Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry

RANSON, S. W.

doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270130011001pmid: N/A

Abstract Lesions have been placed in the diencephalon in 55 monkeys, and these animals have been observed for abnormalities in their reactions. A few monkeys died within a short time after the operation, and in others the lesions were not properly placed. Elimination of these unsatisfactory experiments leaves 35 animals from which valid information can be drawn. Since there are reasons for believing that either side of the hypothalamus is capable of activating structures on both sides of the body, it was necessary that the lesions should be at least approximately bilaterally symmetric. The 35 satisfactory experiments may be divided into the following groups: 11 in which the lesions involved both lateral hypothalamic areas to the level of the caudal border of the mamillary bodies; 6 in which the lesions in the lateral hypothalamic areas did not extend back beyond the rostral border of the mamillary bodies; 9 in which the References 1. Ranson, S. W.: On the Use of the Horsley-Clarke Stereotaxic Instrument , Psychiat. en neurol. bl. [38]:534, 1934. 2. Harrison, F.: Modifications in the Technic for the Use of the Horsley-Clarke Stereotaxic Instrument , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 40:563 ( (Sept.) ) 1938. 3. Ingram, W. R.; Barris, R. W., and Ranson, S. W.: Catalepsy: An Experimental Study , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 35:1175 ( (June) ) 1936. 4. Bard, P.: A Diencephalic Mechanism for the Expression of Rage with Special Reference to the Sympathetic Nervous System , Am. J. Physiol. 84:490, 1928 5. The Central Representation of the Sympathetic System as Indicated by Certain Physiologic Observations , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 22:230 ( (Aug.) ) 1929 6. On Emotional Expression After Decortication with Some Remarks on Certain Theoretical Views: I , Psychol. Rev. 41:309, 1934 7. On Emotional Expression After Decortication with Some Remarks on Certain Theoretical Views: II , Psychol. Rev. 41:424, 1934 8. Bard, P., and Rioch, D. McK.: A Study of Four Cats Deprived of Neocortex and Additional Portions of the Forebrain , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 60:73, 1937. 9. Kabat, H.; Anson, B. J.; Magoun, H. W., and Ranson, S. W.: Stimulation of the Hypothalamus with Special Reference to Its Effect on Gastrointestinal Motility , Am. J. Physiol. 112:214, 1935. 10. Ranson, S. W., and Magoun, H. W.: Respiratory and Pupillary Reactions Induced by Electrical Stimulation of the Hypothalamus , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 29:1179 ( (June) ) 1933. 11. Ranson, S. W.; Kabat, H., and Magoun, H. W.: Autonomic Responses to Electrical Stimulation of the Hypothalamus, Preoptic Region and Septum , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 33:467 ( (March) ) 1935. 12. Kabat, H.; Magoun, H. W., and Ranson, S. W.: Electrical Stimulation of Points in the Forebrain and Midbrain: The Resultant Alterations in Blood Pressure , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 34:931 ( (Nov.) ) 1935. 13. Kabat, H.: Electrical Stimulation of Points in the Forebrain and Midbrain: The Resultant Alterations in Respirations , J. Comp. Neurol. 64:187, 1936. 14. Cannon, W. B.: The James-Lange Theory of Emotions: A Critical Examination and an Alternative Theory , Am. J. Psychol. 39:106, 1927. 15. Kleitman, N., and Camille, N.: Studies on the Physiology of Sleep: VI. The Behavior of Decorticate Dogs , Am. J. Physiol. 100:474, 1932. 16. Hess, W. R.: The Autonomic Nervous System , Lancet 2:1199 and 1259, 1932. 17. Hess, W. R.: Hypothalamus und die Zentren des autonomen Nervensystems: Physiologie , Arch. f. Psychiat. 104:548, 1936. 18. We have never produced true sleep as an effect of stimulation of the hypothalamus, but have obtained it with remarkable constancy from the border of the subthalamus and thalamus and, indeed, in the region which extends at this level from the bundle of Vicq d'Azyr forward and somewhat posteriorly. 19. Harrison, F.: An Attempt to Produce Sleep by Diencephalic Stimulation, to be published. 20. Spiegel, E. A., and Inaba, C.: Zur zentralen Lokalisation von Störungen des Wachzustandes , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 55:164, 1927. 21. Ranson, S. W.: Some Functions of the Hypothalamus , in Harvey Lectures, 1936-1937 , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1937, p. 92. 22. Demole, V.: Pharmakologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen zur Problem des Schlafes , Arch. f. exper. Path. u. Pharmakol. 120:229, 1927. 23. Cloetta, M.; Fischer, H., and van der Loeff, M. R.: Die Biochemie von Schlaf und Erregung mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Bedeutung der Kationen , Arch. f. exper. Path. u. Pharmakol. 174:589, 1934. 24. Cooperman, N. R.: Calcium and Protein Changes in Serum During Sleep and Rest Without Sleep , Am. J. Physiol. 116:531, 1936. 25. Ranson, S. W.; Fisher, C., and Ingram, W. R.: Hypothalamic Regulation of Temperature in the Monkey , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 38:445 ( (Sept.) ) 1937. 26. Ranson, S. W., and Ranson, M.: Bilateral Interruption of Pallidofugal Fibers in the Monkey, to be published. 27. Pavlov, I. P.: Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes , translated and edited by G. V. Anrep, London, Oxford University Press, 1928. 28. Kleitman, N.: Studies on the Physiology of Sleep: I. The Effects of Prolonged Sleeplessness on Man , Am. J. Physiol. 66:67, 1923. 29. von Economo, C.: Sleep as a Problem of Localization , J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis. 71:249, 1930.

