Archives of General Psychiatry

GLESER, GOLDINE C.;GOTTSCHALK, LOUIS A.;FOX, ROBERT;LIPPERT, WALTER

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040001001pmid: 5318109

Abstract THIS REPORT presents the findings with respect to differential changes in affect accompanying the administration of chlordiazepoxide (Librium) as compared to a placebo in a sample of juvenile delinquent boys. The data were obtained in conjunction with a study of elctrodermal activity recorded under basal and mild stress conditions. On the basis of reports in the literature7,11-13 and our own studies with other psychoactive drugs4,16 it was hypothesized that anxiety-fear would be reduced following administration of the active drug and that there might also be an accompanying reduction in "hostility outward" as measured by the verbal behavior sampling procedure. Method The subjects in this study were 46 male white adolescents, 14 to 16 years of age, who were incarcerated in a juvenile detention center for asocial or delinquent behavior. The boys were newly admitted inmates, none of whom displayed severe References 1. The original design called for 20 subjects in each group, but additional subjects were run because of difficulties in obtaining good GSR recordings in a few cases. 2. However, the difference in initial anxiety had a probability of 0.10 of being a zero difference. Thus, it is possible that the subjects given chlordiazepoxide were somewhat more anxious initially than those given the placebo. 3. Cattell, R.B.: Handbook for the IPAT Anxiety Scale, Champaign, Ill: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, 1957. 4. Corboz, R.J.: Proprietes et indications therapeutiques du chlordiazepoxyde (Librium) chez l'enfant et l'adolescent , Med Hyg 20:190-191, 1962. 5. Gleser, G.C.; Gottschalk, L.A.; and Springer, K.J.: An Anxiety Scale Applicable to Verbal Samples , Arch Gen Psychiat 5:593-605, 1961.Crossref 6. Gottschalk, L.A., et al: Effects of Perphenazine on Verbal Behavior Patterns: A Contribution to the Problem of Measuring the Psychologic Effects of Psychoactive Drugs , Arch Gen Psychiat 2:632-639, 1960.Crossref 7. Gottschalk, L.A.; Gleser, G.C.; and Springer, K.J.: Three Hostility Scales Applicable to Verbal Samples , Arch Gen Psychiat 9:254-279, 1963.Crossref 8. Gottschalk, L.A., et al: Studies of Relationships of Emotions to Plasma Lipids , Psychosom Med 28:102-111, 1965.Crossref 9. Jenner, F.A.; Kerry, R.J.; and Parkin, D.: A Controlled Trial of Methaminodiazepoxide (Librium) in the Treatment of Anxiety in Neurotics , J Ment Sci 107:575-582, 1961. 10. Kamano, O.K., and Arp, D.J.: Effects of Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) on the Acquisition and Extinction of Avoidance Responses , Psychopharmacologia 6:112-119, 1964.Crossref 11. Kapp, F.T., and Gottschalk, L.A.: " Drug Therapy ," in: Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry , New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1962, vol 17. 12. Kelley, J.Q., and Gisvold, D.I.: The Use of MMPI in the Evaluation of Librium , Colorado GP 2:3-8, 1960. 13. Krakowski, A.J.: Chlordiazepoxide in Treatment of Children With Emotional Disturbances , New York J Med 63:3388-3392, 1963. 14. Leconte, S., and Orval, J.: Analyse de l'action du Librium sur le comportement d'enfants inadapte's , Ann Med Psychol 1:139, 1963. 15. Lorr, M.; McNair, D.M.; and Weinstein, G.J.: Early Effects of Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) Used With Psychotherapy , J Psychiat Res 1:257-270, 1962.Crossref 16. Randall, L.O.: Pharmacology of Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) , Dis Nerv Syst 22:7-15, 1961. 17. Randall, L.O., et al: The Psychosedative Properties of Methaminodiazepoxide , J Pharmacol Exp Therap 129:163-171, 1960. 18. Ross, W.D., et al: A Trial of Psychopharmacologic Measurement With Projective Techniques , J Proj Tech Personal Assmt 27:222-225, 1963. 19. Sholilton, L.J.; Wohl, T.H.; and Werk, E.E., Jr.: The Correlation of Two Psychological Variables, Anxiety and Hostility With Adrenocortical Function in Patients With Lung Cancer , Cancer 16:223-229, 1963.Crossref

HADER, MARVIN

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040006002pmid: 5826588

Abstract SOME RECENT interest has been expressed in the literature regarding the presence of persistent enuresis in the childhood of offenders and delinquents.1 It has been proposed that there is a correlation betweeen delinquency and enuresis so that "lack of control" due to constitutional predisposition is considered a partial etiological factor in both symptoms of personality maladjustment.2 This is in contrast to work by Easson3 and Johnson4,5 who mention the presence of enuresis but who do not consider it central and who emphasize interpersonal relationships and either conscious or unconscious fostering of antisocial acts by parents. It seems evident that finding a number of patients who have a history of enuresis and correlating this with the diagnosis and pattern of offense of the patient might tend to help us understand how common enuresis is in offenders and how important it is References 1. Michaels, J.J.: Enuresis in Murderous Aggressive Children and Adolescents , Arch Gen Psychiat 5:94-97 ( (Nov) ) 1961.Crossref 2. Michaels, J.J.: The Need for a Theory of Delinquency , Arch Gen Psychiat 10:110-114 ( (Feb) ) 1964.Crossref 3. Easson, W.M., and Steinhilber, R.M.: Murderous Aggression by Children and Adolescents , Arch Gen Psychiat 4:1-9 ( (Jan) ) 1961.Crossref 4. Johnson, A.M., and Szurek, S.A.: The Genesis of Antisocial Acting Out-Children and Adults , Psychoanal Quart 21:323-343, 1952. 5. Johnson, A.M., and Robinson, D.B.: The Sexual Deviant (Sexual Psychopath): Causes, Treatment, and Prevention , JAMA 164:1559-1565 ( (Aug 3) ) 1957.Crossref 6. Kolb, L.F., and Noyes, A.E.: Modern Clinical Psychiatry , Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., Inc., 1956, pp 585-587. 7. Tapia, F.; Jekel, J.; and Domke, K.S.: Enuresis: An Emotional Symptom? J N erv Ment Dis 130:61 ( (Jan) ) 1960.Crossref 8. Bloomfield, J.M., and Douglas, J.W.B.: Bedwetting Prevalence Among Children Age 4 to 7 Years , Lancet 1:850, 1956.Crossref 9. Nocturnal Enuresis, editorials and comments , JAMA 154:509, 1954. 10. Zufall, R.B.: Adult Male Enuresis: Study of 200 Cases , J Urol 70:894, 1953.

