossref 29. Holsclaw DS, Schwachman H: Increased incidence of inguinal hernia, hydrocele and undescended testicle in males with cystic fibrosis . Pediatrics 48:442-445, 1971. 30. Hardy JB, Sever JL: Indirect inguinal hernia in congenital rubella . J Pediatr 73:416-418, 1968.Crossref 31. Lang DJ: The association of indirect inguinal hernia with congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease . Pediatrics 38:913-916, 1966. 32. Michaels JJ, Goodman SE: Incidence and intercorrelations of enuresis and other neuropathic traits in so-called normal children . Am J Orthopsychiatry 4:79-106, 1934.Crossref 33. Hallgren B: Enuresis: 1. A study with reference to the number at risk and symptomatology . Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 31:379-403, 1956.Crossref 34. Bakwin H, Bakwin RM: Behavior Disorders in Children . Philadelphia, WB Saunders & Co, 1972, p 434. 35. Bakwin H: Enuresis in twins . Am J Dis Child 121:222-225, 1971. 36. Cour-Palais IJ: Spontaneous descent of the testicle . Lancet 1:1403-1405, 1966.Crossref

Abernethy, Virginia

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080040005pmid: 4809923

Abstract To estimate the need for family planning services in the psychiatric hospital, attitudinal, informational, and behavioral data relevant to fertility were collected in interviews with 60 consecutive female inpatient admissions, aged 13 to 28, to two state hospitals. More than two thirds of the sample were sexually active, half had used some birth control method, but only 11 had used birth control on the occasion of last coitus. Seventeen had been pregnant for a total of 26 pregnancies; 15 pregnancies resulted in a live birth, seven were kept by the mothers. Despite the youth of the sample, these histories already suggest high frequencies of contraceptively unprotected coitus, unwanted pregnancy, and unwanted birth. Outcomes tended either to fetal wastage or rejection of the child who then becomes a ward of society. References 1. Abernethy V, Grunebaum H: Toward a family planning program in psychiatric hospitals . Am J Public Health 62:1638-1645, 1972.Crossref 2. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Rainer JD, Kallman EJ: Current reproductive trends in schizophrenia , in Hock PH, Zubin J (eds): Psychopathology of Schizophrenia . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1966, pp 252-276. 3. Shearer JL, et al: Unexpected effects of an "open door" policy on birth rates of women in state hospitals . Am J Orthopsychiatry 138:413-417, 1968.Crossref 4. Grunebaum H, et al: The family planning attitudes, practices and motivations of mental patients . Am J Psychiatry 128:740-743, 1971. 5. Bumpass L, Westoff C: The "perfect contraceptive" population . Science 169:1177-1182, 1970.Crossref 6. Abernethy V, Grunebaum H: Family planning in two psychiatric hospitals: A preliminary report . Family Planning perspectives 5:94-99, 1973.Crossref 7. Vital Statistics of the United States, 1968: Natality. US Dept Health, Education and Welfare, Government Printing Office 1970, vol 1. 8. Abernethy V: The abortion constellation: Early history and present relationships . Arch Gen Psychiatry 29:346-350, 1973.Crossref

Burnell, George M.

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080043006pmid: 4809924

Abstract A case of septuplet pregnancy secondary to ovarian hyperstimulation followed the administration of human menopausal gonadotropin (Pergonal). All babies died within 12 hours and the maternal psychological reaction was reviewed in detail. Specific factors contributing to the subsequent favorable adjustment of the mother are discussed and recommendations for psychiatric consultation in cases of loss of multiple births are being made to facilitate the necessary grief process that is part of the course toward recovery and future motherhood. References 1. Mayer CF: Sextuplets and higher multiparous births: A critical review of history and legend from Aristoteles to the 20th century . Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma) 1:242-276, 1952. 2. Kaplan DM, Mason EA: Maternal reactions to premature birth viewed as an acute emotional disorder , in Parad HJ (ed): Crisis Intervention . New York, Family Service Association of America, 1965, pp 118-128. 3. Caplan G: Concepts of Mental Health and Consultation . Washington, DC, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Children's Bureau, 1959. 4. Gemzell C, Roos P: Pregnancies following treatment with human gonadotropins, with special reference to multiple births . Am J Obstet Gynecol 94:490-496, 1966. 5. Turksoy NR, et al: Birth of sextuplets following human gonadotropin administration in Chiari-Frommel syndrome . Obstet Gynecol 30:692-698, 1967. 6. Thompson C, Hansen L: Pergonal (menotropins): A summary of clinical experience in the induction of ovulation and pregnancy . Fertil Steril 21:844-853, 1970.

