Archives of General Psychiatry

Kubie, Lawrence S.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740030001001pmid: 4867010

Abstract MUCH THAT will be presented here was anticipated by some of our distinguished predecessors. In 1932, after the late Dr. Frankwood Williams had been the Medical Director of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene for 17 years, he resigned and published an article entitled "Is There a Mental Hygiene?"1 His objections to the mental hygiene movement of those days anticipates and paralles many of my concerns over today's fanfare for community psychiatry. A comparable earlier episode is described in the History of Medical Psychology by Zilboorg and Henry.2 They wrote of Ferrus, one of the more progressive French psychiatrists of the first half of the 19th century. In his struggles to ameliorate the conditions of the care of patients, Ferrus visited Gheel and other centers, including the hospital of an English contemporary, John Connolly, who had introduced the concept of "nonrestraint" into psychiatric thinking. References 1. Williams, F.: Is There a Mental Hygiene? , Psychoanal Quart 1:113-120, 1932. 2. Zilboorg, G., and Henry, G.: The History of Medical Psychology , New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., Publishers, 1941. 3. Kubie, L.S.: A Research Project in Community Mental Hygiene: A Fantasy , Ment Hyg 36:220-226 ( (April) ) 1952. 4. Kubie, L.S.: " Social Forces and the Neurotic Process ," in Leighton, A.H., and Redlich, F.C. (eds.): Explorations in Social Psychiatry , New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1957, pp 77-99 5. J Nerv Ment Dis 128:65-80 ( (Jan) ) 1959.Crossref 6. Kubie, L.S.: The Neurotic Potential, the Neurotic Process, and the Neurotic State , US Armed Forces Med J 2:1-12 ( (Jan) ) 1951. 7. Kubie, L.S.: Is Preventive Psychiatry Possible? Daedalus: J Amer Acad Arts Sciences 88:646-668, 1959. 8. Ardrey, R.: The Territorial Imperative , New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1966. 9. Kubie, L.S.: The Dilemma of the Analyst in a Troubled World , Bull Amer Psychoanal Assoc 6:1-4 ( (Dec) ) 1950. 10. Kubie, L.S.: A Program of Training in Psychiatry to Break the Bottleneck in Rehabilitation , Amer J Orthopsychiat 16:447-454 ( (July) ) 1946.Crossref 11. Kubie, L.S.: The Need for a New Subdiscipline in the Medical Profession , Arch Neurol Psychiat 78:283-293 ( (Sept) ) 1957.Crossref 12. Kubie, L.S.: A School of Psychological Medicine Within the Framework of a Medical School and University , J Med Educ 39:476-480 ( (May) ) 1964. 13. Kubie, L.S.: Transactions of the Gould House Conference, R. Holt (ed.), New York: International Universities Press, Inc., to be published. 14. Kubie, L.S.: The Over-All Manpower Problem in Mental Health Personnel , J Nerv Ment Dis 144:466-470 ( (June) ) 1967.Crossref 15. Kubie, L.S.: The Maturation of Psychiatrists or The Time That Changes Take , J Nerv Ment Dis 136:286-288 ( (Oct) ) 1962. 16. Flescher, J.: " The 'Dual Method' in Analytic Psychotherapy ," in Jewish Board of Guardians, New Frontiers in Child Guidance , New York: International Universities Press, Inc., 1958, pp 44-76. 17. Kubie, L.S.: Some Theoretical Concepts Underlying the Relationship Between Individual and Group Psychotherapies , Int J Group Psychother 8:3-19 ( (Jan) ) 1958. 18. Kubie, L.S.: The Problem of Maturity in Psychiatric Research , J Med Educ 28:11-27 ( (Oct) ) 1953. 19. Kubie, L.S.: Pavlov, Freud and Soviet Psychiatry , Behav Sci 4:29-34 ( (Jan) ) 1959.Crossref 20. Kubie, L.S.: The Riggs Story , New York: Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., Medical Book Dept. of Harper & Row, 1960. 21. Kubie, L.S.: " The Future of the Private Psychiatric Hospital ," in Gibson, R. W. (ed.): Crosscurrents in Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis , Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1967, pp 179-203, 241-242.

Brockbank, Reed

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740030011002pmid: 5638531

Abstract THE WORDS "consultant" or "consultation" have had in all fields and all periods of history a wide variety of meanings, the most common of which have been the meeting of two or more persons for the purpose of deliberating or conferring about some matter of mutual concern. The consultant, therefore, is one who speaks to another person or group or gives advice or counsel to someone else (consultee) about matters Pertaining to the consultant's specialized area of knowledge. Recent developments in community mental health practice have made it necessary to define the place of consultation within the increasingly complex field of community mental health and community psychiatry. Mental health consultation as it is conceived by this writer represents a variety of approaches ranging from interest and concern with helping the consultee understand more clearly the nature of his client's difficulties in psychodynamic References 1. Berlin, I.N.: Learning Mental Health Consultation History and Problems , Ment Hyg 48:2 ( (April) ) 1964. 2. Goldman, G.: The Psychiatrist and the Function of the Private Agency , Amer J Orthopsychiat 10:548-566 ( (July) ) 1940.Crossref 3. Sloane, P.: The Use of a Consultation Method in Casework Therapy , Amer J Orthopsychiat 6:355-361 ( (July) ) 1936.Crossref 4. Coleman, J.R.: Psychiatric Consultation in Casework Agencies , Amer J Orthopsychiat 17:533-539 ( (July) ) 1947.Crossref 5. Babcock, C.: Some Observations in Consultative Experience , Soc Sci Rev 23:349-357, 1949. 6. Caplan, G.: Principles of Preventive Psychiatry , New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1964. 7. Rosenbaum, M., and Zwerling, I.: Impact of Social Psychiatry: Effect on a Psychoanalytically Oriented Department of Psychiatry , Arch Gen Psychiat 11:31-39 ( (July) ) 1964.Crossref

Sadock, Benjamin J.;Kaplan, Harold I.;Freedman, Alfred M.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740030020003pmid: 5638532