NEMETZ, PAUL;WEINER, HERBERT

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040009003pmid: 5826589

Abstract Introduction THIS REPORT will discuss observations made on members of two classes in a medical school as they developed or continued an interest in psychiatry as a career. Eighteen percent of the students in the two classes and 20% of the first 400 graduates of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine have entered psychiatric residency training.1 This unexpected and unexplained number stimulated interest in studying the choice of psychiatry as a career in this school. We recognize the limitations of this study in relation to general validity due to the special nature of the sample. No attempts are made to study or infer unconscious motivations for the student's bourgeoning interest in psychiatry or their choice of psychiatry as a career.As a background, it would seem appropriate briefly to describe the psychiatric curriculum in the medical school. One hundred and fifty hours are References 1. Alumni Association, Albert Einstein College of Medicine: Directory and Third Semi-Annual Report, mimeographed data , January 1965. 2. Weiner, H.: Behavioral Science Courses: Their Function and Relevance in Medical Education , Arch Gen Psychiat 4:307-315, 1961.Crossref 3. Becker, H.S., et al: Boys in White , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. 4. Menninger, K.: Psychological Factors in Choice of Medicine as Profession , Bull Menninger Clin 21:51-58, 99-106, 1957. 5. Eissler, K.: Remarks on Psychoanalysis of Schizophrenia , Int J Psychoanal 32:139-156, 1951. 6. Sharaf, M.R., and Levinson, D.J.: Quest for Omnipotence in Professional Training , Psychiatry 27:135-150, 1964.

PALMBAUM, MAJ PAUL J.

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040014004pmid: 5826590

Abstract THIS PERIOD in the world's history has been described in many ways, but perhaps as good a title as any would be "an age of revolution." With modern methods of communication, transportation, manufacture, research, merchandising, and advertising, there is no longer time for the orderly Darwinian evolution. Certainly, even the most devout evolutionist is hard put to find order in such rages as the topless bathing suit, Beatle haircuts, or low-calorie foods. He who went to school in the 1930's, imbibing the ultimate in educational techniques, now 30 years later finds himself unable to even comprehend the simple arithmetic lesson of his 10 year old; and if he should come upon an old globe in the attic, he would wonder if his really had been the same world as that upon which his son looks. Keeping track of the changing governments in the nations of References 1. Flint, A.A., and Rioch, M.J.: An Experiment in Teaching Family Dynamics , Amer J Psychol 119:940 ( (April) ) 1963. 2. Weed, V., and Denham, W.H.: Toward More Effective Use of the Nonprofessional Worker , Soc Work 6:29 ( (Oct) ) 1963. 3. Wigley, G.S.: The Training of Lay Staff in Mental Health , Public Health 78:26 ( (Nov) ) 1963.Crossref

SMITH, SYDNEY

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040020005pmid: 5826591

Abstract I NO SINGLE form of delinquent aggression has the power to mobilize official agencies and horrify the populace to the extent that murder does. The youth of the offender, especially if he falls within the purview of the juvenile court, only adds to the general consternation as to how such cases should be handled. Many juvenile courts respond to this consternation by an evasion of their responsibilities, remanding the adolescent murderer as quickly as possible to an adult court. The offender's youth in itself is usually looked upon as a bizarre aspect of the case. People have developed conventionally accepted stereotypes of what a murderer should look like, and the picture of a small, frightened, withdrawn, frequently baby-faced adolescent in the jail or the courtroom contradicts our movie-nourished expectations.Once the jurisdiction of the adult court is established, the case must be settled in terms of its disposition not References 1. "All of such phenomena, so far as the individual is concerned, manifest these features which essentially distinguish them. . . . First, the aggressiveness seems to elude all ego control and is expressed directly with only a mild deflection of aim or mitigation of strength. Secondly, dyscontrol tends to be episodic or explosive in nature; there is usually a more or less prompt recovery from the burst of aggression, which may be deplored, disowned, or denied (forgotten). Third, with the explosive outburst not only the ego, but the controls and strictures of reality are transgressed. . . . An irrational impulsive criminal act is sometimes identified as the psychomotor equivalent of a convulsion, but although `epilepsy' is no longer considered the name of a `disease,' the syndrome of recurrent convulsions is only too familiar. It has been suggested that the sudden unstructured release of great quantities of energy characteristic of the convulsion may be looked upon as an outburst of primitive, disorganized violence like an enormous temper tantrum. . . ." The idea that murder committed in the context of a violent rage may be an epileptic equivalent was emphasized earlier in a paper by Schneider 22 and may have originated with Ferri.8 2. This finding is by no means unique, but has been mentioned as a conspicuous element in the backgrounds of child murderers in a number of studies, notably by Patterson 18 and Easson et al,7 but precisely what contribution such a factor may make to the understanding of the personality of the murderer seems not to be spelled out or well understood. 3. Sargent 20 in an informative study describes another type of provocation in which the child kills one parent (in Sargent's cases usually the father) through acting out the unconscious wishes of the other parent. However, these cases in other respects do not seem to fulfill the symptomatic expectations of episodic dyscontrol. 4. Recently Carek and Watson 6 have published an instructive description of their treatment of a latency-aged child who had murdered his younger brother. In this case the therapy importantly involved conjoint work with the parents to help them express their own feelings about the killing as well as to understand how such an event could take place in their family. The child received both milieu treatment and psychotherapy, but because of his age, many of the pitfalls of working with adolescence could be avoided. Nevertheless this article is worth noting since descriptions of the treatment process with juvenile murderers rarely appear in the literature. 5. Bender, L.: Children and Adolescents Who Have Killed , Amer J Psychiat 116:510-513 ( (Dec) ) 1959. 6. Bender, L., and Curran, F.J.: Children and Adolescents Who Kill , J Criminal Psychopath 1:297-322 ( (April) ) 1940. 7. Bender, L.; Keiser, S.; and Schilder, P.: Studies in Aggressiveness , Gen Psychol Mono vol 15, No. (5) and 6, 1937. 8. Biggs, J.: The Guilty Mind , New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1955. 9. Bridgman, O.: Four Young Murderers , J Juvenile Res 13:90-96 ( (April) ) 1929. 10. Carek, D.J., and Watson, A.S.: Treatment of a Family Involved in Fratricide , Arch Gen Psychiat 11:533-542 ( (Nov) ) 1964.Crossref 11. Easson, W.M., and Steinhilber, R.M.: Murderous Aggression by Children and Adolescents , Arch Gen Psychiat 4:1-9 ( (Jan) ) 1961.Crossref 12. Ferri, E.: Criminal Sociology , Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1914. 13. Freeman, L., and Hulse, W.: Children Who Kill , New York: Berkley-Medallion Books, 1962. 14. Growden, C.H.: A Group Study of Juvenile Homicide , Ohio Department of Public Welfare, 1949. 15. Guttmacher, M.: The Mind of the Murderer , New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy, 1960. 16. Jacobson, E.: Self and the Object World, Psychoanal Stud Child 9:75-127, 1954. 17. Kaufman, I., et al: Delineation of Two Diagnostic Groups Among Juvenile Delinquents: The Schizophrenic and the Impulse-Ridden Character Disorder , J Amer Acad Child Psychiat 2:292-318 ( (April) ) 1963.Crossref 18. Kennedy, F.; Hoffman, H.R.; and Haines, W.H.: Psychiatric Study of William Heirens , Amer J Psychiat 104:113-121 ( (Aug) ) 1947. 19. Lambard, W.: Eirenarcha, Or of the Offices of the Justices of the Peace , London: Newberry & H. Bynneman, 1581. 20. Menninger, K., and Mayman, M.: Episodic Dyscontrol: A Third Order of Stress Adaptation , Bull Menninger Clin 20:153-165 ( (July) ) 1956. 21. Michaels, J.J.: Enuresis in Murderous Aggressive Children and Adolescents , Arch Gen Psychiat 5:490-493 ( (Nov) ) 1961.Crossref 22. Patterson, R.M.: Psychiatric Study of Juveniles Involved in Homicide , Amer J Orthopsychiat 13:125-130 ( (Jan) ) 1943.Crossref 23. Rowe, E.C.: A Case of Educational Futility , J Abnorm Soc Psychol 30:237-255 ( (July-Sept) ) 1935.Crossref 24. Sargent, D.: Children Who Kill—A Family Conspiracy? , Social Work 7:35-42 ( (Jan) ) 1962. 25. Satten, J., et al: Murder Without Apparent Motive: A Study in Personality Disorganization , Amer J Psychiat 117:48-53 ( (July) ) 1960. 26. Schneider, E.: Rorschach Versuche mit Mürdern , Z Diagnost Psychol 3:154-169, 1955. 27. Stearns, A.W.: Murder by Adolescents With Obscure Motivation , Amer J Psychiat 114:303-305 ( (Oct) ) 1957. 28. United States vs Currens, Federal Reporter, 290 Fed 2nd, 751, 1961. 29. Wittman, P., and Astrachan, M.: Psychological Investigation of a Homicidal Youth , J Clin Psychol 5:88-93 ( (Jan) ) 1949.Crossref 30. Woods, S.M.: Adolescent Violence and Homicide: Ego Disruption and the 6 and 14 Dysrhythmia , Arch Gen Psychiat 5:528-534 ( (Dec) ) 1961.Crossref