KERSHMAN, JOHN

doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270130034002pmid: N/A

Abstract The existence of microglia as a cell group in the central nervous system was first described by del Rio Hortega in 1919 and has been universally accepted. However, the origin of these cells and their relation to neuroglia1 has remained controversial. Certain authors have maintained that microglia and neuroglia have a common origin from the neuroepithelium of the primitive medullary canal. On the other hand, Hortega and many others have expressed the belief that microglia cells are derived from mesenchymal cells and have no direct genetic relationship to astrocytes and oligodendroglia cells. This difference is fundamental and of great significance in understanding the biologic functions of these cells. With few exceptions, all previous embryologic studies on microglia have been made on laboratory animals. In the present work, the origin and evolution of these cells were traced in a series of human embryos. It was possible to demonstrate that microglia References 1. The term neuroglia as used in this paper refers collectively to astrocytes and oligodendroglia cells, as distinct from microglia. This is in conformity with the classification proposed by Penfield (1928) and now generally in use. 2. These embryos are part of the excellent collection at the Carnegie Institute of Embryology, Baltimore. Dr. G. L. Streeter, director, granted me permission to study them. 3. Ariëns Kappers, C. U.: The Evolution of the Nervous System in Invertebrates, Vertebrates and Man, Haarlem , Netherlands, de Erven F. Bohn, 1929. 4. Belezky, W. K.: Ueber die Histogenese der Mesoglia , Virchows Arch. f. path. Anat. 284:295, 1932.Crossref 5. Bolsi, D.: Il problema della origine della microglia , Riv. di pat. nerv. 48:1, 1936. 6. Cone, W. V.: Acute Pathologic Changes in Neuroglia and Microglia , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 20:34 ( (July) ) 1928. 7. Costero, I.: Experimenteller Nachweis der morphologischen und functionellen Eigenschaften und des mesodermischen Charakters der Mikroglia , Ztschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 132:371, 1931. 8. Dunning, A. S., and Furth, J.: Studies in the Relation Between Microglia, Histiocytes and Monocytes , Am. J. Path. 11:895, 1935. 9. —and Stevenson, L.: Microglia-Like Cells and Their Reaction Following Injury to the Liver, Spleen and Kidney , Dunning Am. J. Path. 10:343, 1934. 10. Flexner, L. B., cited by Weed. 11. Gozzano, M.: Quelques observations sur l'origine de la microglie , Rev. neurol. 1:1024, 1930. 12. L'istogenesi della microglia , Riv. di neurol. 4:3, 1931. 13. Grigorjeff, L. M.: Differenzierung des Nervengewebes ausserhalb des Organismus , Arch. f. exper. Zellforsch. 11:483, 1931. 14. Harvey, S. C., and Burr, H. S.: The Development of the Meninges , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 15:545 ( (May) ) 1926. 15. —Burr, H. S., and Van Campenhout, E.: Development of the Meninges , Harvey Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 29:683 ( (April) ) 1933. 16. His, W.: Die Entwicklung des menschlichen Gehirn , Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1904. 17. Jacob, A.: Das Kleinhirn , in von Möllendorff, W. V.: Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1928, vol. 4, p. 674. 18. Juba, A.: Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der Hortegaschen Mikroglia des Menschen , Arch. f. Psychiat. 101:577, 1933. 19. Keene, M., and Hewer, E.: Some Observations on Myelinization in Human Central Nervous System , J. Anat. 66:1, 1931. 20. Kershman, J.: The Medulloblast and the Medulloblastoma: A Study of Human Embryos , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 40:937 ( (Nov.) ) 1938. 21. Langworthy, O.: Development of Behavior Patterns and Myelinization of Tracts in Nervous System , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 28:1365 ( (Dec.) ) 1932. 22. Lazarenko, T.: Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie des Wachstums vom embryonalen Nervengewebe in vitro , Arch. f. exper. Zellforsch. 