Abstract WITH THE increasing importance of group psychotherapy as a therapeutic modality, there exists an equally urgent need for the development of effective training procedures and programs. This is especially so within the framework of the community mental health center in which group techniques are particularly applicable and which requires psychiatrists trained in group therapy and familiar with group processes. In keeping with the philosophy of the Department of Psychiatry at New York Medical College-Metropolitan Hospital Center, which is to provide the resident with a comprehensive and eclectic training experience, an integrated group psychotherapy training program has been instituted. In a recent survey of psychiatric residency training, Ward and Rickels noted that "group therapy continues to be most or next most valued by those who experience it and most wanted by those who do not."1 This paper will describe the integrated Pro References 1. Ward, C.H., and Rickels, K.: Psychiatric Residency Training: Changes over a Decade , Amer J Psychiat 123:1, 1966. 2. Ross, W.D.; Block, S.L.; and Silver, H.: Integrating Training in Group Psychotherapy With Psychiatric Residency Training , Int J Group Psychother 8:23, 1958. 3. Stein, A.: " The Training of the Group Psychotherapist ," in Rosenbaum, M., and Berger, M., (eds.): Group Psychotherapy and Group Function , New York, Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1963. 4. Deutch, A.L., and Becker, B.J.: Group Psychotherapy Training and Supervision for Residents , J Psychoanal Groups 1:18, 1965.

Hartmann, Ernest

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740030024004pmid: 5638533

Abstract THIS PAPER is intended to draw attention to a basic biological cycle—the 90-minute "sleep-dream cycle"—to define and describe the cycle, and to present some data from studies specifically investigating this variable. The outline of a typical night's sleep defined by electroencephalogram and eyemovement criteria is by now well known. The parameters usually studied are the amount of sleep, the amount of D-time (rapid eye movement REM)-time, "dream time") in absolute terms or as a percentage of the night's sleep, the amount of stage 4 or other stages of "slow-wave sleep," the number of awakenings, and time spent awake. As seen in Fig 1, a D-period occurs approximately every 90 minutes during the night, and it is this cycle—90 minutes long in adult man—which will be our subject here. Characteristics of the Cycle in Man The cycle and investigations of changes in cycle length References 1. Hartmann, E.: Dreaming Sleep (The D-State) and the Menstrual Cycle , J Nerv Ment Dis 143:406-416, 1966.Crossref 2. Agnew, H.; Webb, W.; and Williams, R.: The First Night Effect , Psychophysiology 2:263-266, 1966.Crossref 3. Hartmann, E.; Bernstein, J.; and Wilson, C.: Sleep and Dreaming in the Elephant, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Los Angeles, April 1967. 4. Kleitman, N.: Sleep and Wakefulness , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963. 5. Aserinsky, E., and Kleitman, N.: A Motility Cycle in Sleeping Infants as Manifested by Ocular and Gross Motor Activity , J Appl Physiol 8:11-18, 1955. 6. Wolff, P.: The Causes, Controls, and Organization of Behavior in the Newborn , Psychol Issues 5: monograph 17, 1966. 7. Wada, T.: An Experimental Study of Hunger in its Relation to Activity , Arch Psychol 57:1-65, 1922. 8. Globus, G.: Rapid Eye Movement Cycle in Real Time: Implications for a Theory of the D-State , Arch Gen Psychiat 15:654-659, 1966.Crossref 9. West, L., et al: The Psychosis of Sleep Deprivation , Ann NY Acad Sci 96:66-70, 1962.Crossref 10. Hartmann, E.: Dauerschlaf: A Polygraphic Study , Arch Gen Psychiat 18:99-111, 1968.Crossref 11. Jouvet, M.: Recherches sur les structures nerveuses et les mecanismes responsables des differentes phases du sommeil physiologique , Arch Ital Biol 100:125-206, 1962. 12. Hartmann, E.: The Biology of Dreaming , Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1967. 13. Kales, A., et al: Changing Sleep Patterns in Hypothyroidism, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Los Angeles, April 1967. 14. Jouvet, M.: Studies on Rhombencephalic Sleep, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Palo Alto, Calif, March 1964. 15. Jouvet, M.: Vimont, P.; and Delorme, F.: Suppression elective du sommeil paradoxal chez le Chat par les inhibiteurs de la monoamineoxydase , CR Soc Biol 159:1595-1599, 1965. 16. Weiss, T., et al: Influence of Atropine on Sleep Cycle in Rats , Psychopharmacologia 5:126-135, 1964.Crossref 17. Hartmann, E.: The Sleep-Dream Cycle and Brain Serotonin , Psychon Sci 8:295-296, 1967.Crossref 18. Hartmann, E., and Freedman, D.: The Effect of "Dream Deprivation" on Brain Serotonin and Norepinephrine Levels in the Rat, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Gainesville, Fla, March 1966.

Vogel, Gerald W.;Traub, Arthur C.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740030031005pmid: 5638534