Jarvik, Lissy F.;Yen, Fu-Sun

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080046007pmid: 4809925

Abstract To examine a previously postulated relationship between chromosome loss (hypodiploidy) and mental impairment, 78 women ages 68 to 98 years (mean age 82.8) were selected from a New York State mental hospital and an institutional complex consisting of a nursing home, intermediate-care facility, and residence for the elderly. Nursing home and state mental hospital patients showed a significantly higher frequency of chromosome loss than did the more intact women in the other two settings. There was a tendency, which did not reach statistical significance, for women with moderate or severe organic brain syndrome (OBS) diagnosis to have a greater percentage of hypodiploid cells than women with mild or no OBS. Implications of these findings include the possibility that hypodiploidy rather than being purely detrimental may be an adaptation to aging. References 1. Wilkie FL, Eisdorfer C: Intelligence and blood pressure in the aged . Science 172:959-962, 1971.Crossref 2. Wilkie FL, Eisdorfer C: Systemic disease and behavioral correlates , in Jarvik LF, Eisdorfer C, Blum JE (eds): Intellectual Functioning in Adults . New York, Springer Publishing Co, 1973. 3. Roth M, Tomlinson B, Blessed G: Quantitative measures of psychological impairment and cerebral damage (at post-mortem) in normal and demented elderly subjects with a note on the significance of threshold effects, in the Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Gerontology, Washington, DC, August 1969. Washington, DC, the Congress, Vol 2, abstract No. 180, p 49. 4. Court Brown WM, et al: Chromosome Studies on Adults: Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs XLII . London, Cambridge University Press, 1966. 5. Nielsen J: Chromosomes in senile, presenile, and arteriosclerotic dementia . J Gerontol 25:312-315, 1970.Crossref 6. Jarvik LF, et al: Organic brain syndrome and chromosome loss in aged twins . Dis Nerv Sys 32:159-170, 1971. 7. Jarvik LF: Chromosomal changes and aging , in Kastenbaum R (ed): Contributions to the Psychology of Aging . New York, Springer Publishing Co, 1965. 8. Jarvik LF: Survival and psychological aspects of aging in man . Symp Soc Exp Biol 21:463-482, 1967. 9. Jarvik LF, Kato T: Chromosomes and mental changes in octogenarians . Br J Psychiatry 155:1193-1194, 1969.Crossref 10. Bettner LG, Jarvik LF, Blum JE: Stroop Color-Word test, nonpsychotic organic brain syndrome, and chromosome loss in aged twins . J Gerontol 26:458-469, 1971.Crossref 11. Hamerton JL, et al: Chromosome investigations of a small isolated human population: Chromosome abnormalities and distribution of chromosome counts according to age and sex among the population of Tristan da Cunha . Nature 206:1232-1234, 1965.Crossref 12. Sandberg AA, et al: Aneuploidy and age in a population survey . Am J Hum Genet 19:633-643, 1967. 13. Goodman RM, et al: Chromosomal alterations in three age groups of human females . Am J Med Sci 258:26-34, 1969.Crossref 14. Cadotte M, Fraser D: Etude de l'aneuploidie observèe dans les cultures de sang et de moelle en fonction du nombre et de la longueur des chromosomes de chaque groupe et de l'âge et du sexe des sujets . Union Med Can 99:2003-2007, 1970. 15. Jarvik LF, Kato T: Chromosome examinations in aged twins . Am J Hum Genet 22:562-573, 1970. 16. Neurath P, et al: Chromosome loss compared with chromosome size, age and sex of subjects . Nature 225:281-282, 1970.Crossref 17. Demoise CF, Conard RA: Effects of age and radiation exposure on chromosomes in a Marshall Island population . J Gerontol 27:197-201, 1972.Crossref 18. Spitzer RL, et al: Mental status schedule: Properties of factor-analytically derived scales . Arch Gen Psychiatry 16:479-493, 1967.Crossref 19. Goldfarb AI: The evaluation of geriatric patients following treatment , in Hoch PH, Zubin J (eds): The Evaluation of Psychiatric Treatment . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1964, pp 271-308. 20. Graham FK, Kendall BS: Memory-for-designs test: Revised general manual . Percept Motor Skills , monogr (Suppl 2-VII) :147-188, 1960. 21. Reitan RM: The relation of the Trailmaking test to organic brain damage . J Consult Psychol 19:393-394, 1955.Crossref 22. Comalli PE, Krus DM, Wapner S: Cognitive functioning in two groups of aged: One institutionalized, the other living in the community . J Gerontol 20:9-13, 1965.Crossref 23. Wechsler D: The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence , ed 4. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1958. 24. Feingold L: A Psychometric Study of Senescent Twins, unpublished doctoral dissertation. New York, Columbia University, 1950. 25. Wechsler D: The Measurement of Adult Intelligence , ed 3. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1944. 26. Moorhead PS, et al: Chromosome preparations of leukocytes cultured from human peripheral blood . Exp Cell Res 20:613-616, 1960.Crossref 27. Jarvik LF, Yen FS, Moralishvili E: Chromosome examinations in aging institutionalized women, to be published. 28. Cohen D, Jarvik LF: Cognitive deficits and chromosome loss in aged institutionalized women. Read before the 26th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Gerontological Society with the American Geriatrics Society, Miami, Fla, November 1973. 29. Gottesman LE, Quarterman CE, Cohn GM: Psychosocial treatment of the aged , in Eisdorfer C, Lawton MP (eds): The Psychology of Adult Development and Aging . Washington, DC, American Psychological Association, 1973, pp 378-427. 30. Blenkner M: The place of the nursing home among community resources . J Geriat Psychiatry 1:135-144, 1968. 31. Sandberg AA, Sakurai M: The missing Y chromosome and human leukaemia . Lancet 1:375, 1973.Crossref

Haley, Sarah A.

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080051008pmid: 4809926

Abstract All wars are "hell." Certain aspects of the Vietnam War, however, differentiated it from World War II and the Korean Conflict: guerrilla tactics predominated; this war was undeclared and became increasingly unpopular; and for the first time the exposure of war atrocities committed by Americans became a national issue. Many Vietnam veterans reflect the impact of these differences in their conflictual attitudes toward their combat experiences and in their psychopathology. The Vietnam combat veteran who reports atrocities presents a special therapeutic challenge. The therapist's countertransference and real, natural response to the realities of the patient's experience must be continually monitored and confronted. If the therapist is honest with him/herself, a therapeutic relationship becomes possible for men whom many therapists are, or would be, repulsed and frightened by and would never treat. References 1. Kerry J: The Vietnam veterans against the war in The New Soldier . New York, Collier Books, 1971, p 92. 2. Hammond WA: A treatise on Insanity in Its Medical Relations . London, HK Lewis, 1883. 3. Glass AU: Psychotherapy in the combat zone . Am J Psychiatry 110:725-731, 1954. 4. Bourne PG: Men, Stress and Vietnam . Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1970, pp 7-23. 5. Nordheimer J: Post-Vietnam War Syndrome (series of three articles) New York Times , (August) 1972. 6. Bloch HS: Brief sleep treatment with chlorpromazine . Compr Psychiatry 11:346-355, 1970.Crossref 7. Bourne PG, Coli WM, Datel WE: Affect levels of special forces soldiers under threat of attack . Psychol Rep 22:363-366, 1968.Crossref 8. Grinker RR, Spiegel J: Men Under Stress . New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc, 1945. 9. Kardiner A: The traumatic Neurosis of War . New York, Paul B Hoeber & Sons Inc, 1941. 10. Salmon TW: The war neuroses and their lessons . NY State J Med 109:933-944, 1919. 11. Zetzel ER: The Capacity for Emotional Growth . New York, International Universities Press Inc, 1970, pp 12-32. 12. Gault WB: Some remarks on slaughter , Am J Psychiatry 128: (4) :82-85, 1971. 13. Borus JF: Reentry: I. Adjustment issues facing the Vietnam veteran . Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:501-506, 1973.Crossref 14. Lifton RJ: Testimony before the Subcommittee on Veterans's Affairs, November and December 1969, and January 1970, in Oversight of Medical Care of Veterans Wounded in Vietnam. Government Printing Office, 1970, pp 419-510. 15. Lifton RJ: Home from the war: The psychology of survival . Atlantic Monthly 230:56-72, 1972. 16. Lifton RJ: Home From the War, Vietnam Veterans: Neither Victims nor Executioners . New York, Simon & Schuster Inc, 1973. 17. Shatan CF: " How do we turn off the guilt? " Huma Behav 2:56-61, 1973. 18. Shatan CF: The grief of soldiers: Vietnam combat veterans' self-help movement . Am J Orthopsychiatry 43:640-653, 1973.Crossref 19. Polner M: no victory parades, in The Return of the Vietnam Veteran . New York, Holt Rinehart & Winston Inc, 1971. 20. Levy C: Testimony before the Subcommittee on Veterans' Affairs Nov 25 and Dec 3, 1970, in Unemployment and Overall Readjustment Problems of Returning Veterans, Government Printing Office, pp 204-218, 1971. 21. Strange RE, Brown DE: Home from the war: A study of psychiatric problems in Vietnam returnees . Am J Psychiatry 127:488-492, 1970. 22. Bourne PG: The Vietnam veteran: Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterans Administration in The Vietnam Veteran in Contemporary Society, Collected Materials Pertaining to the Young Veterans. Government Printing Office, pp IV-83, 1972.