11:555, 1931. 23. Marinesco, G., and Minea, I.: Die Kultur des Gliagewebes der Grosshirnrinde in vitro Angaben zur Bildung und Funktion der amöboiden Zellen , Zentralbl. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 41:137, 1925. 24. Contribution à l'étude de la culture in vitro de la névroglie et de la microglie , Rev. neurol. 1:994, 1930. 25. Maximow, A. A., and Bloom, W.: A Textbook of Histology , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1930. 26. Merzbacher, L.: Untersuchungen über die Morphologie und Biologie der Abraumzellen in Zentralnervensystem , in Nissl, F., and Alzheimer, A.: Histologie und Histopathologie. Arbeiten über die Grosshirnrinde, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der pathologischen Anatomie der Geisteskrankheiten , Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1909-1910. 27. Mihálik, P.: Macrophages in Cultures of Chick Embryo Brain , Anat. Rec. 54: 157, 1932. 28. Penfield, W. G.: Microglia and the Process of Phagocytosis in Gliomas , Am. J. Path. 1:77, 1925. 29. A Method of Staining Oligodendroglia and Microglia (Combined Method) , Penfield Am. J. Path. 4:153, 1928. 30. Neuroglia and Microglia: The Interstitial Tissues of the Central Nervous System , in Cowdry, E. V.: Special Cytology , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1928, vol. 2, p. 1032. 31. Neuroglia, Normal and Pathological, in Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1932, vol. 2, p. 423. 32. —and Cone, W. V.: The Acute Regressive Changes of Neuroglia , J. f. Psychol. u. Neurol. 34:204, 1926. 33. Neuroglia and Microglia (the Metallic Methods) , in McClung, C. E.: Handbook of Microscopical Technique , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1928, p. 359. 34. Pruijs, W. M.: Ueber Microglia, ihre Herkunft, Funktion und ihr Verhältnis zu anderen Gliaelementen , Ztschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 108:298, 1927.Crossref 35. del Río Hortega, P.: Noticia de un nuevo y fácil método para la coloración de la neuroglia y del tejido conjuntivo , Trab. d. lab. de invest. biol. Univ. de Madrid 15:1, 1918. 36. El tercer elemento de los centros nerviosos , Bol. Soc. españ. de biol. 9:69, 1919. 37. La microglia y su transformación en células en bastoncito y cuerpos granuloadiposos , Trab. d. lab. de invest. biol. Univ. de Madrid 18:37, 1920. 38. Histogénesis y evolución normal; éxodo y distribución regional de la microglia , Mem. R. Soc. españ. d. hist. nat. 11:213, 1921. 39. Concepts histogénetique, morphologique, physiologique, et physio-pathologique de la microglie , Rev. neurol. 1:956, 1930. 40. Microglia , in Penfield, W.: Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1932, vol. 2, p. 483. 41. —and Jiménez de Asúa, F.: Sobre la fagocitosis en los tumores y en otros procesos patológicos , Arch. cardiol. y hemat. 2:161, 1921. 42. Rydberg, E.: Cerebral Injury in New-Born Children Consequent on Birth Trauma, with an Inquiry into the Normal and Pathological Anatomy of the Neuroglia , Acta path. et microbiol. Scandinav. , 1932, (supp. 10) , p. 1. 43. Streeter, G.: Development of the Central Nervous System , in Keibel, F., and Mall, F. P.: Manual of Human Embryology , Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1912, vol. 2, p. 1. 44. Virchow, R.: Ueber das granulierte Aussehen der Wandungen der Gehirnventrikel , Allg. Ztschr. f. Psychiat. 3:242, 1846. 45. Congenitale Encephalitis und Myelitis , Virchows Arch. f. path. Anat. 38:129, 1867.Crossref 46. von Santha, K.: Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der Hortegaschen Mikroglia , Arch. f. Psychiat. 96:36, 1932.Crossref 47. —and Juba, A.: Weitere Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der Hortegaschen Mikroglia , von Santha Arch. f. Psychiat. 98:598, 1933.Crossref 48. Weed, L. H.: The Meninges , in Penfield, W.: Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1932, vol. 2, p. 613. 49. Wells, A., and Carmichael, A. E.: Microglia: An Experimental Study by Means of Tissue Culture , Brain 53:1, 1930.Crossref