SAFER, DANIEL J.

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040030006pmid: 5318110

Abstract CONJOINT family therapy is generally a very inclusive form of treatment. It is significant, however, that young children rarely participate in it. Bell1 justifies the exclusion of young children by emphasizing that those under 9 cannot adequately partake in verbal interchange—the mainstay of family treatment. Of the major conjoint therapists, only Satir 2 makes a point of including children between the ages of 4 and 6—but she does not elaborate on their manner of interaction during the sessions. Therapy involving the young child with his parent has been reported, however, in other circles. Axline,3 Moustakas,4 Fraiberg,5 Schwarz,6 and Furer7 all utilize the parent in the playroom primarily as an adjunct to their play therapy for the child, while Russo8 includes the parent in the playroom for purposes of behavior therapy.* This paper reports on a method of conjoint therapy which References 1. Bell, J.: Family Group Therapy, Public Health Monogr No. 64, 1961. 2. Satir, V.: Conjoint Family Therapy , Palo Alto: science & Behavior Books, Inc., 1964, pp 136-140. 3. Axline, V.: Entering Child's World Via Play Experiences , Progressive Educ 27:68-75, 1950. 4. Moustakas, C.: Children in Play Therapy , New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., 1953, pp 101-203. 5. Fraiberg, S.: On Sleep Disturbances of Early Childhood , Psychoanal Study Child 5:295-307, 1950. 6. Schwarz, H.: Mother in the Consulting Room , Psychoanal Stud Child 5:343-357, 1950. 7. Furer, M.: Development of Pre-School Symbiotic Boy , Psychoanal Stud Child 19:448-469, 1964. 8. Russo, S.: Adaptations in Behavioral Therapy With Children , Behau Res Ther 2:43-47, 1964.Crossref 9. Straughan, J.: Treatment With Mother and Child in Playroom , Behau Res Ther 2:37-41, 1964.Crossref 10. Pechey, B.: Direct Analysis of Mother-Child Relationship in Treatment of Maladjusted Children , Brit J Med Psychol 28:101-112, 1955.Crossref 11. Harris, F., et al: Effects of Social Reinforcement on Child Behavior , Young Children 20:8-17, 1964. 12. Bandura, A.: Behavior Theory and Identification Learning , Amer J Ortho 33:591-601, 1963.Crossref 13. Horowitz, F.: Social Reinforcement Effects on Child Behavior , J Nursery Educ 18:276-284, 1963. 14. Witmer, H., et al: Outcome of Treatment in Child Guidance Clinic , Smith Coll Stud Soc Work 3:339-399, 1933.Crossref 15. Hubbard, R., and Adams, C.: Factors Affecting Suecess of Child Guidance Clinic Treatment , Amer J Ortho 6:81-102, 1936.Crossref 16. Lodgen, P.: Some Criteria for Treatability of Mothers and Children by Child Guidance Clinic , Smith Coll Stud Soc Work 7:302-324, 1937.Crossref