Abstract THE FUNCTION of dreaming and its relation to mental illness have recently become more amenable to laboratory investigation because of the discovery of reliable physiological indices of dreaming. Aserinsky, Kleitman, and Dement demonstrated that dreaming regularly occurs during discrete sleep periods characterized by intermittent bursts of conjugate rapid eye movements (REM) and a low voltage desynchronized electroencephalogram pattern (emergent stage 1).1-3 In the human adult REM sleep alternates with nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM) in a cycle of approximately 90 minutes, during which REM sleep typically follows NREM sleep.2 Each night REM sleep occurs about four to six times in successively longer periods lasting 10 to 40 minutes and it occupies about 25% (100 minutes) of total sleep time.2.4 The unexpected finding that such abundant dreaming occurs at regular intervals every night strengthened the hypothesis that dreaming might be essential References 1. Aserinsky, E., and Kleitman, N.: Two Types of Ocular Motility Occurring in Sleep , J Appl Physiol 8:1-10, 1955. 2. Dement, W.C., and Kleitman, N.: Cyclic Variations in EEG During Sleep and Their Relation to Eye Movements, Body Motility, and Dreaming , Electroenceph Clin Neutophysiol 9:673-690, 1957.Crossref 3. Dement, W.C., and Kleitman, N.: The Relation of Eye Movements During Sleep to Dream Activity: An Objective Method for the Study of Dreaming , J Exp Psychol 53:339-346, 1957.Crossref 4. Rechtschaffen, A., and Verdone, P.: Amount of Dreaming: Effect of Incentive, Adaptation to Laboratory, and Individual Differences , Percept Motor Skills 19:947-958, 1964.Crossref 5. Dement, W.C.: The Effect of Dream Deprivation , Science 131:1705-1707, 1960.Crossref 6. Cartwright, R.; Monroe, L.; and Palmer, C.: Individual Differences in Response to REM Deprivation , Arch Gen Psychiat 16:297-303, 1967.Crossref 7. Dement, W.C., and Fisher, C.: Experimental Interferences With the Sleep Cycle , Canad Psychiat Assoc J 8:400-405, 1963. 8. Sampson, H.: Psychological Effects of Deprivation of Dreaming Sleep , J Nerv Ment Dis 143:305-317, 1966.Crossref 9. Dement, W.C.: " Experimental Dream Studies ," in Masserman, J.H. (ed.): Psychoanalysis: Development and Research , New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1964, vol 7. 10. Kales, A., et al: Dream Deprivation: An Experimental Reappraisal , Nature 204:1337-1338, 1964.Crossref 11. Fisher, C.: Psychoanalytic Implications of Recent Research on Sleep and Dreaming , J Amer Psychoanal Assoc 13:197-303, 1965.Crossref 12. Vogel, G., and Traub, A.: Preliminary Report on the Effects of REM Deprivation on Schizophrenic Patients, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Gainesville, Fla, March 1966. 13. Zarcone, V.; Gulevitch, G.; and Dement, W.: Schizophrenia and Partial REM Sleep Deprivation, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Santa Monica, Calif, April 1967. 14. Rechtschaffen, A., and Maron, L.: The Effect of Amphetamine on the Sleep Cycle , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 16:435-445, 1964.Crossref 15. Dement, W.C.: Manual for Scoring EEG Records for REM Periods , mimeographed material, 1962. 16. Lorr, M., et al: Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale, Palo Alto, Calif: Consulting Psychologists Press. 17. Lorr, M.; O'Connor, J.P.; and Stafford, J.W.: The Psychotic Reaction Profile , Western Psychological Services, 1961. 18. Ferguson, J.; McReynolds, P.; and Ballachey, E.: Hospital Adjustment Scale , Palo Alto, Calif: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1953. 19. Bender, L.: A Visual Motor Gestalt Test and its Clinical Use , monograph No. 3, New York: American Orthopsychiatric Association, 1938. 20. Rorschach, H.: Psychodiagnostics , Bern, Swetzerland: Hans Huber, 1942. 21. Grinker, R.R., et al: The Phenomena of Depressions , New York: Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1961. 22. Zung, W.W.: A Self-Rating Depression Scale , Arch Gen Psychiat 12:63-70, 1965.Crossref 23. Sampson, H.: Deprivation of Dreaming Sleep by Two Methods: I. Compensatory REM Time , Arch Gen Psychiat 13:79-86, 1965.Crossref 24. Dement, W.C.: " Studies on the Function of Rapid Eye Movement (Paradoxical) Sleep in Human Subjects ," in Jouvet, M. (ed.): Aspects Anatomo-Fonctionnels de la Physiologie du Sommeil , Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1965, pp 571-611. 25. Koresko, R.; Snyder, F.; and Feinberg, I.: "Dream Time" in Hallucinating and Non-Hallucinating Schizophrenic Patients , Nature 199:1118-1119, 1963.Crossref

Vogel, Gerald W.;Traub, Arthur C.;Ben-Horin, Pessah;Meyers, George M.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740030045006pmid: 5638535

Abstract THE FINDINGS that schizophrenics are not psychologically harmed by rapid eye movement (REM) deprivation and that they respond physiologically to REM deprivation in the same way as nonschizophrenics1 dissuaded us from the prevailing view that REM deprivation is a causal factor in psychosis. As a result, we began to consider the possibility of other effects of REM deprivation, The present study was designed to explore the hypothesis that REM deprivation will relieve the symptoms of depression. Five lines of evidence led to this hypothesis. (1) The major chemical antidepressants (imipramine,2,3 amitriptyline hydrochloride [Elavil Hydrochloride] ,4 monoamine oxidase [MAO]5,6 inhibitors, and amphetamines)7 are potent REM deprivers. (2) Electroshock therapy (EST) ,8-10 an efficacious antidepressant, is a potent REM depriver. (3) Reserpine, which can induce depression, elevates REM time in man.4 Thus, these three findings suggest that a prolonged decrease of References 1. Vogel, G., and Traub, A.: REM Deprivation: The Effect on Schizophrenic Subjects , Arch Gen Psychiat , 18:287-300, 1968.Crossref 2. Hishikawa, Y., et al: The Effect of Imipramine, Desmethylimipramine and Chlorpromazine on the Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle of the Cat , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 19:518-521, 1965.Crossref 3. Ryba, P., et al: The Effects of Imipramine on Sleep Patterns of Psychiatric Patients, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Gainesville, Fla, March 1966. 4. Hartmann, E.: Pharmacological Studies in Man: Phenobarbital (Nembutal), Amitryptyline (Elavil), Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), and RO 5-6901 (Dalmare), read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Santa Monica, Calif, April 1967. 5. Jouvet, M.: " Mechanisms of the States of Sleep: A Neuropharmacological Approach ," in Kety, S.S.; Evarts, E.V.; and Williams, H.L. (eds.): Sleep and Altered States of Consciousness , Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 1967. 6. LeGassicke, J., et al: The Clinical State, Sleep and Amine Metabolism of a Tranylcypromine (Parnate) Addict , Brit J Psychiat 3:357-364, 1965.Crossref 7. Rechtschaffen, A., and Maron, L.: The Effect of Amphetamine on the Sleep Cycle , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 16:438-445, 1964.Crossref 8. Cohen, H.; Dement, W.C.; and Duncan, R.: The Effect of Electroconvulsive Shock on REM Sleep Deprivation in the Cat, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Gainesville, Fla, March 1966. 9. Cohen, H., and Dement, W.C.: Supression of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in the Cat Following Electroconvulsive Shock, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Gainesville, Fla, March 1966. 10. Zarcone, J.; Gulevich, G.; and Dement, W.: Some Relationships Between REM Sleep and Electrically Induced Convulsions, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Gainesville, Fla, March 1966. 11. Dement, W.C.: Recent Studies on the Biological Role of REM Sleep , Amer J Psychiat 122:404-408, 1965. 12. Dement, W.C., and Kleitman, N.: Cyclic Variations in EEG During Sleep and Their Relation to Eye Movements, Body Motility, and Dreaming , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 9:673-690, 1957.Crossref 13. Dement, W.C.: Manual for Scoring EEG Records for REM Periods (Dream Time) , mimeographed copy, March 1962. 14. Lorr, M.; O'Connor, J.P.; and Stafford, J.W.: The Psychotic Reaction Profile , Western Psychological Services, 1961. 15. Zung, W.W.K.: A Self-Rating Depression Scale , Arch Gen Psychiat 12:63-70, 1965.Crossref 16. Grinker, R.R., et al: The Phenomena of Depressions , New York: Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1961. 17. Wechsler, D.: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, New York: The Psychological Corp. 18. Harrow, M., et al: Symptomatology and Subjective Experiences in Current Depressive States , Arch Gen Psychiat 14:203-212, 1966.Crossref 19. Dement, W.C.: The Effect of Dream Deprivation , Science 131:1705-1707, 1960.Crossref 20. Fisher, C.: Psychoanalytic Implications of Recent Research on Sleep and Dreaming , J Amer Psychoanal Assoc 13:197-303, 1965.Crossref 21. Schildkraut, J.J.: The Catecholamine Hypothesis of Affective Disorders: A Review of Supporting Evidence , Amer J Psychiat 122:509-522, 1965.