KING, LESTER S.

doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270130061003pmid: N/A

Abstract It has long been known that there are certain unusual features connected with the interchange of substances between the blood and the brain. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS In 1900 Lewandowsky,1 experimenting with sodium ferrocyanide, found a marked difference in the reaction of rabbits to this substance, depending on the mode of administration. If the chemical was introduced into the blood, even in fairly large quantities, no significant reactions were elicited, but if a minute quantity was placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, severe nervous disturbances with convulsions followed immediately, sometimes with lethal outcome. It seemed clear that material in the cerebrospinal fluid penetrates to the nerve cells with ease and that the nerve cells display a positive affinity for the ferrocyanide ion. Yet when the substance was introduced into the blood in doses from one to two hundred times greater than those injected in the cerebrospinal fluid, no nervous reactions were References 1. Lewandowsky, M.: Zur Lehre von der Cerebrospinalflüssigkeit , Ztschr. f. klin. Med. 40:480, 1900. 2. Goldmann, E. E.: Die äussere und innere Sekretion des gesunden und kranken Organismus im Lichte der "vitalen Färbung," Beitr. z. klin. Chir. 64: 192, 1909 3. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Funktion der Plexus chorioideus und der Hirnhäute , Arch. f. klin. Chir. 101:735, 1913 4. Vitalfärbung am Zentralnervensystem , Berlin, Georg Reimer, 1913. 5. Schulemann, W.: Beiträge zur Vitalfärbung , Arch. f. mikr. Anat. 79: 223, 1912.Crossref 6. Rachmanow, A.: Beiträge zur vitalen Färbung des Zentralnervensystem , Folia neuro-biol. 7:750, 1913. 7. Wislocki, G. B., and Putnam, T. J.: Note on the Anatomy of the Area Postrema , Anat. Rec. 19:281, 1920.Crossref 8. Putnam, T. J.: The Intercolumnar Tubercle, an Undescribed Area in the Anterior Wall of the Third Ventricle , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 33:181, 1922. 9. Biondi, G.: Studi sulla ghiandola pineale: III. I fenomeni secretori ed i lipoidi; i resultati della colorazione vitale alla Goldmann , Riv. ital. di neuropat. 9:303, 1916. 10. Mandelstamm, M., and Krylow, L.: Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Farbenspeicherung im Zentralnervensystem bei Injektionen der Farbe ins Blut und in den Liquor cerebrospinalis , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 58:256, 1927.Crossref 11. Wells, A. Q., and Carmichael, E. A.: Microglia: An Experimental Study by Means of Tissue Culture and Vital Staining , Brain 53:1, 1930.Crossref 12. Mandelstamm and Krylow.8 13. Doinikow, B.: Histologische und histopathologische Untersuchungen am peripheren Nervensystem mittels vitaler Färbung , Folia neuro-biol. 7:731, 1931. 14. Tschetschujeva, T.: Ueber die Speicherung von Trypanblau in Ganglien verschiedener Gebiete des Nervensystems , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 69:208, 1930.Crossref 15. Behnsen, G.: Ueber die Farbsstoffspeicherung im Zentralnervensystem der weissen Maus in verschiedenen Alterzuständen , Ztschr. f. Zellforsch. u. mikr. Anat. 4:515, 1927.Crossref 16. Penta, P.: Sulla colorazione vitale del sistema nervoso centrale negli animali, neonati , Riv. di neurol. 5:62, 1932. 17. Stern, L., and Peyrot, R.: Le fonctionnement de la barrière hématoencéphalique aux divers stades de développement chez les diverses espèces animales , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 96:1124, 1927. 18. MacCurdy, J. T., and Evans, H. M.: Experimentelle Läsionen des Centralnervensystems untersucht mit Hilfe der vitalen Färbung , Berl. klin. Wchnschr. 49:1695, 1912. 19. Macklin, C. C., and Macklin, M. T.: A Study of Brain Repair in the Rat by Use of Trypan Blue , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 3:353 ( (April) ) 1920. 20. McClellan, R. H., and Goodpasture, E. W.: A Method for Demonstrating Experimental Gross Lesions of the Central Nervous System , J. M. Research 44:201, 1923. 21. Siengalewicz, S. S.: The Action of Neo-Salvarsan and Carbon Monoxide on the Choroid Plexus and Meninges , J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. 24:289, 1924. 22. Schmid, H.: Beitrag zur Frage der "Bluthirnschranke," Arch. f. Psychiat. 95:303, 1931. 23. Morgenstern, S., and Birjukov, M.: Weitere experimentelle Ergebnisse zur Frage der Permeabilität der Gehirncapillaren , Ztschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 113:640, 1928.Crossref 24. King, L. S.: (a) Vital Staining of the Nervous System: I. Factors in the Vital Staining of Neurones , J. Anat. 69:177, 1936 25. Vital Staining of Microglia , Arch. Path. 19:656 ( (May) ) 1935. 26. Friedemann, U., and Elkeles, A.: Kann die Lehre von der Bluthirnschranke in ihrer heutigen Form aufrechterhalten werden? Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 57:1934, 1931.Crossref 27. Wesselkin, P. N.: Versuche über die Durchlässigkeit der Gefässe des Auges und Gehirns für saure und basische Farbstoffe , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 72:90, 1930.Crossref 28. Wislocki, G. B., and King, L. S.: The Permeability of the Hypophysis and Hypothalamus to Vital Dyes, with a Study of the Hypophyseal Vascular Supply , Am. J. Anat. 58:421, 1936.Crossref 29. Mandelstamm, M.: Beiträge zur vitalen Färbung des Zentralnervensystems mit basischen Farben: I. Einleitende Untersuchungen , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 96:499, 1935.Crossref 30. Stern, L., and Gautier, R.: Recherches sur le liquide céphalo-rachidien , Arch. internat. de physiol. 17:138, 1921Crossref 31. 17:391, 1922 32. 20:403, 1923. 33. Spatz, H.: Die Bedeutung der vitalen Färbung für die Lehre vom Stoffaustausch zwischen dem Zentralnervensystem und dem übrigen Körper , Arch. f. Psychiat. 101:267, 1933.Crossref 34. Walter, F. K.: Die Blut-Liquorschranke , Leipzig, Georg Thieme, 1929 35. Die "Blut-Hirn-Schranke," Ztschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 128:580, 1930 36. Die allgemeinen Grundlagen des Stoffaustausches zwischen dem Zentralnervensystem und dem übrigen Körper , Arch. f. Psychiat. 101:195, 1933. 37. Kafka, V.: Die Zerebrospinalflüssigkeit , Leipzig, Franz Deuticke, 1930. 38. Katzenelbogen, Z.: The Cerebrospinal Fluid and Its Relation to the Blood: A Physiological and Clinical Study , Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1935. 39. Mendel, W.: Versuche über das Eindringen intravenös injizierten Trypanblaus in das künstlich verletzte Grosshirn , Ztschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 117:148, 1928.Crossref 40. King, L. S.: Vital Staining of the Connective Tissues , J. Exper. Med. 68:63, 1938.Crossref 41. Petroff, J. R.: Ueber die Vitalfärbung der Gefässwandungen , Beitr. z. path. Anat. u. z. allg. Path. 71:115, 1923. 42. G. L. Duff ( Vital Staining of the Rabbit's Aorta in the Study of Arteriosclerosis , Am. J. Path. 8:219, 1932). 43. Cappell, D. F.: Intravitam and Supravital Staining , J. Path. & Bact. 32:595, 1929. 44. Menkin, V.: Studies on Inflammation: I. Fixation of Vital Dyes in Inflamed Areas , J. Exper. Med. 50:171, 1929 45. Inflammation: A Protective Mechanism , Arch. Int. Med. 48:249 ( (Aug.) ) 1931 46. Studies on Inflammation: V. The Mechanism of Fixation by the Inflammatory Reaction , J. Exper. Med. 53: 171, 1931 47. VIII. Inhibition of Fixation by Urea: A Further Study on the Mechanism of Fixation by the Inflammatory Reaction , J. Exper. Med. 56:157, 1932. 48. Menkin, V.: Studies on Inflammation: XIV. Isolation of the Factor Concerned with Increased Capillary Permeability in Injury , J. Exper. Med. 67: 129, 1938Crossref 49. XV. Concerning the Mechanism of Cell Migration , Menkin J. Exper. Med. 67:145, 1938.Crossref 50. Grand, C. G., and Chambers, R.: Chemotactic Reactions of Leucocytes to Irritated Tissues , J. Cell. & Comp. Physiol. 9:165, 1936. 51. Baumann, W.: Das Verhalten des Liquor cerebrospinalis bei experimenteller Anämie und vitaler Färbung , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 46:10, 1920. 52. King, L. S.: Cellular Morphology in the Area Postrema , J. Comp. Neurol. 66:1, 1937. 53. Bucy, P. C.: The Pars Nervosa of the Bovine Hypophysis , J. Comp. Neurol. 50:505, 1930. 54. Donaldson, H. H., and Hatai, S.: On the Weight of the Parts of the Brain and on the Percentage of Water in Them According to Brain Weight and to Age in Albino and in Wild Norway Rats , J. Comp. Neurol. 53:263, 1931. 55. Blotevogel, W.: Der vitale Farbstofftransport während der Zahnentwicklung , Ztschr. f. Zellen- u. Gewebelehre 1:607, 1924 56. Der vitale Farbstofftransport im jugendlichen Auge , Blotevogel Ztschr. f. Zellen- u. Gewebelehre 1:447, 1924. 57. Friedemann, U.: Further Investigations on the Blood-Brain Barrier , J. Immunol. 32:97, 1937. 58. "Es muss also zwischen Blut und Gehirngewebe eine Schranke zwischengeschaltet sein, die für das Trypanblau nicht durchgängig ist." 59. "Die Schranke zwischen Blut und Gehirn ist in der Innenhaut der intracerebralen Gefässe... zu suchen." 60. Woollard, H. H.: Vital Staining of the Leptomeninges , J. Anat. 58:89, 1924. 61. Kubie, L. S., and Schultz, G. M.: Vital and Supravital Studies of the Cells of the Cerebrospinal Fluid and of the Meninges in Cats , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 37:91, 1925 62. Jorns, G.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Resorptionsvorgänge in den Hirnkammern , Arch. f. klin. Chir. 171:326, 1932. 63. M. Mandelstamm and L. Krylow ( Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Farbenspeicherung im Zentralnervensystem bei Injektionen der Farbe ins Blut und in den Liquor cerebrospinalis , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 60:63, 1928)