Early, Loretta F.;Lifschutz, Joseph E.

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080057009pmid: 4809927

Abstract Cases of religious stigmatization are extremely rare in the medical literature. We recently observed a 10½-year-old black Baptist girl who experienced religious stigmata periodically over a three-week period immediately preceding Easter Sunday 1972. Closest possible scrutiny made it unlikely that these lesions were self-induced. The child, who is intensely religious, comes from a large, lower-middle class family in a large city. Her physical examination results were entirely normal. We were unable to detect psychopathology except within the range of her religious experience, ie, indifference toward the bleeding and auditory hallucinations of a religious nature. Since no extensive psychological examination was possible, only the most general psychodynamic speculations are given. The recently described entity, psychogenic purpura, strikingly demonstrates the reality of mentally induced bleeding. References 1. Lifschutz JE: Hysterial stigmatization . Am J Psychiatry 114:527-531, 1957. 2. Hamilton F: A miracle at Uptergrove? MacLean's Magazine Sept 15:7-9, 39-42, 1950. 3. Ratnoff OD: Stigmata: Where mind and body meet, a study of autoerythrocyte sensitization . Med Times 97:150-163, 1969. 4. Gardner FH, Diamond LE: Autoerythrocyte sensitization: A form of purpura producing painful bruising following autosensitization to red cells in certain women . Blood 10:675-690, 1956. 5. Ratnoff OD, Agle DP: Psychogenic purpura: A re-evaluation of the syndrome of autoerythrocyte sensitization . Medicine 47:475-500, 1968.Crossref 6. Ratnoff OD, Agle DP: Autoerythrocyte sensitization: Psychiatric patterns in patients with a peculiar protracted purpura . Trans Assoc Am Physicians 74:290-299, 1961. 7. Agle DP, Ratnoff OD: Purpura as a psychogenic entity: A psychiatric study of autoerythrocyte sensitization . Arch Intern Med 109:685-694, 1962.Crossref 8. Agle DP, Ratnoff OD, Wasman M: Studies in autoerythrocyte sensitization: The induction of purpuric lesions by hypnotic suggestion . Psychosom Med 29:491-503, 1967.Crossref 9. Agle DP, Ratnoff OD, Wasman M: Conversion reactions in autoerythrocyte sensitization . Arch Gen Psychiatry 20:438-477, 1969.Crossref 10. Lord RA: A note on stigmata . Am Imago 14:299-301, 1957.