Vogel, Gerald W.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740030056007pmid: 4384241

Abstract THERE ARE many similarities between dreams and the symptoms of psychosis, particularly schizophrenia. Both often display hallucinations, delusions, loss of capacity to test reality, implausible thoughts and implausible thought connections, loss of volitional control over onset or termination of an episode, etc. Because of these similarities, it has been suggested that the same mechanisms may underlie both states. Hughlings Jackson expressed this notion in his famous dictum, "Find out about dreams and you will find out about insanity."1(p269) In the past 15 years, empirical data about dreaming has increased enormously because of the discovery by Aserinsky, Kleitman, and Dement of reliable physiological indices of dreaming.2-4 It is now well established that dreaming, and particularly that kind of dreaming which in its bizarreness and visual qualities most resembles florid psychosis,5-7 takes place during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep; REM sleep is an inexorable References 1. Jackson, H., quoted by Jones, E.: Papers on Psychoanalysis , Boston: Beacon Press, Inc., 1948, pp 251-272. 2. Aserinsky, E., and Kleitman, N.: Two Types of Ocular Motility Occurring in Sleep , J Appl Physiol 8:1-10, 1955. 3. Dement, W.C., and Kleitman, N.: Cyclic Variations in EEG During Sleep and Their Relation to Eye Movements, Body Motility, and Dreaming , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 9:673-690, 1957.Crossref 4. Dement, W.C., and Kleitman, N.: The Relation of Eye Movements During Sleep to Dream Activity: An Objective Method for the Study of Dreaming , J Exp Psychol 53:339-346, 1957.Crossref 5. Foulkes, W.D.: Dream Reports From Different Stages of Sleep , J Abnorm Soc Psychol 65:14-25, 1962.Crossref 6. Rechtschaffen, A.; Verdone, P.; and Wheaton, J.: Reports of Mental Activity During Sleep , Canad Psychiat Assoc J 8:409-444, 1963. 7. Monroe, L.J., et al: Discriminability of REM and NREM Reports , J Personality Soc Psychol 2:456-460, 1965.Crossref 8. Dement, W.C.: The Effect of Dream Deprivation , Science 131:1705-1707, 1960.Crossref 9. Dement, W.C., and Fisher, C.: Experimental Interference With the Sleep Cycle , Canad Psychiat Assoc J 8:400-405, 1963. 10. Sampson, H.: Deprivation of Dreaming Sleep by Two Methods: I. Compensatory REM Time , Arch Gen Psychiat 13:79-86, 1965.Crossref 11. Kales, A., et al: Dream Deprivation: An Experimental Reappraisal , Nature 204:1337-1338, 1964.Crossref 12. Berger, R.J.: Tonus of Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles During Sleep and Dreaming , Science 134:840, 1961.Crossref 13. Dement, W.C.: " Experimental Dream Studies ," in Academy of Psychoanalysis: Science and Psychoanalysis , New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1964, vol 7, pp 129-184. 14. Rechtschaffen, A., and Maron, L.: The Effect of Amphetamine on the Sleep Cycle , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 16:438-445, 1964.Crossref 15. Dement, W.C.: "Studies on the Function of Rapid Eye Movement (Paradoxical) Sleep in Human Subjects," in Aspects Anatomo-Fonctionnels de la Physiologie du Sommeil (Lyon Conference, September 1963), Editions du Centre Nationel de la Recherche Scientifique, 1965. 16. Snyder, F.: The New Biology of Dreaming , Arch Gen Psychiat 8:381-391, 1963.Crossref 17. Foulkes, D., et al: Effects of Dream Deprivation on Dream Content: An Attempted Cross Night Replication, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Santa Monica, Calif, April 1967. 18. Berger, R.J., and Oswald, I.: Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Behavior, Subsequent Sleep and Dreaming , J Ment Sci 108:457-465, 1962. 19. Fisher, C.: Psychoanalytic Implications of Recent Research on Sleep and Dreaming , J Amer Psychoanal Assoc 13:197-303, 1965.Crossref 20. Hoedemaker, F., et al: Dream Deprivation: An Experimental Reappraisal, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Brooklyn, NY, 1963. 21. Vogel, G., and Traud, A.: REM Deprivation: I. The Effect on Schizophrenic Subjects , Arch Gen Psychiat , 18:287-300, 1968.Crossref 22. Vogel, G., et al: REM Deprivation: II. The Effects on Depressed Subjects , Arch Gen Psychiat , 18:301-311, 1968.Crossref 23. Dement, W.C.: " An Essay on Dreams: The Role of Physiology in Understanding their Nature ," in New Direction in Psychology II , New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 1965, pp 135-257. 24. Zanchetti, A.: Brain Stem Mechanisms of Sleep , Anesthesiology 28:81-99, 1967.Crossref 25. Jouvet, M.: The States of Sleep , Sci Amer 216:62-72, 1967.Crossref 26. Dement, W.C.: Recent Studies on the Biological Role of REM Sleep , Amer J Psychiat 122:404-408, 1965. 27. Berger, R.J., and Meier, G.W.: Effects of Selective Deprivation of States of Sleep in the Developing Monkey , Psychophysiology 2:354-371, 1966.Crossref 28. Jouvet, M.: Behavioral and EEG Effects of Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation in the Cat, proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Physiological Science, Tokyo, September 1965, in Excepta Medica International Congress Series, No. 87, pp 344-353. 