SCHOPLER, ERIC

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040037007pmid: 5318111

Abstract A CURRENTLY emerging view of early infantile autism characterizes this illness as a cognitive disorder involving an inability to relate sensory experience to memory.55 In this context the infant's use of his receptor systems for obtaining meaningful sensory information about his surroundings presents a critical issue for the study and treatment of the autistic child. It is through the use of end organs such as vision, audition, touch, taste, and smell that the child develops an adaptive interaction with his environment. The autistic child's profound adaptational problems are considered in terms of dysfunction in receptor usage. The avoidance of distance receptors as audition and vision and the preference for near receptors as touch, smell, and taste have been extensively reported from clinical observation.27,29 This paper attempts to trace normal development from near to distant receptor dominance, the effect of near receptor stimulation References 1. Ader, R.: The Effects of Early Experience on Subsequent Emotionality and Resistance to Stress , Psychol Monogr vol 73, No. (472) , 1959. 2. Benjamin, J.D.: " Prediction and Psychopathological Theory ," in Jessner, L., and Pavenstadt, E. (eds.): Dynamic Psychopathology in Childhood , New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1959. 3. Benjamin, J.D.: Personal communication to the author, 1964. 4. Bergman, P., and Escalona, S.: Unusual Sensitivities in Very Young Children , Psychoanal Stud Child 3-4:333-352, 1949. 5. Berlyne, D.E.: Conflict, Arousal and Curiosity , New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1960. 6. Bernstein, L.: A Note on Christie's "Experimental Naivete and Experiential Naivete," Psychol Bull 89:38-40, 1952.Crossref 7. Reference deleted by author. 8. Birch, H.G., and Leffard, A.: Intersensory Develonment in Children , Monogr Soc Res Child Develop , vol 28, No. (5) . 1963. 9. Boguslavskaya, V.: In O'Connor, N. (ed.): Recent Soviet Psychology , New York: Liveright Publishing Co., 1961. 10. Bovard, E.W.: A Theory to Account for the Effects of Early Handling on Viability of the Albino Rat , Science 120:87, 1954.Crossref 11. Bovard, E.W.: The Effects of Early Handling on Viability of the Albino Rat , Psychol Rev 65:257-271, 1959.Crossref 12. Bruch, H.: Studies in Schizophrenia: The Various Developments in the Approach to Childhood Schizophrenia, Psychotherapy With Schizophrenics , Acta Psychiat Neurol Scand Kbh 34( (suppl 130) ): 1958. 13. Casler, L.: Maternal Deprivation: A Critical Review of the Literature , Monogr Soc Res Child Develop , vol 26. No. (80) , 1961. 14. Casler, L.: Personal communication to the author, 1963. 15. Cornwall, A.C., and Fuller, J.L.: Conditioned Responses in Young Puppies , J Comp Physiol Psychol 54:13-15, 1961.Crossref 16. Denenberg, V.H., and Bell, R.W.: Critical Periods for the Effects of Infantile Experience on Adult Learning , Science 131:227-228, 1960.Crossref 17. Drever, J.: The Concept of Early Learning , Trans NY Acad Sci 17:463-469, 1955.Crossref 18. Eisenberg, L., and Kanner, L.: Early Infantile Autism. 1943-1955 , Amer J Orthopsychiat 26:556-566, 1956.Crossref 19. Erikson, E.H.: Childhood and Society , New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1952. 20. Escalona, S.: "Emotional Development in the First Year of Life," in Senn, M.J. (ed.): Problems of Infancy and Childhood, Transactions of the Sixth Conference, New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, 1953, pp 11-92. 21. Eveloff, H.H.: The Autistic Child , Arch Gen Psychiat 3:66-81, 1960.Crossref 22. Frank, L.K.: Tactile Communication , Ect 16:31-80, 1958. 23. 56:209-255, 1957. 24. Freedman, D.G.: The Infant's Fear of Strangers and the Flight Response , J Child Psychol Psychiat 2:252-58, 1961.Crossref 25. Freud, S.: An Outline of Psychoanalysis , New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1949. 26. Fuller, J.C.; Easler, C.A.; and Hanks, E.M.: Formation of Conditioned Avoidance Responses in Young Puppies , Amer J Physiol 160:462-466, 1950. 27. Gewirtz, J.: " A Learning Analysis of the Effects of Normal Stimulation, Privation and Deprivation on the Acquisition of Social Motivation and Attachment ," in Foss, B. M. (ed.): Determinents of Infant Behavior , New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1961. 28. Goldfard, W.: Receptor Preferences in Schizophrenic Children , Arch Neurol Psychiat 76:643-652, 1956.Crossref 29. Goldfarb, W., and Braunstein, P.: " Reactions to Delayed Auditory Feedback Among a Group of Schizophrenic Children ," in Hock, P.H., and Zubin, J. (eds.): Psychopathology of Communication , New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1958. 30. Goldfarb, W.: Childhood Schizophrenia , Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1961. 31. Hammett, F.S.: Studies of the Thyroid Apparatus: V. The Significance of the Comparative Mortality Rates of Parathyroidectomized Wild Norway Rats and Excitable and Unexcitable Albino Rats , Endocrinology 6:221-229, 1922.Crossref 32. Harlow, H.F.: The Nature of Love , Amer Psychol 13:673-685, 1958.Crossref 33. Harlow, H.F.: Love in Infant Monkeys , Sci Amer 200:68-74, 1959.Crossref 34. Harlow, H.F.: Primary Affectional Patterns in Primates , Amer J Orthophychiat 30:676-684, 1960.Crossref 35. Harlow, H.F.: The Heterosexual Affectional System in Monkeys , Amer Psychol 17:1-9, 1962. 36. Hebb, D.O.: Drives and the Conceptual Nervous System , Psychol Rev 62:243-254, 1955.Crossref 37. Kanner, L.: Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact . Neru Child 2:217-250, 1943. 38. Katz, D.: Psychologische Untersuchung an der Zunge, Studien zur experimentellen Psychologie , Basel: Benno Schwabe & Co., 1953. 39. Lashley, K.S., and Watson, J.B.: Notes on the Development of a Young Monkey , J Anim Behav 3:114-139, 1913.Crossref 40. Levine, S.; Chevalier, J.A.; and Korchin, S.J.: The Effects of Shock and Handling in Infancy on Later Avoidance Learning , J Personality 24:475-493. 1956.Crossref 41. Levine, S., and Lewis, G.W.: The Relative Importance of Experimenter Contact in an Effect Produced by Extra-Stimulation in Infancy , J Comp Physiol 52:368-369. 1959. 42. McClelland, W.J.: Differential Handling and Weight Gain in the Rat , Canad J Psychol 10:19-22, 1956.Crossref 43. Mahler, M.S.: On Child Psychosis and Schizophrenia: Autistic and Symbiotic Infantile Psychoses , Psychoanal Stud Child 7:291-391, 1953. 44. Montague, M.F.A.: The Sensory Influences of the Skin , Tex Rep Biol Med 11:291-391, 1953. 45. Moruzzi, G., and Magoun, H.W.: Brain Stem Reticular Formation and Activation of the E.E.G. , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1:445-473, 1949. 46. O'Connor, N., and Hermelin, B.: Sensory Dominance , Arch Gen Psych 12:99-103, 1965.Crossref 47. Pfaffman. C.: In Stevens. S.S. (ed.): Handbook of Experimental Psychology , New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1951. 48. Piaget, J.: The Origins of Intelligence in Children , New York: International Universities Press, 1952. p 46. 49. Pinneau, S.: A Critique on the Articles by Margaret Ribble , Child Develop 21:203-228, 1950. 50. Polan, C.G., and Spencer, B.L.: A Check List on Symptoms of Autism of Early Life , W Virginia Med J 55:198-204, 1959. 51. Pollack, M., and Goldfarb, W.: The Face-Hand Test in Schizophrenic Children , Arch Neurol Psychiat 77:635-642, 1957.Crossref 52. Reference deleted by author. 53. Renshaw, S.: The Errors of Cutaneous Localization and the Effect of Practice on the Localizing Movement in Children and Adults , J Genet Psychol 28:223-238, 1930. 54. Renshaw, S.; Wherry, R.J.; and Newlin, J.C.: Cutaneous Localization in Congenitally Blind Versus Seeing Children and Adults , J Genetic Psychol 28:239-248, 1930. 55. Ribble, M.: The Rights of Infants: Early Psychological Needs and Their Satisfactions , New York: Columbia University Press, 1943. 56. Rimland, B.: Infantile Autism: The Syndrome and Its Implications for a Neural Theory of Behavior , New York: Appleton Century-Crofts, 1964. 57. Ritvo, S., and Provence, S.: Form Perception and Imitation in Some Autistic Children: Diagnostic Findings and Their Contextual Interpretation , Psychoanal Stud Child 8:115-161, 1953. 58. Rueganer, W.; Bernstein, L.; and Benjamin, J.D.: Growth, Food Utilization, and Thyroid Activity in the Albino Rat as a Function of Extra Handling , Science 120:184-185, 1954.Crossref 59. Schachtel, E.: Metamorphosis , New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1959. 60. Schaffer, H.R., and Callender, W.M.: Psychology Effects of Hospitalization in Infancy , Pediatrics 25:538-539, 1959. 61. Schopler, E.: The Development of Body Image and Symbol Formation Through Bodily Contact With an Autistic Child , J Child Psychol Psychiat 3:191-202, 1962.Crossref 62. Schopler, E.: The Relationship Between Early Tactile Experience and the Treatment of an Autistic and a Schizophrenic Child , Amer J Orthopsychiat 34:339-340, 1964. 63. Schopler, E.: Visual Versus Tactual Receptor Preference in Normal and Schizophrenic Children, unpublished dissertation, University of Chicago, Chicago, 1964. 64. Sherrington, C.S.: The Integrative Action of the Nervous System , London: Cambridge University Press, 1906. 65. Stern, W.: Psychologie der fruhen Kindheit bis zum sechsten Lebensjahre , Leipzig, Germany: Quelle & Meyer, 1930. 66. Tarakanov, V.V., and Zincheuko, V.P.: Comparative Analysis of Touch and Vision: Communication VI. Voluntary and Involuntary Learning of Form in Preschool Age , Dakl Akad Pedag Nauk , No. (5) ., RSNSR, pp 41-52, 1960. 67. Thompson, W.R., and Schaefer, T.: " Early Environmental Stimulation ," in Fiske, D., and Maddi, S. (eds.): Functions of Varied Experience , Homewood, Ill: Dorsey Press, Inc., 1961. 68. Waal, N.: " A Special Technique of Psychotherapy With an Autistic Child ," in Caplan, G. (ed.): Emotional Problems of Early Childhood , New York: Basic Books, Inc., 431-449, 1955. 69. Werner, H.: Comparative Psychology of Mental Development , New York: International Universities Press, 1957. 70. Wolff, P.H.: Observations on Newborn Infants , Psychosom Med 21:110-118, 1959.Crossref 71. Yarrow, L.J.: Maternal Deprivation: Towar d an Empirical and Conceptual Re-evaluation , Psychol Bull 58:459, 1961.Crossref