GERMAN, WILLIAM J.

doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270130083004pmid: N/A

Abstract The surgical treatment of traumatic epilepsy is chiefly a product of the postwar period. Interest in this subject received its primary impetus from the works of Foerster,1 in Europe, and of Penfield and his associates,2 in America. At present, widespread attention is being directed toward many phases of the problem of convulsions. It appears desirable, therefore, to analyze the surgical results obtained by various workers in this rather specialized field. It is of paramount importance that any form of therapy, especially one of such magnitude as surgical removal of the cerebral focus, should be based on fundamental knowledge of the disease process. Though many gaps exist in the present understanding of the convulsive mechanism, the basic factor of a primary cerebral focus seems fairly well established in a certain group of cases. Thus, a tumor, cicatrix, degenerative area or porencephalic lesion may set off the complex sequence of References 1. Foerster, O.: Zur operativen Behandlung der Epilepsie , Deutsche Ztschr. f. Nervenh. 89:137, 1925Crossref 2. Die Pathogenese des epileptischen Krampfanfalles , Foerster Deutsche Ztschr. f. Nervenh. 94:15, 1926.Crossref 3. Foerster, O., and Penfield, W.: Der Narbenzung am und im Gehirn bei traumatischer Epilepsie in seiner Bedeutung für das Zustandekommen der Anfälle, und für therapeutische Bekämpfung derselben , Ztschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 125:475, 1930.Crossref 4. Penfield, W.: Radical Treatment of Traumatic Epilepsy and Its Rationale , Canad. M. A. J. 23:189, 1930 5. Evidence for a Cerebral Vascular Mechanism in Epilepsy , Ann. Int. Med. 7:303, 1933Crossref 6. Epilepsy and Surgical Therapy , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 36:449 ( (Sept.) ) 1936. 7. Penfield, W., and Gage, L.: Cerebral Localization of Epileptic Manifestations , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 30:709 ( (Oct.) ) 1933. 8. Evans, J. P.: The Anatomical End Results of Cerebral Arterial Occlusion: An Experimental and Clinical Correlation , Tr. Am. Neurol. A. , to be published.

BENDA, CLEMENS E.

doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270130093005pmid: N/A

Abstract The clinical picture of mongoloid deficiency is so well known that there is no need to deal with it at length or to enumerate the many isolated findings recorded in the literature. Since Langdon-Down1 in 1866 called attention to the various physical features in idiocy, when he first used the name of "mongolian imbecility," many publications in different languages have been concerned with this disease.2 T. Smith, Sutherland, Shuttleworth, Tredgold and Brousseau, in English; Vogt, Weygandt, F. Siegert and Kassowitz, in German; Bourneville, Comby and his pupils, in French, and Cozzolino, in Italian, dealt especially with mongoloid deficiency and laid the foundation of knowledge of this peculiar condition. These papers contain many observations and particular findings, but no real attempt has been made to reach a point of view by which it would be possible to correlate the scattered findings with one cause or a group of causes. References 1. Down, J. L.: Observations on an Ethnic Classification of Idiots , Clin. Lect. & Rep. London Hosp. 3:259, 1866. 2. Brousseau, K.: Mongolism: A Study of the Physical and Mental Characteristics of Mongolian Imbeciles , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1928. 3. " Clinical and Pathologic Studies in Mongolism ," read before the Boston Society of Psychiatry and Neurology , (Nov. 17) , 1938. 4. Virchow, R.: Knochenwachsthum und Schädelform, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Cretinismus , Virchows Arch. f. path. Anat. 13:323, 1858. 5. Bayon, P. G.: Ueber angebliche verfrühte Synostose bei Kretinen und die hypothetischen Beziehungen der chondrodystrophia foetalis zur Athyreosis , Beitr. z. path. Anat. u. z. allg. Path. 36:119, 1904. 6. Weygandt, W.: Ueber Virchow's Kretinentheorie , Neurol. Centralbl. 23: 290, 1904.

WINKELMAN, N. W.

doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270130108006pmid: N/A

Abstract My object in this paper is to show that sclerotic blood vessels in the brain at times so press on and actually excavate the adjacent parenchymatous tissue that clinical pictures are produced resembling those of focal lesions. In the course of study of the pathologic changes in many cases of cerebral arteriosclerosis my colleagues and I were struck by the fact that in a small number the blood vessels acted as minute expansile lesions. We saw in some instances actual erosion of brain tissue, so that eventually a small groove was formed by the sclerotic, tortuous and frequently enlarged blood vessel at the expense of the functioning structure of the brain. This condition has not been entirely overlooked in the literature, since reference to it has been made particularly in conjunction with pressure on cranial nerves. Pappenheim,1 in 1926, claimed that trigeminal neuralgia can be caused by pressure of References 1. Pappenheim, M.: Trigeminusneuralgie durch Druck der arteriosklerotisch veränderten Art basillaris auf den Trigeminusstamm , Wien. med. Wchnschr. 76: 104, 1926. 2. Dandy, W. E.: Concerning the Cause of Trigeminal Neuralgia , Am. J. Surg. 24:447, 1934.Crossref 3. Schaeffer, J. P.: Some Points in the Regional Anatomy of the Optic Pathway, with Especial Reference to Tumors of the Hypophysis Cerebri and Resulting Ocular Changes , Anat. Rec. 28:243, 1924.Crossref 4. de Schweinitz, G. E.: Concerning Certain Ocular Aspects of Pituitary Body Disorders, Mainly Exclusive of the Usual Central and Peripheral Hemianopic Field Defects, Bowman Lecture for 1923 , London, Adlard & Son & West Newman, Ltd., 1924. 5. Uchimura, J.: Ueber die Gefässversorgung des Ammonhornes , Ztschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 112:1, 1928.Crossref 6. Parker, H. L.: Epileptiform Convulsions: The Incidence of Attacks in Cases of Intracranial Tumor , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 23:1032 ( (May) ) 1930. 7. Pike, F. H.; Elsberg, C. A.; McCulloch, W. S., and Chappell, M. N.: The Problem of Localization in Experimentally Induced Convulsions , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 23:847 ( (May) ) 1930.