29. Jouvet, M.: " Mechanisms of the States of Sleep: A Neuropharmacological Approach ," in, Kety, S.S.; Evarts, E.V.; and Williams, H.L. (eds.): Sleep and Altered States of Consciousness , Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 1967, pp 86-126. 30. Ferguson. J., and Dement, W.: Changes in Intensity of REM Sleep With Deprivation, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Santa Monica, Calif, April 1967. 31. Karadzic, V., et al: Heart Rate Changes and REM Sleep Deprivation, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Santa Monica, Calif, April 1967. 32. Morden, B., et al: Aggressive Behavior and REM Sleep Deprivation in the Rat, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Santa Monica, Calif, April 1967. 33. Ferguson, J., and Dement, W.: Effect of Dextroamphetamine Sulfate on the Behavior of REM Sleep Deprived Rats, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Santa Monica, Calif, April 1967. 34. Fisher, C., and Dement, W.: Dream and Psychosis, read before the Western New England Psychoanalytic Society, February 1962. 35. Fisher, C., and Dement, W.C.: Studies on the Psychopathology of Sleep and Dreams , Amer J Psychiat 119:1160-1168, 1963. 36. Freud, S.: The Interpretation of Dreams , New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1958. 37. Globus, G.G.: Rapid Eye Movement Cycle in Real Time: Implications for a Theory of the D-State , Arch Gen Psychiat 15:654-659, 1966.Crossref 38. Globus, G.G.: Observations on Sub-Circadian Periodicity, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Santa Monica, Calif, April 1967. 39. Williams, H.L., et al: Responses to Auditory Stimulation, Sleep Loss, and the EEG Stages of Sleep , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 16:269-279, 1964.Crossref 40. Dement, W.; Greenberg, S.; and Klein, R.: The Effect of Partial REM Sleep Deprivation and Delay Recovery , J Psychiat Res 4:141-152, 1966.Crossref 41. Cartwright, R.D.; Monroe, L.J.; and Palmer, C.: Individual Differences in Response to REM Deprivation , Arch Gen Psychiat 16:297-303, 1967.Crossref 42. Feinberg, I., et al: Sleep Electroencephalographic and Eye-Movement Patterns in Schizophrenic Patients , Compr Psychiat 5:44-53, 1964.Crossref 43. Onheiber, P., et al: Sleep and Dream Patterns of Child Schizophrenics , Arch Gen Psychiat 12:568-571, 1965.Crossref 44. Koresko, R.L.; Snyder, F.; and Feinberg, I.: "Dream Time" in Hallucinating and Nonhallucinating Schizophrenic Patients , Nature 199:1118-1119, 1963.Crossref 45. Rechtschaffen, A., and Verdone, P.: Amount of Dreaming: Effect of Incentive Adaptation to Laboratory, and Individual Differences , Percept Motor Skills 19:947-958, 1964.Crossref 46. Rechtschaffen, A.; Schulsinger, F.; and Mednick, S.A.: Schizophrenia and Physiological Indices of Dreaming , Arch Gen Psychiat 10:89-93, 1964.Crossref 47. Gross, M.M., et al: Sleep Disturbances and Hallucinations in the Acute Alcoholic Psychosis , J Nerv Ment Dis 142:493-514, 1966.Crossref 48. Yules, R.B.; Freedman, D.X.; Chandler, K.A.: The Effect of Ethyl Alcohol on Man's Electroencephalogic Sleep Cycle , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 20:109-111, 1966.Crossref 49. Greenberg, R., and Pearlman, C.: Delirium Tremens and Dreaming , Amer J Psychiat 124:133-142, 1967. 50. Foulkes, D., and Vogel, G.: Mental Activity at Sleep Onset , J Abnorm Psychol 70:231-243, 1965.Crossref 51. Berger, R.J.; Olley, P.; and Oswald, I.: The EEG, Eye Movements, and Dreams of The Blind , Quart J Exp Psychol 14:183-186, 1962.Crossref 52. Le Gassicke, J., et al: The Clinical State, Sleep, and Amine Metabolism of a Tranylcypromine ('Parnate') Addict , Brit J Psychiat 111:357-364, 1965.Crossref 53. Rechtschaffen, A., et al: Nocturnal Sleep of Narcoleptics , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 15:599-609, 1963.Crossref 54. Vogel, G.: Studies in Psychophysiology of Dreams: III. The Dream of Narcolepsy , Arch Gen Psychiat 3:421-428, 9160.Crossref 55. Foulkes, D.; Spear, P.S.; and Symonds, J.D.: Individual Differences in Mental Activity at Sleep Onset , J Abnorm Psychol 71:280-286, 1966.Crossref 56. Hawkins, D.R., and Mendels, J.: Sleep Disturbance in Depressive Syndromes , Amer J Psychiat 123:682-690, 1966. 57. Mendels, J., and Hawkins, D.R.: Sleep and Depression: A Controlled EEG Study , Arch Gen Psychiat 16:344-354, 1967.Crossref 58. Mendels, J., and Hawkins, D.R.: Sleep and Depression: A Follow-Up Study , Arch Gen Psychiat 16:536-542, 1967.Crossref 59. Gresham, S.C.; Agnew, H.W.; and Williams, R.L.: The Sleep of Depressed Patients: An EEG and Eye Movement Study , Arch Gen Psychiat 13:503-507, 1965.Crossref 60. Schildkraut, J.J.: The Catecholamine Hypothesis of Affective Disorders: A Review of Supporting Evidence , Amer J Psychiat 122:509-522, 1965. 61. Hishikawa, Y., et al: The Effect of Imipramine, Desmethylimipramine and Chlorpromazine on the Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle of the Cat , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 19:518-521, 1965.Crossref 62. Ryba, P., et al: The Effects of Imipramine on the Sleep Patterns of Psychiatric Patients, read before the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Gainesville, Fla, March 1966. 63. Hartmann, E.L.: Reserpine: Its Effect on the Sleep-Dream Cycle in Man , Psychopharmacologia 9:242-247, 1966.Crossref