CHEEK, FRANCES E.

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040046008pmid: 5826592

Abstract Daughter: You can't speak for all mothers, mother, because you really don't... Mother: No I can't speak for all mothers but... Father: But wouldn't you think that a mother has the welfare of the child ... Daughter: Excuse me, you butted in while I was speaking. Father: Oh. It's supposed to be a three-way discussion. Father: Why should the daughter . . . Mother: (Talking at the same time) What did you want to say, Ann? Daughter: I don't want to say something but . . . Father: But what . . . Daughter: You know what we said before about... Father: I'm not speaking about you. I'm talking in general. Daughter: I'm not talking about that. I'm talking about... Mother: That you interfered while she was trying to say something. Father: Well, I'm supposed to be in this discussion too. Daughter: Of course you are. Father: But you want to leave me out. Mother: But I wonder References 1. Borgatta, E.F., and Bales, R.F.: A Systematic Study of Interaction Process Scores, Peer and Self-Assessments and Other Variables , Genet Psychol Monogr 65:219-291, 1962. 2. Borgatta, E.F., and Bales, R.F.: " Interaction of Individuals in Reconstituted Groups , in Small Groups , Hare, A.; Borgatta, E. F.; and Bales, R. F., Small Groups, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955, pp 379-395. 3. Bowen, et al: The Role of the Father in Families With a Schizophrenic Patient , Amer J Psychiat 115:1017-1020, 1959. 4. Cheek, F.E.: Family Interaction with Schizophrenics, PhD Dissertation, Columbia University, New York, 1962. 5. Cheek, F.E.: The "Schizophrenogenic Mother," in Word and Deed , Family Proc 3:155-177 ( (March) ) 1964.Crossref 6. Cheek, F.E.: A Serendipitous Finding, Sex Roles and Schizophrenia , J Abnorm Soc Psychol 69:392-400, 1964.Crossref 7. Cheek, F.E.: Family Interaction Patterns and Convalescent Adjustment of the Schizophrenic , Arch Gen Psychiat 13:138-147, 1965.Crossref 8. Despert, J.L.: Schizophrenia in Children , Psychiat Quart 12:366-371, 1938.Crossref 9. Frazee, H.E.: Children Who Later Became Schizophrenic , Psychiat Quart 25:125, 1953. 10. Fleck, S.; Lidz, T.; and Cornelison, A.: Comparison of Parent-Child Relationships of Male and Female Schizophrenic Patients , Arch Gen Psychiat 8:1-7, 1963.Crossref 11. Gerard, D., and Siegel, J.: The Family Background of Schizophrenia , Psychiat Quart 24:47, 1950.Crossref 12. Guilford, J.P.: Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education , New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1950, p 47. 13. Hajdu-Gimes, L.: Contributions to the Etiology of Schizophrenia , Psychoanal Rev 27:421-438, 1940. 14. Haley, J.: Family Experiments: A New Type of Experimentation , Family Proc 2:265-293 ( (Sept) ) 1962.Crossref 15. Lennard, H.: Characteristics of Interaction Patterns in Families With a Schizophrenic Child, paper read before the St. Louis meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, May 1963. 16. Lidz, et al: The Intrafamilial Environment of the Schizophrenic Patient: The Father , Psychiatry 20:329-342, 1957. 17. Matarazzo, J.D.; Saslow, G.; and Gaze, S.B.: Stability of Interaction Patterns During Interviews: A Replication , J Consult Psychol 20:267-274, 1956.Crossref 18. O'Rourke, J.F.: Field and Laboratory: The Decision-Making Behavior of Family Groups in Two Experimental Conditions , Sociometry 26:422-435 ( (Dec) ) 1963.Crossref 19. Parsons, T.: The Social System , Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, a division of the Macmillan Co., 1951, chap 6, 7. 20. Parsons, T., and Bales, R.F.: Family, Socialization and Interaction Process , Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, a division of the Macmillan Co., 1955. 21. Parsons, T.: In Family Socialization and Interaction Process , Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, a division of the Macmillan Co., 1955, p 257. 22. Rank, B.: Adaptation of the Psychoanalytic Technique for the Treatment of Young Children With Atypical Development , Amer J Orthopsychiat 19:130-139, 1949.Crossref 23. Reichard, S., and Tillman, C.: Patterns of Parent-Child Relationships in Schizophrenia , Psychiatry 13:247, 1950. 24. Wahl, C.W.: Some Antecedent Factors in the Family Histories of 568 Male Schizophrenics of the U. S. Navy , Amer J Psychiat 113:201-210, 1956. 25. Wynne, L.C., et al: Pseudomutuality in the Family Relations of Schizophrenics , Psychiatry 21:205-220, 1958.