Bromet, Evelyn;Harrow, Martin;Kasl, Stanislav

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080061010pmid: 4809928

Abstract The relationship between premorbid and morbid factors relevant to the process-reactive distinction in schizophrenia and measures of posthospital adjustment were investigated in 33 schizophrenic and 44 nonschizophrenic patients. The data support the hypothesis that these premorbid and morbid factors are predictive of outcome for schizophrenics, although the correlations between the predictors and outcome indexes were not as uniformly high as theories based on the process-reactive distinction have proposed. For the nonschizophrenics the correlations between the predictors and outcome indexes did not show consistent associations. The premorbid factors employed were differentially related to the various outcome measures. The results provide some support for the hypothesis that different factors predict outcome for schizophrenic vs nonschizophrenic patients, and question the hypothesis that all mental illnesses form a continuum with the difference between them primarily being one of severity. References 1. Chapman L, Day D, Burstein A: The process-reactive distinction and prognosis in schizophrenia . J Nerv Ment Dis 133:383-391, 1961.Crossref 2. Farina A, et al: Premorbid behavior and prognosis in female schizophrenic patients . J Consult Psychol 26:56-60, 1962.Crossref 3. Garfield S, Sundland D: Prognostic scales in schizophrenia . J Consult Psychol 30:18-24, 1966.Crossref 4. Garmezy N, Rodnick E: Premorbid adjustment and performance in schizophrenia: Implications for interpreting heterogeneity in schizophrenia . J Nerv Ment Dis 129:450-466, 1959.Crossref 5. Harrow M, Tucker G, Bromet E: Short-term prognosis of schizophrenic patients . Arch Gen Psychiatry 21:195-202, 1969.Crossref 6. Kantor R, Wallner J, Winder C: Process and reactive schizophrenia . J Consult Psychol 17:157-162, 1953.Crossref 7. Phillips L: Case history data and prognosis in schizophrenia . J Nerv Ment Dis 117:515-525, 1953.Crossref 8. Stephens J, Astrup C: Prognosis in "process" and "non-process" schizophrenia . Am J Psychiatry 119:945-953, 1963. 9. Stephens JH, Astrup C, Mangrum J: Prognostic factors in recovered and deteriorated schizophrenics . Am J Psychiatry 122:1116-1121, 1966. 10. Bromet E, Harrow M, Tucker G: Factors related to short-term prognosis in schizophrenia and depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 25:148-154, 1971.Crossref 11. Farina A, Garmezy N, Barry H: Relationship of marital status to incidence and prognosis of schizophrenia . J Abnorm Soc Psychol 67:624-630, 1963.Crossref 12. Klein RG, Klein D: Premorbid asocial adjustment and prognosis in schizophrenia . J Psychiatr Res 7:35-53, 1969.Crossref 13. Phillips L, Broverman I, Zigler E: Social competence and psychiatric diagnosis . J Abnorm Psychol 71:209-214, 1966.Crossref 14. Rosen B, et al: Social competence and posthospital outcome . Arch Gen Psychiatry 19:165-170, 1968.Crossref 15. Sanes J, Zigler E: Premorbid social competence in schizophrenia . J Abnorm Psychol 78:140-144, 1971.Crossref 16. Turner J, Zabo L: Social competence and schizophrenic outcome: An investigation and critique . J Health Soc Behav 9:41-51, 1968.Crossref 17. Zigler E, Phillips L: Social competence and outcome in psychiatric disorder . J Abnorm Soc Psychol 63:264-271, 1961.Crossref 18. Rosen B, et al: Social competence and posthospital outcome among schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients . J Abnorm Psychol 74:401-404, 1969.Crossref 19. Higgins J, Peterson J: Concept of process-reactive schizophrenia: A critique . Psychol Bull 66:201-206, 1966.Crossref 20. Almond R: The therapeutic community . Sci Am 224:34-42, 1971.Crossref 21. Detre T, et al: An experimental approach to the treatment of the acutely ill psychiatric patient in the general hospital . Conn Med 25:613-619, 1961. 22. Bromet E, Harrow M: Behavioral overinclusion as a prognostic index in schizophrenic disorders . J Abnorm Psychol 82:345-349, 1973.Crossref 23. Harrow M, Bromet E, Quinlan D: Predictors of posthospital adjustment in schizophrenia: Thought disorders and schizophrenic diagnosis . J Nerv Ment Dis , to be published. 24. Astrachan BM, et al: A checklist for the diagnosis of schizophrenia . Br J Psychiatry 121:529-539, 1972.Crossref 25. Wechsler D: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Manual . New York, Psychological Corp, 1955. 26. Levenstein S, Klein D, Pollack M: Follow-up study of formerly hospitalized voluntary psychiatric patients: The first two years . Am J Psychiatry 122:1102-1109, 1966. 27. Bromet E: Thought Disorder and Psycho-Social Factors in the Posthospital Adjustment of Psychiatric Patients, unpublished doctoral dissertation. Yale University, New Haven, Conn, 1971. 28. Evans JR, Goldstein MJ, Rodnick EH: Premorbid adjustment, paranoid diagnosis, and remission: Acute schizophrenics treated in a community mental health center . Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:666-672, 1973.Crossref 29. Evans JR, et al: Premorbid adjustment, phenothiazine treatment, and remission in acute schizophrenics . Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:486-490, 1972.Crossref 30. Lorei T, Gurel L: Use of a biographical inventory to predict schizophrenics' posthospital employment and readmission . J Consult Psychol 38:238-243, 1972.Crossref 31. Freeman H, Simmons O: The Mental Patient Comes Home . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1963.

Wild, Cynthia M.;Shapiro, Linda N.;Abelin, Theodor

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080067011pmid: 4809929

Abstract Data from an epidemiologic study of schizophrenia were used to determine how many subjects in the large sample pool met eligibility criteria for family study. Of 549 patients with interview data only 29.1% were eligible. Eligible were compared with ineligible schizophrenic patients on 15 variables likely to influence family interaction patterns; the small group of male patients who actually cooperated in the Family Study were compared on the same variables with those who refused to participate. On nine variables the groups were similar, but they differed on six. Eligible and cooperating patients were of higher socioeconomic status and earlier birth order; they were younger when interviewed and when admitted to the hospital; and were more likely to have been diagnosed acute rather than paranoid or chronic schizophrenic. References 1. Cheek FE: A serendipitous finding: Sex roles and schizophrenia . J Abnorm Soc Psychol 69:392-400, 1964.Crossref 2. Cheek FE: Family interaction patterns and convalescent adjustment of the schizophrenic . Arch Gen Psychiatry 13:138-147, 1965.Crossref 3. Mishler EG, Waxler NE: Interaction in Families: An Experimental Study of Family Processes and Schizophrenia . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1968. 4. Feinsilver D: Communication in families of schizophrenic patients: Describing common objects as a test of communication between family members . Arch Gen Psychiatry 22:143-148, 1970.Crossref 5. Friedman CJ, Friedman AS: Characteristics of schizogenic families during a joint family story-telling task . Family Process 9:333-353, 1970.Crossref 6. Lennard HL, Beaulieu M, Embrey NG: Interactions in families with a schizophrenic child . Arch Gen Psychiatry 12:166-183, 1965.Crossref 7. Reiss D: Varieties of consensual experience: III. Contrast between families of normals, delinquents, and schizophrenics . J Nerv Ment Dis 152:73-95, 1971.Crossref 8. Rosenthal AJ, Behrens MI, Chodoff P: Communication in lower class families of schizophrenics: I. Methodological problems . Arch Gen Psychiatry 18:464-470, 1968.Crossref 9. Behrens MI, Rosenthal AJ, Chodoff P: Communication in lower class families of schizophrenics: II. Observations and findings . Arch Gen Psychiatry 18:689-696, 1968.Crossref 10. Stabenau JR, et al: A comparative study of families of schizophrenics, delinquents and normals . Psychiatry 28:45-59, 1965. 11. Fontana AF: Familial etiology of schizophrenia: Is a scientific methodology possible? Psychol Bull 66:214-227, 1966.Crossref 12. Sanua VD: Sociocultural factors in families of schizophrenics . Psychiatry 24:246-265, 1961. 13. Sears RR, Maccoby EE, Levin H: Patterns of Child Rearing . Evanston, Ill, Row, Peterson, 1957. 14. McClelland DC, De Charms R, Rindlisbacher A: Religious and other sources of parental attitudes toward independence training , in McClelland DC (ed): Studies in Motivation . New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1955, pp 389-397. 15. Barrabee P, Von Mering 0: Ethnic variations in mental stress in families with psychotic children . Social Forces 1:48-53, 1953. 16. Gerard DL, Siegel J: The family background of schizophrenia . Psychiatr Q 24:47-73, 1950.Crossref 17. Tietze T: A study of mothers of schizophrenic patients . Psychiatry 12:55-65, 1949. 18. Ferreira AJ, Winter WD: Family interaction and decision-making . Arch Gen Psychiatry 13:214-223, 1965.Crossref 19. Schooler C, Scarr S: Affiliation among chronic schizophrenics: Relation to intrapersonal and birth order factors . J Pers 30:178-192, 1962.Crossref 20. Higgins J: The concept of process-reactive schizophrenia: Criteria and related research . J Nerv Ment Dis 138:9-25, 1964.Crossref 21. Higgins J: Process-reactive schizophrenia: Recent developments . J Nerv Ment Dis 149:450-472, 1969.Crossref 22. Farina A, Dunham RM: Measurement of family relationships and their effects . Arch Gen Psychiatry 9:64-73, 1963.Crossref 23. Rosenthal D: Genetic Theory and Abnormal Behavior . New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc, 1970. 24. Abelin T: Etiological implications of the distinction between process and reactive schizophrenia: The monogenic model involving intermediateness , in Kaplan AR (ed): Genetic Factors in "Schizophrenia." Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publishers, 1972, pp 181-218. 25. Schopler E, Loftin J: Thought disorders in parents of psychotic children: A function of test anxiety . Arch Gen Psychiatry 20:174-181, 1969.Crossref 26. Silverman J: Scanning-control mechanism and "cognitive filtering" in paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia . J Consult Psychol 28:385-393, 1964.Crossref 27. Arieti S: Interpretation of Schizophrenia. New York, Brunner/Mazel Inc, 1955. 28. Hilgard JR, Newman MF: Parental loss by death in childhood as an etiological factor among schizophrenic and alcoholic patients compared with a non-patient community sample . J Nerv Ment Dis 137:14-28, 1963.Crossref 29. Warner WL: Social Class in America: A Manual of the Procedure for the Measurement of Social Satus . New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1960. 30. Phillips L: Case history data and prognosis in schizophrenia . J Nerv Ment Dis 117:151-525, 1953.Crossref 31. Baxter JC, Arthur SC: Conflict in families of schizophrenics as a function of premorbid adjustment and social class . Family Process 3:273-279, 1964.Crossref