Freedman, Daniel X.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740030074008pmid: 4295595

Abstract WHILE SCIENTISTS may debate the appropriate use of hallucinogens, history records our unceasing urge to cope with dreary reality or dread with the aid of magic, drugs, drama, festival rites, and (with biological regularity) through dreams. The need to transcend limits also finds a voice in utopian ideologies-be they of the inner world, of this, or the next; the promise of omnipotent mastery is always either implicit or readily inferred. Thus whether it is the proletarian masses, or youth mesmerized by mellow yellow banana, or the princes of the land of genital primacy, or the meek-each is promised the inheritance of what probably will be a rather crowded earth. Given the prevalence of these motives it is not surprising that drugs play a role not only in the behavior of individuals but also in social and ideological processes. With the appropriate motives and occasion References 1. Barron, F.; Jarvik, M.E.; and Bunnell, S., Jr.: Hallucinogenic Drugs , Sci Amer 210:29-37, 1964.Crossref 2. Aberle, D.F.: The Peyote Religion Among the Navaho , Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1966. 3. Abramson, H.A. (ed.): The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism , Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill Co., Inc., 1967. 4. Chandler, A.L., and Hartman, M.A.: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25) as a Facilitating Agent in Psychotherapy , Arch Gen Psychiat 2:286-299, 1960.Crossref 5. Chwelos, N., et al: Use of D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in the Treatment of Alcoholism , Quart J Stud Alcohol 20:577-590, 1959. 6. Leary, T., and Alpert R.: The Politics of Consciousness Expansion , Harvard Review , 1(No. (4) ):33-37, 1963. 7. Ling, T.M., and Buckman, J.: Lysergic Acid and Ritalin in the Treatment of Neurosis , London: Lambarde Press, 1963. 8. MacLean, J.R., et al: The Use of LSD-25 in the Treatment of Alcoholism and Other Psychiatric Problems , Quart J Stud Alcohol 22:34-45, 1961. 9. Sandison, R.A.; Spencer, A.M.; and Whitelaw, J.D.A.: The Therapeutic Value of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Mental Illness , J Ment Sci 100:491-507, 1954. 10. Savage, C.; Terrill, J.; and Jackson, D.D.: LSD, Transcendence and the New Beginning , J Nerv Ment Dis 135:425-439, 1962.Crossref 11. Shorvon, H.M.: " Abreaction and Brain ," in Crocket, R., et al (eds.): Hallucinogenic Drugs and Their Psychotherapeutic Use: Proceedings of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association , London: H.K. Lewis & Co., Ltd., 1963, pp 74-78. 12. Smith, C.M.: A New Adjunct to the Treatment of Alcoholism: The Hallucinogenic Drugs , Quart J Stud Alcohol 19:406-417, 1958. 13. McGlothlin, W.H.: Hallucinogenic Drugs: A Perspective With Special References to Peyote and Cannabis , Psychedelic Rev , No. (6) , pp 16-57, 1965. 14. Benabud, A.: Psycho-Pathological Aspects of the Cannabis Situation in Morocco: Statistical Data for 1956 , Bull Narcotics 9(No. (4) ):1-16, 1957. 15. Chopra, R.N., and Chopra, I.C.: Treatment of Drug Addiction: Experience in India , Bull Narcotics 9(No. (4) ):21-33, 1957. 16. Bowers, M.B., and Freedman, D.X.: "Psychedelic" Exepriences in Acute Psychoses , Arch Gen Psychiat 15:240-248, 1966.Crossref 17. Freedman, D.X.: " Aspects of the Biochemical Pharmacology of Psychotropic Drugs ," in Solomon, P. (ed.): Psychiatric Drugs , New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1966. 18. Freedman, D.X., and Aghajanian, G.K.: Approaches to the Pharmacology of LSD-25 , Lloydia 29(No. (4) ):309-314, 1966. 19. Giarman, N.J., and Freedman, D.X.: Biochemical Aspects of the Actions of Psychotomimetic Drugs , Pharmacol Rev 17:1-25, 1965. 20. Bowers, M.B.; Goodman, E.; and Sim, V.: Some Behavioral Effects in Man Following anticholinesterase Administration , J Nerv Ment Dis 138:383-389, 1964.Crossref 21. Lebovits, B.Z.; Visotsky, H.M.; and Ostfeld, A.M.: LSD and JB 318: A Comparison of Two Hallucinogens: Part III. , Arch Gen Psychiat 7:39-45, 1962.Crossref 22. Wilson, R.E., and Shagass, C.: Comparison of Two Drugs With Psychotomimetic Effects (LSD and Ditran) , J Nerv Ment Dis 138(No. (3) ):277-286, 1964.Crossref 23. Snyder, S.H., and Merrill, C.G.: A Relationship Between the Hallucinogenic Activity of Drugs and Their Electronic Configuration , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 54:258-266, 1965.Crossref 24. Stumpf, W.E., and Roth, L.J.: " Dry-Mounting High-Resolution Autoradiography ," in Roth, L.J. (ed.): Isotopes in Experimental Pharmacology , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965, pp 133-143. 25. James, W.: Varieties of Religious Experience , New York: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd., 1916. 26. Prince, R., and Savage, C.: Mystical States and the Concept of Regression , Psychedelic Rev , No. (8) , pp 59-65, 1966. 27. Salvatore, S., and Hyde, R.W.: Progression of Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) , Arch Neurol Psychiat 76:50-59, 1956.Crossref 28. Freedman, D.X.; Aghajanian, G.K.; and Coquet, C.A.: Effect of Reserpine on Plasma Binding and Brain Uptake of LSD-25 , Fed Proc 23:147, 1964. 29. Aghajanian, G.K., and Bing, O.H.L.: Persistence of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in the Plasma of Human Subject , Clin Pharmacol Therap 5:611-614, 1964. 30. Freedman, D.X., et al: Tolerance to the Behavioral Effects of LSD-25 in Rat , J Pharmacol Exp Therap 143:309-313, 1964. 31. Koella, W.P.; Beaulien, R.F.; and Bergen, J.R.: Stereotyped Behavior Cyclic Changes in Response Produced by LSD in Goats , Int J Neuropharmacol 3:397-403, 1964.Crossref 32. Gordon, N.: The Hallucinogenic Drug Cult , Reporter , (Aug 15) , 1963. 33. Spindler, G.: Personality of Peyotism in Menomini Indian Acculturation , Psychiatry 15:151-159, 1952. 