BURNHAM, DONALD L.

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040056009pmid: 5826593

Abstract SEPARATION anxiety refers to the signal of danger and reaction of distress upon isolation or separation from a needed person. This concept has been used mainly to describe the reactions of children upon separation from their mothers, as in the writings of Spitz, Bowlby, Benjamin,14,4,2 and others. However, separation anxiety is by no means limited to Child-mother relationships, but may be observed in a variety of other contexts. In this paper I wish to focus upon its significance in the object relations of schizophrenic patients. At first glance many schizophrenic persons might be assumed to be relatively devoid of this type of anxiety. They are withdrawn, selfabsorbed, and narcissistic, with little apparent interest in object relations. However, this facade of indifference to others frequently conceals and defends against deep and pervasive anxiety of which separation anxiety is a large part. It is a major References 1. See Benjamin's observation of the apparent close association between heightened separation anxiety and the capacity for object-directed aggression. 2. Angyal, A.: Foundations for a Science of Personality , Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958. 3. Benjamin, J.D.: Further Comments on Some Developmental Aspects of Anxiety, read before a joint meeting of the Washington Psychiatric Society and the Washington Psychoanalytic Society, April 26, 1963. 4. Black, J.S.: Paper Doll , New York: Edward B. Marks Music Corp., 1925. Lyrics reprinted with permission. 5. Bowlby, J.: Separation Anxiety , Int J Psychoanal 41:89-113, 1960. 6. Fenichel, O.: The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis , New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1945. 7. Freud, S.: " Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) ," in Standard Edition, London: Hogarth Press, 1922, vol 18, PP 7-64. 8. Hartmann, H.: " Contribution to the Metapsychology of Schizophrenia ," in The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child , New York: International Universities Press, 1953, vol 8, pp 177-198. 9. Hoedemaker, E.D.: Preanalytic Preparation for the Therapeutic Process in Schizophrenia , Psychiatry 21:285-291, 1958. 10. Hoedemaker, E.D.: The Therapeutic Process in the Treatment of Schizophrenia , J Amer Psychoanal Assoc 3:89-109, 1955.Crossref 11. Piaget, J.: The Construction of Reality in the Child , New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1954. 12. Pious, W.L.: " A Hypothesis About the Nature of Schizophrenic Behavior ," in Burton, A., (ed.): Psychotherapy of the Psychoses , New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1961, pp 43-68. 13. Pious, W.L.: Pathogenic Process in Schizophrenia , Bull Menninger Clin 13:152-159, 1949. 14. Searles, H.: The Nonhuman Environment in Normal Development and in Schizophrenia , New York: International Universities Press, 1960. 15. Spitz, R.A.: Anxiety in Infancy: A Study of Its Manifestations in the First Year of Life , Int J Psychoanal 31:138-143, 1950. 16. Suttie, I.D.: The Origins of Love and Hate , New York: Julian Press, 1952. 17. Szasz, T.: The Psychology of Bodily Feelings in Schizophrenia , Psychosom Med 19:11-16, 1957.Crossref 18. Szasz, T.: A Contribution to the Psychology of Schizophrenia , Arch Neurol Psychiat 77:420-436, 1957.Crossref 19. Werner, H.: Comparative Psychology of Mental Development , New York: International Universities Press, 1957. 20. Winnicott, D.W.: Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena—A Study of the First Not-Me Possession , Int J Psychoanal 34:89-97, 1953.