Belmaker, Robert;Pollin, William;Wyatt, Richard Jed;Cohen, Stephen

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080073012pmid: 4358864

Abstract A series of 17 monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia was studied intensively at the National Institute of Mental Health between 1963 and 1967. Sixteen pairs were interviewed a mean of 7.8 years after original admission. It was found that one pair is now concordant for schizophrenia, three previously healthy co-twins show new psychopathology of a possibly schizophrenic nature, and 12 twin pairs remain stably discordant. References 1. Pollin W: The pathogenesis of schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:29-37, 1972.Crossref 2. Pollin W, et al: Life history differences in identical twins discordant for schizophrenia . Am J Orthopsychiatry 36:492-509, 1966.Crossref 3. Pollin W, Stabenau J: Biological, psychological and historical differences in a series of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia . J Psychiatr Res 6:317-332, 1968.Crossref 4. Stabenau J, Pollin W: Early characteristics of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 17:723-734, 1967.Crossref 5. Mosher L, Pollin W, Stabenau J: Families with identical twins discordant for schizophrenia: Some relationships between identification, thinking styles, psychopathology and dominance-submissiveness . Br J Psychiatry 118:29-42, 1971.Crossref 6. Mosher L, Pollin W, Stabenau J: Identical twins discordant for schizophrenia: Neurological findings . Arch Gen Psychiatry 24:422-430, 1971.Crossref 7. Wyatt R, et al: Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in platelets: A possible genetic marker for vulnerability to schizophrenia . Science 179:916-918, 1973.Crossref 8. Shields J: Summary of the genetic evidence , in Rosenthal D, Kety S (ed): The Transmission of Schizophrenia . New York, Pergamon Press, 1968, pp 95-126. 9. Kallmann F: The genetic theory of schizophrenia: An analysis of 691 schizophrenic twin index families . Am J Psychiatry 103:309-322, 1946. 10. Hoffer A, Pollin W: Schizophrenia in the NAS-NRC panel of 15,909 veteran twin pairs . Arch Gen Psychiatry 23:469-477, 1970.Crossref 11. Tienari P: Schizophrenia in monozygotic male twins , in Rosenthal D, Kety S (eds): The Transmission of Schizophrenia . New York, Pergamon Press, 1968, pp 27-36. 12. Tienari P: Schizophrenia and monozygotic twins . Psychiatr Fennica 2:97-104, 1971. 13. Kringlen E: An epidemiological-clinical twin study on schizophrenia , in Rosenthal D, Kety S (eds): The Transmission of Schizophrenia . New York, Pergamon Press, 1968, pp 49-63.

Dunner, David L.;Fieve, Ronald R.