34. Bradley, P.B., and Elkes, J.: The Effect of Some Drugs on the Electrical Activity of the Brain , Brain 80:77-117, 1957.Crossref 35. Bradley, P.B., and Key, B.J.: The Effect of Drugs on Arousal Responses Produced by Electrical Stimulation of the Reticular Formation of the Brain , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 10:97-110, 1958.Crossref 36. Key, B.J., and Bradley, P.B.: Effect of Drugs on Conditioning and Habituation to Arousal Stimuli in Animals , Nature 182:1517-1519, 1958.Crossref 37. Krus, D., and Wapner, S.: Effect of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25) on Perception of Part-Whole Relationships , J Psychol 48:87-95, 1959.Crossref 38. Becker, D.I.; Appel, J.B.; and Freedman, D.X.: Some Effects of LSD on Visual Discrimination in Pigeons , Psychopharmacologia 11:354-364, 1967.Crossref 39. Kohut, H.: Forms and Transformations of Narcissism , J Amer Psychoanal Assoc 14(No. (2) ):243-272, 1966.Crossref 40. Freud, S.: An Outline of Psychoanalysis , New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1949. 41. Keeler, M.H.: The Effects of Psilocybin on a Test of Afterimage Perception , Psychopharmacologia 8:131-139, 1965.Crossref 42. Silverman, J.: Variations in Cognitive Control and Psychophysiological Defense in the Schizophrenias , Psychosom Med 29:225-251, 1967.Crossref 43. Wiener, H.: External Chemical Messengers: III. Mind and Body in Schizophrenia , New York J Med 67:1287, 1967. 44. Leuner, H.: " Present State of Psycholytic Therapy and Its Possibilities ," in Abramson, H.A. (ED.): The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism , Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc., 1967, pp 101-116. 45. Pious, W.: " A Hypothesis About the Nature of Schizophrenic Behavior ," in Burton A. (ed.): Psychotherapy of the Psychoses , New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1961. 46. Redlich, F.C., and Freedman, D.X.: The Theory and Practice of Psychiatry , New York: Basic Books Inc., Publishers, 1966. 47. Maslow, A.H.: Toward a Psychology of Being , New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1962. 48. Lidz, T.; Fleck, S.; and Cornelison, A.R.: Schizophrenia and the Family , New York: International Universities Press, Inc., 1965. 49. Cohen, S.: The Beyond Within , New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1964. 50. Rosenthal, S.H.: Persistent Hallucinosis Following Repeated Administration of Hallucinogenic Drugs , Amer J Psychiat 121:238-244, 1964. 51. Loewald, H.: Hypnoid States-Repression, Abreaction, and Recollection , J Amer Psychoanal Assoc 3:201-210, 1955.Crossref 52. Clark, W.H.: The Psychology of Religion , New York: Macmillan Co., Publishers, 1958. 53. Tenenbaum, B.: Group Therapy With LSD25 , Dis Nerv Syst 22:459-462, 1961. 54. Lennard, H.: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25): XII. A Preliminary Statement of Its Effects Upon Interpersonal Communication , J Psychol 41:186-198, 1956.Crossref 55. Cole, J.O., and Katz, M.M.: The Psychotominetic Drugs: An Overview , JAMA 187:758-761, 1964. 56. Grinker, R.R., Sr.: Bootlegged Ecstasy , JAMA 187:768, 1964.Crossref 57. Ludwig, A.M., and Levine, J.: " Hypnodelic Therapy ," in Masserman, J. (ed.): Current Psychiatric Therapies , New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1967, vol 7, pp 130-141. 58. Frank, J.D.: Persuasion and Healing , Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1961. 59. Laing, R.D.: Transcendental Experience in Relation to Religion and Psychosis , Psychedelic Rev 6:7-15, 1965. 60. Adey, W.R.; Porter, R.; and Walter, D.O.: Prolonged Effects of LSD on EEG Records During Discrimination Performance in Cat: Evaluation by Computer Analysis , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 18:25-35, 1965.Crossref 61. Cohen, S.: A Classification of LSD Complications , Psychosomatics , 7:182-186, 1966.Crossref 62. Cohen, S., and Detman, K.S.: Prolonged Adverse Reactions to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide , Arch Gen Psychiat 8:475-480, 1963.Crossref 63. Fink, M., et al: Prolonged Adverse Reactions in LSD in Psychotic Subjects , Arch Gen Psychiat 15:450-454, 1966.Crossref 64. Frosch, W.A.; Robbins, E.S.; and Stern, M.: Untoward Reactions to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Resulting in Hospitalization , New Eng J Med 273:1235-1239, 1965.Crossref 65. Klee, G.D., and Weintraub, W.: " Paranoid Reactions Following Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25) ," in Bradley, P.B. (ed.): Neuro-psychopharmacology , Princeton, NJ: Elsevier Publishing Co., 1959, pp 457-460. 66. Ludwig, A.M., and Levine, J.: Patterns of Hallucinogenic Drug Abuse , JAMA 191:92-96 ( (Jan 11) ) 1965.Crossref 67. Ungerleider, J.T.; Fisher, D.D.; and Fuller, M.: The Dangers of LSD: Analysis of Seven Months' Experience in a University Hospital's Psychiatric Service , JAMA 197:389-392, 1966.Crossref 68. Eggert, D.C., and Shagass, C.: Clinical Prediction of Insightful Reponse to a Single Large Dose of LSD , Psychopharmacologia 9:340-346, 1966.Crossref 69. Pauk, Z., and Shagass, C.: Some Test Findings Associated With Susceptibility to Psychosis Induced by Lysergic Acid Diethylamide , Comp Psychiat 2:188-195, 1961.Crossref 70. Ellis, H.: Mescal: A New Artificial Paradise , Contemporary Rev 73:130-141, 1898. 71. Paradise or Inferno? editorial , Brit Med J 1898 (pt (1) ) p 390. 72. Blos, P.: On Adolescence , New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, Inc., 1962. 73. Bowers, M., et al: Dynamics of Psychedelic Drug Abuse: A Clinical Study , Arch Gen Psychiat 16:560-566, 1967.Crossref 74. McGlothlin, W.H.; Cohen, S.; and McGlothlin, M.S.: Short-Term Effects of LSD on Anxiety, Attitudes and Performance , J Nerv Ment Dis 1967, to be published. 75. Scher, J.: Patterns and Profiles of Addiction and Drug Abuse , Arch Gen Psychiat 15:539-551, 1966.Crossref 76. Klüver, H.: Mescal and Mechanisms of Hallucinations , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966. 77. Rosenbaum, G., et al: Comparison of Sernyl With Other Drugs , Arch Gen Psychiat 1:651-656, 1959.Crossref 78. Elkes, J.: " Psychoactive Drugs: Some Problems and Approaches ," in Solomon, P. (ed.): Psychiatric Drugs , New York: Grune & Stratton Inc., 1966.