FISCH, RICHARD

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040069010pmid: 5826594

Abstract AS PSYCHOTHERAPISTS, we are constantly involved in encouraging change in our patients. In one way or another we devote a major portion of our working lives hoping that we may be of some assistance in the broadening of their experiences in the world. Yet less attention is paid to the broadening out of our own professional lives or the tools we use to help patients achieve changes in themselves. I am sure that most therapists, at some points in their career, have paused to take a backward look over the growth of their work. However, the press of work keeps up and it is difficult to keep questions about one's own development in mind for long. We continue trying to help, using the tools we know best and perhaps not varying them very much until more years go by and again we may pause to look back on References 1. Dr. Alan Sherman contributed this suggestion. 2. Thompson, C.: A Study of the Emotional Climate of Psychoanalytic Institutes , Psychiatry 21:45-52 ( (Feb) ) 1958. 3. Rado, S.; Grinker, R.R.; and Alexander, F.: Editorial , Arch Gen Psychiat 8:527 ( (June) ) 1963.Crossref 4. Rose, M., and Esser, M.A.: The Impact of Recent Research Developments on Private Practice , Amer J Psychiat 117:429-433 ( (Nov) ) 1960. 5. Rogers, J.M.: Operant Conditioning in a Quasi-Therapy Setting , J Abnorm Soc Psychol 60:247, 1960.Crossref 6. Szasz, T.: The Myth of Mental Illness , New York: Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., a division of Harper & Brothers, 1961. 7. Hollingshead, A., and Redlich, F.C.: Social Class and Mental Illness , New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1958. 8. Gitel, M.: Letter , J Int Psychoanal Assoc 43:375, 1962. 9. Wolfberg, L.R.: Medical Hypnosis , New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1948, p 12. 10. Goffman, E.: Asylums , Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, Doubleday & Co., 1961. 11. Grinker, R.R.: " A Philosophical Appraisal of Psychoanalysis ," in Masserman, J. (ed.): Science and Psychoanalysis , New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1958, vol 1.

SALAMON, ITAMAR;POST, JERROLD

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040077011pmid: 5826595

Abstract THE ALPHA rhythm of the electroencephalogram, defined as those wave forms with a frequency of between 8 and 13 per second, depends for its presence on a state of resting wakefulness. When attention is focused on a stimulus, whether this be visual, auditory, tactile, or cognitive, the alpha waves normally disappear or are markedly reduced in amplitude. This phenomenon is generally called alpha blocking, but is also referred to as arousal, activation, and desynchronization. It was first described by Berger in his classic work on the electroencephalogram,2 and has been widely studied since then. Although the physiology of alpha blocking is not fully understood, Moruzzi, in a recent review, has stated that this phenomenon "is due to a phasic barrage of ascending reticular impulses, which probably disrupt the slow cortical rhythms by desynchronizing the thalamic pacemaker."15 The absence of alpha blocking, ie, the References 1. Dr. Virginia Duggins, staff neurologist, interpreted all the records used in this study. 2. The Spearman rank order correlation coefficients (rs)17 were computed with the modification described by Wilson Taylor for the correction of ties.18 3. Baumeister, A.A.; Spain, C.J.; and Ellis, N.R.: A Note on Alpha Block Duration in Normals and Retardates , Amer J Ment Defic 67:723-725, 1963. 4. Berger, H.: Uber das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen: II. , Arch Psychol Neurol 40:160-179, 1930. 5. Blum, R.H.: Photic Stimulation, Imagery and Alpha Rhythm , J Ment Sci 102:160-167, 1956. 6. Blum, R.H.: Alpha Rhythm Responsiveness in Normal, Schizophrenic, and Brain-Damaged Persons , Science 126:749-750, 1957.Crossref 7. Cobb, W.A.: "The Normal Adult EEG," in Hill, D., and Parr, G. (ed.): Electroencephalography, A Symposium on Its Various Aspects, New York: MacMillan Co., 1963. 8. Darrow, C.W.; Vieth, R.H.; and Wilson, J.: Electroencephalographic Blocking and Adaptation , Science 126:74-75, 1957.Crossref 9. Drever, J.: Further Observations on the Relation Between EEG and Visual Imagery , Amer J Psychol 71:270-276, 1958.Crossref 10. Hein, P.L.; Green, R.L.; and Wilson, W.P.: Latency and Duration of Photically Elicited Arousal Responses in the Electroencephalograms of Patients With Chronic Regressive Schizophrenia , J Nerv Ment Dis 135:361-364, 1962.Crossref 11. Kaada, B., and Bruland, H.: Blocking of the Cortically Induced Behavioral Attention (Orienting) Response by Chlorpromazine , Psychopharmacol 1:372-388, 1960.Crossref 12. Karp, E.; Pollack, M.; and Fink, M.: Critical Flicker Frequency and EEG Alpha: A Reliability Study , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 14:60-63, 1962.Crossref 13. Key, B.J., and Bradley, P.B.: The Effects of Drugs on Conditioning and Habituation to Arousal Stimuli in Animals , Psychopharmacol 1:450-462, 1960.Crossref 14. Knott, J.R., and Henry, C.E.: The Conditioning of the Blocking of the Alpha Rhythm of the Human Electroencephalogram , J Exp Psychol 28:134-144, 1941.Crossref 15. Liberson, W.T.: Functional Electroencephalography in Mental Disorders , Dis Nerv Syst 5:357-364, 1944. 16. MacMahon, J.F., and Walter, W.G.: The Electroencephalogram in Schizophrenia J Ment Sci 84:781-787, 1938. 17. Moruzzi, G.: Reticular Influences on the EEG , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 16:2-17, 1964.Crossref 18. Rubin, M.A.: A Variability Study of the Normal and Schizophrenic Occipital Alpha Rhythm , Int J Psychol 6:325-334, 1938. 19. Siegel, S.: Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences , New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1956. 20. Taylor, W.T.: Correcting the Average Rank Correlation Coefficient for Ties in Rankings, Research Report No. 10, Behavioral Studies Branch, St. Elizabeths Hospital, February 1964. 21. Travis, E.L.: Brain Potentials and the Temporal Course of Consciousness , J Exp Psychol 21:302-309, 1937.Crossref 22. Wells, C.E.: Response of Alpha Waves to Light in Neurologic Disease , Arch Neurol 6:478-491, 1962.Crossref 23. Wilson, N.J., and Wilson, W.P.: The Duration of Human Electroencephalographic Arousal Responses Elicited by Photic Stimulation , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 11:85-91, 1959.Crossref 24. Wilson, W.P., and Glofelty, J.S.: Effect of Intravenous Promazine on Arousal Responses in Man , Dis Nerv Syst 19:307-309, 1958. 25. Wilson, W.P., and Parker, J.B.: Humoral Arousal Responses in Mental Disease , Dis Nerv Syst 18:272-274, 1957.