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080077013pmid: 4589148

Abstract Failure to prevent the recurrence of manic or depressive episodes was observed in 27 of 55 bipolar (manic-depressive) patients who received lithium carbonate for from 6 to 66 months. Several clinical features of these patients were examined to determine if any predicted lithium carbonate prophylaxis failure. Patients whose frequency of affective episodes was at least four per year (rapid cyclers) were disproportionally represented in the prophylaxis-failure group. For the nonrapid cyclers, prophylaxis failure occurred mainly in the first year of lithium carbonate treatment and tended to be characterized by more than one affective episode. Most of the rapid cyclers continued to be ill even after two years or more of lithium carbonate treatment, although some beneficial effects of lithium carbonate could be demonstrated in the rapid cycler group. References 1. Baastrup PC, Schou M: Lithium as a prophylactic agent . Arch Gen Psychiatry 16:162-172, 1967.Crossref 2. Angst J, et al: Lithium prophylaxis in recurrent affective disorder . Br J Psychiatry 116:604-614, 1970.Crossref 3. Melia PI: Prophylactic lithium: A double-blind trial in recurrent affective disorders . Br J Psychiatry 116:621-624, 1970.Crossref 4. Coppen A, et al: Prophylactic lithium in affective disorders . Lancet 2:275-279, 1971.Crossref 5. Hullin RP, McDonald R, Allsopp MNE: Prophylactic lithium in recurrent affective disorders . Lancet 1:1044-1046, 1972.Crossref 6. Prien RF, Caffey EM Jr, Klett CJ: Prophylactic efficacy of lithium carbonate in manic-depressive illness . Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:337-341, 1973.Crossref 7. Stallone F, et al: The use of lithium in affective disorders: III. A double blind study of prophylaxis in bipolar illness . Am J Psychiatry 130:1006-1010, 1973. 8. Schou M, et al: Pharmacological and clinical problems of lithium prophylaxis . Br J Psychiatry 116:615-619, 1970.Crossref 9. Stancer HC, Furlong FW, Godse DD: A longitudinal investigation of lithium as a prophylactic agent for recurrent depressions . Can Psychiatric Assoc J 15:29-40, 1970. 10. Mendlewicz J, et al: Genetic history as a predictor of lithium response in manic-depressive illness . Lancet 1:599-600, 1972.Crossref 11. Feighner JP, et al: Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research . Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:57-63, 1972.Crossref 12. Dunner DL, Gershon ES, Goodwin FK: Heritable factors in the severity of affective illness . Sci Proc Am Psychiatric Assoc 123:187-188, 1970. 13. Mantel N: Evaluation of survival data and two new rank order statistics arising in its consideration . Cancer Chemother Rep 50:163-170, 1966.

Post, Robert M.;Goodwin, Frederick K.

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080082014pmid: 4809930

Abstract The effect of tricyclic antidepressant treatment on the metabolism of brain serotonin and dopamine was evaluated in depressed patients by studying levels of the respective metabolites (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid [5HIAA] and homovanillic acid [HVA]) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after the administration of probenecid. probenecid causes rapid accumulation of 5HIAA and HVA by inhibiting transport out of the CSF, thus providing a measure of amine turnover. Treatment with amitriptyline hydrochloride and imipramine hydrochloride was associated with a reduced accumulation of 5HIAA, whereas, HVA accumulation was not affected. These findings suggest that, in depressed patients, central nervous system serotonin turnover is decreased during treatment with amitriptyline and imipramine. References 1. Kety SS: The central physiological and pharmacological effects of the biogenic amines and their correlations with behavior , in Quarton GC, Melnechuk T, and Schmitt FO (eds): The Neurosciences . New York, Rockefeller University Press, 1967, pp 444-451. 2. Bunney WE Jr, Davis JM: Norepinephrine in depressive reactions . Arch Gen Psychiatry 13:483-494, 1965.Crossref 3. Schildkraut JJ: The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence . Am J Psychiatry 122:509-522, 1965. 4. Lapin IP, Oxenkrug GF: Intensification of the central serotonergic processes as a possible determinant of thymoleptic effect . Lancet 1:132-136, 1969.Crossref 5. Glowinski J, Axelrod J: Effects of drugs on the disposition of H3 norepinephrine in the rat brain . Pharmacol Rev 18:775-785, 1966. 6. Schildkraut JJ, et al: Norepinephrine metabolism and drugs used in the affective disorders: A possible mechanism of action . Am J Psychiatry 124:600-608, 1967. 7. Carlsson A, et al: Biochemical and histochemical studies on effects of imipramine-like drugs and ( + )-amphetamine on central and peripheral catecholamine neurons . Acta Physiol Scand 67:481-497, 1966.Crossref 8. Glowinski J, Axelrod J, Iverson LL: Regional studies of catecholamines in rat brain: IV. Effects of drugs on disposition and metabolism of H3 norepinephrine and H3-dopamine . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 153:30-41, 1966. 9. Segawa T, Kuruma I: The influences of drugs on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by nerve ending particles of rabbit brain stem . J Pharm Pharmacol 20:320-322, 1968.Crossref 10. Carlsson A, Fuxe K, Ungerstedt U: The effect of imipramine on central 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons . J Pharm Pharmacol 20:150, 1968.Crossref 11. Carlsson A, et al: Effect of antidepressant drugs in the depletion of intraneuronal brain 5-hydroxytryptamine stores caused by 4-methyl-B-ethyl metatyramine . Eur J Pharmacol 5:357-366, 1969.Crossref 12. Ross SB, Renyi AL: Inhibition of uptake of tritiated catecholamines by antidepressant and related agents . Eur J Pharmacol 2:181-186, 1967.Crossref 13. Shaskin EG, Snyder SH: Kinetics of serotonin accumulation into slices from rat brain. Relationship to catecholamine uptake . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 175:404-418, 1970. 14. Lidbrink P, Jonsson G, Fuxe K: The effect of imipraminelike drugs and antihistamine drugs on uptake mechanisms in the central noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons . Neuropharmacology 10:521-536, 1971.Crossref 15. Sulser F, Sanders-Bush E: Effect of drugs on amines in the CNS . Ann Rev Pharmacol 11:209-230, 1971.Crossref 16. Corrodi H, Fuxe K: The effect of imipramine on central monoamine neurons . J Pharm Pharmacol 20:230-231, 1968.Crossref 17. Corrodi H, Fuxe K: Decreased turnover in central 5-HT nerve terminals induced by antidepressant drugs of the imipramine type . Eur J Pharmacol 7:56-59, 1969.Crossref 18. Schildkraut JJ, et al: Effects of psychoactive drugs on serotonin metabolism . Biochem Pharmacol 18:1971-1978, 1969.Crossref 19. Schubert J, Nyback H, Sedvall G: Effect of antidepressant drugs on accumulation and disappearance of monoamines formed in vivo from labelled precursors in mouse brain . J Pharm Pharmacol 22:136-139, 1970.Crossref 20. Meek J, Werdinius B: Hydroxytryptamine turnover decreased by the antidepressant drug chlonmipramine . J Pharm Pharmacol 22:141-143, 1970.Crossref 21. Bruinvels J: Inhibition of the biosynthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat brain by imipramine . Eur J Pharmacol 20:231-237, 1972.Crossref 22. Tamarkin NR, Goodwin FK, Axelrod J: Rapid elevation of biogenic amine metabolites in human CSF following probenecid . Life Sci 9:1397-1408, 1970.Crossref 23. Goodwin FK, et al: Cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in affective illness: The probenecid technique . Am J Psychiatry 130:73-78, 1973. 24. Bowers MB Jr: Clinical measurements of central dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism: Reliability and interpretation of cerebrospinal fluid acid monoamine metabolite measures . Neuropharmacology 11:101-111, 1972.Crossref 25. Gordon EK, et al: Effect of probenecid on free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) and its sulfate in human cerebrospinal fluid . Neuropharmacology , to be published. 26. Post RM, et al: Psychomotor activity and cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in affective illness . Am J Psychiatry 130:67-72, 1973. 27. Ashcroft GW, et al: 5-Hydroxyindole compounds in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with psychiatric or neurological disease . Lancet 2:1049-1052, 1966.Crossref 28. Papeschi R, McClure DJ: Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients . Arch Gen Psychiatry 25:354-358, 1971.Crossref 29. Bowers MB, Heninger GR, Gerbode FA: Cerebrospinal fluid, 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid and homovanillic acid in psychiatric patients . Int J Neuropharmacol 8:255-262, 1969.Crossref 30. Asberg M, et al: Indoleamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients before and during treatment with nortriptyline . Clin Pharmacol Ther 14:277-286, 1973. 31. Sjostrom R, Roos BE: 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in cerebrospinal fluid in manic-depressive psychosis . Eur J Clin Pharmacol 4:170-176, 1972.Crossref 32. Bowers MB: Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) following probenecid in unipolar depressives treated with amitriptyline . Psychopharmacologia 23:26-33, 1972.Crossref 33. Kotin J, Goodwin FK: Depression during mania: Clinical observations and theoretical implications . Am J Psychiatry 129:687-692, 1972. 34. Ashcroft GW, Sharman DF: Measurement of acid monoamine metabolites in human CSF . Br J Pharmacol 19:153-160, 1962. 35. Gerbode F, Bowers MB: Measurement of acid monoamine metabolites in human and animal cerebrospinal fluid . J Neurochem 15:1053, 1968.Crossref 36. Anden NE, Roos BE, Werdinius B: The occurrence of homovanillic acid in brain and cerebrospinal fluid and its determination by a fluorimetric method . Life Sci 2:448-458, 1963.Crossref 37. Bulat M, Zivokiv B: Origin of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the spinal fluid . Science 173:738-740, 1971.Crossref 38. Curzon G, Gumpert EJW, Sharpe DM: Amine metabolites in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of humans with restricted flow of cerebrospinal fluid . Nature 231:189-191, 1972. 39. Goodwin FK, Post RM: The use of probenecid in high doses for the estimation of central serotonin turnover in patients , in Barchas J, Usdin E (eds): Serotonin and Behavior . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1972. 40. Post RM, et al: Amine metabolites in human cerebrospinal fluid: Effects of cord transection and spinal fluid block . Science 179:897-899, 1973.Crossref 41. DaPrada M, Pletscher A: On mechanism of chlorpromazine induced changes of cerebral homovanillic acid levels . J Pharm Pharmacol 18:628-630, 1966.Crossref 42. Sheard MH, Zolovick A, Aghajanian GK: Raphe neurons: Effect of tricyclic antidepressant drugs . Brain Res 43:690-694, 1972.Crossref 43. Costa ES, Garattini S, Valzelli L: Interactions between reserpine, chlorpromazine, and imipramine . Experientia 16:461-463, 1960.Crossref 44. Murphy DL, et al: Imipramine and lithium: Effects on biogenic amine transport in depressed and manic-depressed patients . Am J Psychiatry 127:339-345, 1970. 45. Bowers MB, Kupfer DJ: Central monoamine oxidase inhibition and REM sleep . Brain Res 35:561-564, 1971.Crossref 46. Bowers MB Jr: Acute psychosis induced by psychomimetic drug abuse: II. Neurochemical findings . Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:440-442, 1972.Crossref 47. 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Balla, David;Lewis, Dorothy Otnow;Shanok, Shelley;Snell, Laura;Henisz, Jerzy