Weinstein, Edwin A.;Lyerly, Olga G.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740030092009pmid: 4170463

Abstract MANY ELEMENTS of the Korsakow psychosis or amnestic confabulatory state appear during the process of recovery from brain injuries such as those resulting from acute head injuries and ruptured intracranial aneurysms. After emergence from coma and the return of verbal responsiveness, amnesia, confabulation, disorientation for place and time, reduplicative delusions (reduplicative paramnesia), and misidentification of persons and objects are commonly expressed. These phenomena have been variously defined, classified, and interpreted. (In this paper, confabulation is defined as the fictitious narrative of some past event or events. Reduplication for place is the statement that there are two or more places, usually the hospital, of the same or similar names, although only one exists. Reduplication for person is the attributing of two or more identities to a single person, such as claiming that a ward attendant is also a classmate or that a nurse References 1. Rapaport, D.: Organization and Pathology of Thought , New York: Columbia University Press, 1951. 2. Talland, G.A.: Deranged Memory: A Psychonomic Study of the Amnesic Syndrome , New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1965. 3. Ferenczi, S., and Hollòs, S.: Psychoanalysis and the Psychic Disorders of General Paresis , New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Co., 1925. 4. Betlheim, S., and Hartmann, H.: Ueber Fehlreaktionen bei der Korsakowschen Psychose , Arch Psychiat Nervenkr 72:257-286, 1924. 5. Weinstein, E.A., and Kahn, R.L.: Denial of Illness , Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, Publisher 1955. 6. Weinstein, E.A.; Kahn, R.L.; and Malitz, S.: Confabulation as a Social Process , Psychiatry 19:383-396, 1956. 7. Weinstein, E.A.; Marvin, S.L.; and Keller, N.J.A.: Amnesia as a Language Pattern , Arch Gen Psychiat 6:259-270, 1962.Crossref 8. Bourne, P.G.; Rose, R.M.; and Mason, J.W.: Urinary 17-OHCS Levels: Data on Seven Helicopter Ambulance Medics in Combat , Arch Gen Psychiat 17:104-110, 1967.Crossref 9. Gamper, E.: Schlaf-Delirium tremens-Korsakowsches Syndrom , Z Neurol Psychiat 51:236-239, 1929. 10. Williams, M., and Pennybacker, J.: Memory Disturbances in Third Ventricle Tumors , J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 17:115-124, 1954.Crossref 11. Collins, G.H.; Victor, M.; and Adams, R.D.: A Neuropathological Study of Wernicke's Disease and Korsakoff's Psychosis , J Neuropath Exp Neurol 20:289-291, 1961.

Haworth, Mary R.;Menolascino, Frank J.

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740030099010pmid: 4170464

Abstract IN THE COURSE of a research project reported in more detail elsewhere,1 the authors had the opportunity to observe the behavioral reactions of a group of preschoolage psychotic children in a standardized individual play interview situation. There interviews were recorded on video-tape and could be played back repeatedly for data analysis. In addition to the psychotic youngsters (childhood schizophrenics and children with marked autistic features) the sample included young normals (2-year olds), familial and brain-damaged retardates, preschool normals, and some cases of adjustment reactions of childhood. Repeated viewings of these taped interviews have generated some hypotheses with respect to the development of psychotic behaviors and mannerisms. In effect, these mannerisms are seen as representing deviant development, by graded steps, from what would have been considered normal, expected behavior during infancy and toddlerhood. This is in contrast to what appears to be fixation at early levels, References 1. Haworth, M.R., and Menolascino, F.J.: Video Tape Observations of Disturbed Young Children , J Clin Psychol 23:135-140, 1967.Crossref 2. Kanner, L.: Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact , Nerv Child 2:217-250, 1943. 3. Spitz, R.: The Derailment of Dialogue: Stimulus Overload, Action Cycles and the Completion Gradient , J Amer Psychoanal Assoc 12:752-775, 1964.Crossref 4. Ritualistic Behavior in Autistic Children (16 mm film), Memorial Guidance Clinic, Richmond, Va, 1962. 5. Smolen, E.M.: Some Thoughts on Schizophrenia in Childhood , J Amer Acad Child Psychiat 4:443-472, 1965.Crossref 6. Weil, A.P.: Some Evidences of Deviational Development in Infancy and Childhood , Psychoanal Stud Child 11:292-302, 1956. 7. Escalona, S., and Heider, G.M.: Prediction and Outcome: A Study in Child Development , New York: Basic Books Inc., Publishers, 1959. 8. Ruttenberg, B.A., et al: An Instrument for Evaluating Autistic Children , J Amer Acad Child Psychiat 5:453-478, 1966.Crossref 9. Foss, B.M. (ed.): Determinants of Infant Behavior , New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1961. 10. Goldfarb, W.: Receptor Preferences in Schizophrenic Children , Arch Neurol Psychiat 76:643-652, 1956.Crossref