CAPPON, DANIEL;BANKS, ROBIN

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040085012pmid: 5889967

Abstract Introduction THE phenomenon of depersonalization (DP) herein defined as the spontaneous complaint of a psychiatric patient of a distortion in perception of his body has received considerable clinical1-4 and speculative attention,5,6 but experimental information concerning it is very limited. The main work on distortions of body perception in psychiatric patients has been carried out, not on DP states, but on schizophrenic states and has been concerned with the accuracy of body perception of patients in such states. Cleveland7 and Cleveland and Fisher et al8 have reported that schizophrenics underestimate the size of their body, especially hands and feet; and Reitman and Cleveland9 have reported that sensory deprivation enhances differences between schizophrenics and controls in accuracy of body image representation. Dillon,10 on the other hand, using apparatus providing for the direct measurement of perception of body References 1. Schilder, P.: Image and Appearance of Human Body , New York: International Universities Press, Inc., 1950. 2. Ackner, B.: Depersonalization—Aetiology and Phenomenology , J Ment Sci 100:838-853, 1954. 3. Saperstein, J. L.: On Phenomena of Depersonalization , J Nerve ment Dis 110:236, 251, 1949.Crossref 4. Roberts, W. W.: Normal and Abnormal Depersonalization , J Ment Sci 106:478-493, 1960. 5. Peto, A.: On So-Called Depersonalization , Int J Psychoanal 36:379-385, 1955. 6. Goldstone, I.: On Aetiology of Depersonalization , J Nerv Ment Dis 105:25-39, 1947.Crossref 7. Cleveland, S. E.: Judgments of Body Size in Schizophrenic and Control Group , Psychol Rep 7:304, 1960.Crossref 8. Cleveland, S. E., et al: Perception of Body Size in Schizophrenia , Arch Gen Psychiat 7:277-285, 1962.Crossref 9. Reitman, E. E., and Cleveland, S. E.: Changes in Body Image Following Sensory Deprivation in Schizophrenics and Control Groups, J Abnorm Soc Psychol, to be published. 10. Dillon, D. J.: Measurement of Perceived Body Size , Percept Motor Skills 14:191-196, 1962.Crossref 11. Cappon, D., and Banks, R.: Effect of Reduced Sensory Input on Time Perception , Percept Motor Skills 14:74, 1962.Crossref 12. Cappon, D., and Banks, R.: Note on "Disorientation" on Caloric Labyrinthine Stimulation , Laryngoscope 72:11, 1611-1616, 1962. 13. Cappon, D., and Banks, R.: Orientational Perception: I. , Arch Gen Psychiat 5:380-392, 1961.Crossref 14. Cappon, D., and Banks, R.: Preliminary Study of Endurance and Perceptual Change in Sleep Deprivation , Percept Motor Skills 10:99-104, 1960.Crossref 15. Azima, H., and Cramer-Azima, F. J.: Effects of Decrease in Sensory Variability on Body Schema , Canad Psychiat Assoc J 1:59, 1956. 16. Dillon, D. J.: Estimation of Bodily Dimensions , Percept Motor Skills 14:219-221, 1962.Crossref 17. Maypother, in Ackner, B.: Depersonalization—Aetiology and Phenomenology , J Ment Sci 100:421, 838-853, 1954. 18. Deutsch, H.: Some Forms of Emotional Disturbance and Their Relationships to Schizophrenia , Psychiat Quart 11:301-321, 1942. 19. Anthony, J. E.: Experimental Approach to Psychopathology of Childhood Micropsia , Psychiat Res Rep , No. (3) , Dec, 1960. 20. Levy, E.: On Micropsia , Int J Psychoanal 35:1, 13-19, 1954. 21. Laughlin, H.: Neurosis in Clinical Practice , Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1956, pp 321-330. 22. Roth, M.: Phobic Anxiety—Depersonalization Syndrome , Proc Roy Soc Med 52:587-595, 1959. 23. Roth, M.: Report of Societies: Calamity Syndrome—New Clinical Entity , Brit Med J 1:579-580, 1959.Crossref

Weinberg, Jack

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040090014

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract The proceedings of the Sixth Symposium of the Academy of Religion and Mental Health was published in this small volume. After establishing the fact that most of the participants were not practicing psychoanalysts, nor theologians, and some had only credentials as patients of one and supplicants of the other, this group of 26, logically proceeded to a discussion of moral values in psychoanalysis. Despite the above, and despite the occasional diversion of the analysts spelling out for the nonanalyst psychiatrists how to handle a symptom (as seen on page 39 and again on page 59), the bridging and the understanding of the disciplines was most of the time good and on occasion exciting. This is particularly impressive in view of the fact that none of the analysts present, and indeed very few ever do, had formal courses in ethics or morals as part of

Grinker, Roy R.

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040090013

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract In the nine years since the celebration of the centennial of Sigmund Freud's birth, there has been a spate of publications dealing with relationships, events, unknown letters, and miscellaneous historical information about Freud, his work, his times, and his colleagues. These include letters to and from Oskar Pfister, Wilhelm Fliess, the minutes of the original Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, and Jones' magnificent and definitive three-volume biography. Now comes a hitherto untranslated work, a journal kept by Lou Andreas-Salome in the years 1912-1913, during which time she was an intimate of such men as Freud, Viktor Tausk, Rank, Ferenczi, Adler, attending their meetings and seminars, contributing nothing, but an avid listener and a confidante to many. She went on to become a lay analyst in Gottingen, Germany, and practiced until her death in 1937. Her life is outlined in a biography, My Sister, My Spouse, by H.

Safirstein, Samuel L.

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040091015

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract The authors attempt to present in lucid, everyday language everything they know, think, and feel about transference and its function. They bring under one roof the many intricate variations of transference as a concept and how it manifests itself in numerous clinical situations. Their attitude is that transference can be normal or pathological. Both types are adaptational in nature and of unique importance in relationships between individuals. Normal or universal transference permits trial relationships between people and "anticipates a permanent or real relationship." It contains no regression. Pathological transference may be neurotic or psychotic (transference neurosis or transference psychosis) and develops in the therapeutic situation. It is artificially induced by the therapist's permissiveness, by "increased verbal acting out, by the regressive consequences of the neurotic process, and by the exploration of the unconscious." It is the opinion of the authors that "what the normal and universal

Bailey, Percival

1965 Archives of General Psychiatry

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730040092016

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract Faced with a similar problem recently Eugene Kahn wrote: "The problem: how to write a review on a big book of Psychology and Psychiatry composed of 19 rapers by 21 authors (1 American, 1 Dutch, 14 Germans, 1 Swede, 4 Swiss) without boring the readers?" This book has 40 authors (32 French, three English, one Canadian, one Hollander, two Russian, and one Swiss). It is concerned with anomalies of the behavior of animals. First Part Ideals and Studies on the Psychology of Animals and Animal Psychiatry.—"The Concept of 'Animal Psychiatry"' by Henri Ey (29 pages). If, as is generally accepted, there is an animal psychology, this implies an animal psychopathology. Having established that the animal "psychoid" implies, with the idea of variation, that of anomalies, the author makes an analysis of the general concept of individual variations in order to extract the particular concept of pathological variations