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080089015pmid: 4809931

Abstract In an effort to explore the association of delinquent behavior and psychopathology, a roster of all male children referred to the New Haven, Conn, Juvenile Court during two years approximately 20 and 25 years ago was gathered and compared with the roster of persons known to two local state psychiatric facilities. A total of 78 of 682 referrals to the court were subsequently known to one or both of the psychiatric facilities, 60 as inpatients. Incidence of psychiatric hospitalization during 1972 was found to be significantly greater than that of the general population of Connecticut, or of Connecticut males in the 25 to 44 age range. Incidence of psychiatric hospitalization and/or treatment was similarly found to be significantly greater than the incidence in a demographically similar random sample from the New Haven area. References 1. Lewis DO, et al: Psychotic symptomatology in a juvenile court population . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry , to be published. 2. Hollingshead AB, Redlich FC: Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1958. 3. Myers JK, et al: Life events and mental status: A longitudinal study . J Health Soc Behav 13:398-406, 1972.Crossref 4. Bloom BL: Epidemiology for preventive services in mental health programs , in Bloom BL, Buck D (eds): Preventive Services in Mental Health Programs . Boulder, Colorado Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education, University East Campus, 1967, pp 61-98.

Huffine, Carol L.;Craig, Thomas J.

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080093016pmid: 4809932

Abstract Admissions to the psychiatric emergency service of an inner-city university hospital are analyzed from two perspectives. (1) Characteristics of patients and the areas in which they reside are described with focus directed toward social characteristics found to be associated with high admission rates. (2) The ways in which a hospital, by virtue of its organizational structure, might contribute to misuse of its emergency facilities by patients are explored. Based on both modes of analysis, suggestions are offered for ways in which services may be altered to more effectively meet the treatment needs of inner-city populations. References 1. Frankel FH, Chafetz ME, Blane HT: Treatment of psychosocial crises in the emergency service of a general hospital . JAMA 195:626-628, 1966.Crossref 2. Coleman JV, Errera P: The general hospital emergency room and its psychiatric problems . Am J Public Health 53:1294-1300, 1963.Crossref 3. Atkins R: Psychiatric emergency service . Arch Gen Psychiatry 17:176-182, 1967.Crossref 4. Munoz RA, Tuason VB, Dick E: Psychiatric emergency room service patterns . Compr Psychiatry 11:185-189, 1970.Crossref 5. Tischler G: Decision making process in the emergency room . Arch Gen Psychiatry 14:69-78, 1966.Crossref 6. Errera P, Wyshok G, Jarecki H: Psychiatric care in a general hospital emergency room . Arch Gen Psychiatry 9:105-112, 1963.Crossref 7. Schwartz MD, Errera P: Psychiatric care in a general hospital emergency room: II. Diagnostic features . Arch Gen Psychiatry 9:113-121, 1963.Crossref 8. Satloff A, Worby CM: The psychiatric emergency service: Mirror of change . Am J Psychiatry 126:1628-1632, 1970. 9. Huffine CL, Craig TJ: Catchment and community . Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:483-488, 1973.Crossref 10. Faris REL, Dunham HW: Mental Disorders in Urban Areas . Chicago, Phoenix edition, University of Chicago Press, 1965. 11. Klee GD, et al: An ecological analysis of diagnosed mental illness in Baltimore. Read before the American Psychiatric Association regional research conference on psychiatric epidemiology and mental health plannin G: Baltimore, April 21, 1966. 12. Daggett L, O'Connor G: The psychiatric emergency room of the Johns Hopkins Hospital: Is it meeting the needs? Johns Hopkins Med J 129:304-310, 1971. 13. Bahn AK, Gorwitz K, Kramer M: A cross-sectional picture of psychiatric care in an entire state, mimeographed paper, Baltimore, Maryland State Department of Mental Health and Hygiene. 14. Pasamanick B, et al: A survey of mental disease in an urban population . Am J Public Health 48:923, 1958.Crossref 15. Michaux MH, et al: Relatives' perceptions of rural and urban day center patients . Psychiatry 36:203-212, 1973. 16. Tietze C, Lemkau P, Cooper M: Personality disorder and spatial mobility . Am J Sociol 48:19-39, 1942.Crossref 17. Freeman HE, Simmons O: The Mental Patient Comes Home . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1963. 18. Coleman JV: Research in walk-in psychiatric services in general hospitals . Am J Psychiatry 124:90-95, 1968. 19. Clausen JA: Sociological perspective , in Brockbank R, Westby-Gibson D (eds): Mental Health in a Changing Community . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1966, pp 13-17. 20. Greider W, Kotz N: Community action: Change on trial . Washington Post , April 12, 1973, p 1. 21. Glazer N: Untitled paper , in Brockbank R, Westby-Gibson D (eds): Mental Health in a Changing Community . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1966, pp 54-57.

Siassi, Iradj;Crocetti, Guido;Spiro, Herzl R.

1974 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080101017pmid: 4809933

Abstract Psychiatrists, sensitized by recent publications describing "blue collar blues" among assembly-line industrial workers, may attribute their complaints of emotional distress to the stress of assembly-line environment. A field survey of automobile workers engaged in production-line tasks reveals no more evidence of unrelatedness, loneliness, boredom, life-dissatisfaction, work dissatisfaction, or depression than among their spouses. Where these phenomena occur, they are usually part of a broader pattern of emotional illness characteristic of diagnosed patients drawn from the same population. Mental health professionals should be cautious about stereotypes lest they impair their clinical judgment. References 1. Dohrenwend BP, Dohrenwend BS: Social Status and Psychological Disorder, A Casual Inquiry . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1969. 2. Fromm E: The Sane Society . New York, Rinehart and Co Inc, 1955, p 164. 3. MacMillan AM: The health opinion survey: Technique for estimating prevalence of psychoneurotic and related types of disorder in communities . Psychol Rep 1:325-339, 1957.Crossref 4. Leighton DC, et al: The character of danger , in the Stirling County Study of Psychiatric Disorder and Socio-Cultural Environment . New York, Basic Books Inc publisher, 1963. 5. Spiro HR, et al: What gets surveyed in a psychiatric survey? A case study of the MacMillan Index . J Nerv Ment Dis 154:105-114, 1972.Crossref 6. Crocetti G, et al: Are the ranks closed: Attitudinal social distance and mental illness . Am J Psychiatry 127:1121-1127, 1971. 7. Crocetti G, Spiro HR, Siassi I: Contemporary Attitudes Toward Mental Illness . Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973. 8. Siassi I, et al: Drinking patterns and alcoholism in a blue collar population . Quart J Stud Alcohol 34:917-926, 1973. 9. Spiro HR, et al: Public contact with the mentally ill . Ment Hyg 56:36-38, 1972. 10. Spiro HR, et al: Cost financed mental health facility: I. Clinical care pattern in a labor union program. J Nerv Ment Dis, to be published. 11. Spiro HR, et al: Cost financed mental health facility: II. Utilization profile of a labor union program. J Nerv Ment Dis, to be published. 12. Spiro HR, Siassi I, Crocetti G: Cost financed mental health facility: III. Economic issues and implications for future patterns of health care. J Nerv Ment Dis, to be published. 13. Hollingshead AB, Redlich FC: Social Class and Mental Illness . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1958. 14. Survey of Working Conditions. Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, November 1970. 15. Srole L, et al: The Midtown Manhattan Study . New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc, 1962. 16. Dohrenwend BP, Crandell DL: Psychiatric symptoms in community clinic and mental hospital groups . Am J Psychiatry 126:1611-1621, 1970. 17. Argyris C: Integrating the Individual and the Organization . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1964. 18. Bennis WG: Leadership theory and administrative behavior: The problem of authority . Administration Sci Quart 4:259-301, 1949.Crossref 19. Friedmann G: Industrial Society . Glencoe, Ill, Free Press, 1955. 20. Smith HC: Psychology of Industrial Behavior , ed 2. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc, 1964. 21. Kornhauser A: Mental Health of the Industrial Worker . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1965, p 9. 22. Edgerton JW, Bentz WK, Hollister WG: Demographic factors and responses to stress among rural people . Am J Public Health 60:1065-1071, 1970.Crossref 23. Srole L: Social integration and certain corollaries: An exploratory study . Am Sociol Rev 21:709-716, 1956.Crossref 24. Dean DC: Alienation: Its meaning and measurement . Am Sociol Rev 26:753-758, 1961.Crossref 25. Seeman M: On the meaning of alienation . Am Sociol Rev 24:783-791, 1959.Crossref 26. Bell D: Work and Its Discontents . Boston, Beacon Press, 1956. 27. Riesman D: The Lonely Crowd . New Haven, Conn, Yale University Press, 1950.