FOG, MOGENS

doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270130119007pmid: N/A

Abstract Since the general biologic action of epinephrine became known, numerous investigations have been carried out in order to determine its influence on the cerebral blood vessels. This interest is probably due to the conception, first advanced by Brodie,1 that in any given vascular area a definite response to epinephrine is an expression of sympathetic vasomotor innervation. Conversely, the lack of constrictor response to epinephrine provides evidence that the sympathetic system has no influence on the arteries of the organ in question. Recent investigation of the mode of transmission of sympathetic nerve impulses to organs supports this point of view. The effect of epinephrine on the cerebral blood vessels has been studied chiefly by four experimental methods: (1) intravascular injection into a living animal; (2) injection into the circulation of an isolated surviving head; (3) immersion of excised arteries in solutions of epinephrine, and (4) irrigation of the surface of References 1. Brodie, T. G.: J. Physiol. 30:476, 1904. 2. Biedl, A., and Reiner, M.: Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 79:158, 1900.Crossref 3. Forbes, H. S., and Wolff, H. G.: Cerebral Circulation: Vasomotor Control of Cerebral Vessels , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 19:1057 ( (June) ) 1928. 4. Forbes, H. S.; Finley, K. H., and Nason, G. I.: Cerebral Circulation: Action of Epinephrine on Pial Vessels , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 30:957 ( (Nov.) ) 1933. 5. Florey, H.: Brain 48:43, 1925. 6. Howe, H. S., and McKinley, E.: Cerebral Circulation , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 18:81 ( (July) ) 1927. 7. Riser, M.; Mériel, P., and Planques: Encéphale 26:501, 1931. 8. Ley, J., and de la Fontaine-Verwey, B. C.: Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 101:478, 1929. 9. Fog, M.: Om piaarteriernes vasomotoriske reactioner, Danish Dissert., 1934. 10. Forbes, H. S.; Nason, G. I., and Wortman, R. C.: Cerebral Circulation: Vasodilation in Pia Following Stimulation of Vagus, Aortic and Carotid Sinus Nerves , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 37:334 ( (Feb.) ) 1937. 11. Fog, M.: Cerebral Circulation: Reaction of Pial Arteries to Fall in Blood Pressure , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 37:351 ( (Feb.) ) 1937. 12. Finesinger, J., and Putnam, T. J.: Cerebral Circulation: XXIII. Induced Variations in Volume Flow Through the Brain Perfused at Constant Pressure , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 30:775 ( (Oct.) ) 1933. 13. Bouckaert, J. J., and Jourdan, F.: Arch. internat. de pharmacodyn. et de thérap. 54:109, 1936. 14. Fog, M.: Cerebral Circulation: II. Reaction of Pial Arteries to Increase in Blood Pressure , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. , to be published.

YAKOVLEV, PAUL I.

doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270130129008pmid: N/A

Abstract In two previous publications1 the clinical aspects and the nosologic position of tuberous sclerosis in the group of "congenital ectodermoses" were considered in detail. Van Bogaert,2 in a study of these congenital ectodermal dysplasias, gave an excellent presentation of the subject, with special reference to familial and hereditary factors. Critchley and Earl3 made a thorough study of the clinical and the morbid anatomic aspects of tuberous sclerosis and reviewed the literature. In typical cases of tuberous sclerosis the highly characteristic congenital abnormalities of the skin, viz., sebaceous adenoma of the face, "shagreen" patches in the sacrolumbar region, tumors of the nail bed and nevoid tumors of the retina, associated with epilepsy and congenital mental defect, permit one to recognize the condition at a glance during life. Autopsy in such cases never fails to reveal the whitish or yellowish hard nodules (tubera) which may be seen almost anywhere References 1. Yakovlev, P. I., and Guthrie, R. H.: Congenital Ectodermoses (Neurocutaneous Syndromes) in Epileptic Patients , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 26:1145 ( (Dec.) ) 1931. 2. Yakovlev, P. I.: Congenital Ectodermoses (Neoplastic Malformations Affecting with Predilection the Skin, Retina, and Nervous System) , in Blumer, G.: The Practitioners Library of Medicine and Surgery , New York, D. Appleton-Century Company, Inc., 1936, vol. 9, chap. 27. 3. van Bogaert, L.: Dysplasies neuro-ectodermiques congénitales , Rev. neurol. 63:23, 1935. 4. Critchley, M., and Earl, C. J. C.: Tuberose Sclerosis and Allied Conditions , Brain 55:311, 1932. 5. Hartdegen, A.: Ein Fall von multipler Verhärtung des Grosshirns nebst histologisch eigenartigen harten Geschwülsten der Seitenventrikel ("Glioma gangliocellulare") bei einem Neugeborenen , Arch. f. Psychiat. 11:117, 1881. 6. Vogt, H.: Zur Pathologie und pathologischen Anatomie der verschiedenen Idiotieformen: II. Tuberöse Sklerose , Monatschr. f. Psychiat. u. Neurol. 24:106, 1908. 7. Orzechowski, K., and Nowicki, W.: Zur Pathogenese und pathologischen Anatomie der multiplen Neurofibromatose und der Sclerosis tuberosa (Neurofibromatosis universalis) , Ztschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 11:237, 1912. 8. Bielschowsky, M., and Gallus: Ueber tuberöse Sclerose , J. f. Psychol. u. Neurol. ( (supp. 1) ) 20:1, 1913. 9. Bielschowsky, M.: Zur Histopathologie und Pathogenese der tuberösen Sklerose , J. f. Psychol. u. Neurol. (supp. 1) 30: 1671923-1924. 10. Lindau, A.: Studien über Kleinhirncysten: Bau, Pathogenese und Beziehungen zur Angiomatosis retinae , Acta path. et microbiol. Scandinav. , 1926, (supp. 1) , p. 1. 11. Footnote 1. 12. Globus, J. H.: Neurinome centrale associé à une sclérose tubéreuse (neurospongioblastose disseminée) , Rev. neurol. 59:1, 1933. 13. Tramer, M.: Untersuchungen zur pathologischen Anatomie des Zentralnervensystems bei der Epilepsie , Schweiz. Arch. f. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 2:202, 1918. 14. Spielmeyer, W.: Die Pathogenese des epileptischen Krampfes , Ztschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 109:501, 1927. 15. Minkowski, M.: Zur pathologischen Anatomie und Pathogenese der Epilepsie , Jahrb. f. Psychiat. u. Neurol. 51:134, 1933. 16. Yakovlev, P. I.: Neurologic Mechanism Concerned in Epileptic Seizures , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 37:523 ( (March) ) 1937. 17. Minkowski, M.: L'état actuel de l'étude des reflexes , Paris, Masson & Cie, 1927. 18. von Monakow, C., and Mourgue, R.: Introduction biologique à l'étude de la neurologie et de la psychopathologie , Paris, Félix Alcan, 1928. 19. Hochstetter, F.: Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des menschlichen Gehirns , Vienna, Franz Deuticke, 1929. 20. Minkowska, F.: Charakterologische Probleme im Lichte psychiatrischer und geneologischer Hereditätsforschung (mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Epileptoidie) , Ztschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 82:199, 1923 21. La constitution épileptoide et le trouble générateur de l'épilepsie essentielle , Evolut. psychiat. 1:69, 1932. 22. Gibbs, F. A.; Gibbs, E. L., and Lennox, W. G.: Epilepsy: Paroxysmal Cerebral Dysrhythmia , Brain 60:377 ( (Dec.) ) 1937. 23. Wohlwill, F.: Entwicklungsstörungen des Gehirns und Epilepsie, zugleich ein Beitrag zur pathologischen Anatomie und Genese der Heterotopien grauer Substanz , Ztschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 33:260, 1916. 24. Pollak, E.: Anlage und Epilepsie , Arb. a. d. neurol. Inst. a. d. Wien. Univ. 23:119, 1922.

HORRAX, GILBERT

doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270130150009pmid: N/A

Abstract The meningiomas, or dural endotheliomas, as they used to be called, represent one of the benign, and therefore hopeful, types of tumor of the brain. They are encapsulated growths, attached to some portion of the dura, falx or tentorium, and assume shapes varying from a smoothly elliptic to a highly irregular and nodular form, or even a flat plaque of tissue which is only a few millimeters in thickness. The term "meningioma" was introduced by Cushing1 in 1922, and no better description of the type of growth indicated can be given than that used by him at the time. This word [meningioma], consequently, will be used to indicate the entire group of tumors which appear to arise from the pachymeninx; whether the overlying bone shows hyperostosis or is unchanged; whether the growth is pedunculated or flat and widespread, and regardless of the degenerative changes and the presence or otherwise References 1. Cushing, H.: The Meningiomas (Dural Endotheliomas): Their Source and Favored Seats of Origin , Brain 45:282, 1922.Crossref 2. Cushing, H.: Intracranial Tumors , Springfield, Ill., Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1932. 3. Sosman, M. C., and Putnam, T. J.: Roentgenological Aspects of Brain Tumors: Meningiomas , Am. J. Roentgenol. 13:1, 1925. 4. Schwartz, C. W.: The Meningiomas from a Roentgenological Standpoint , Am. J. Roentgenol. 39:698, 1938. 5. Frazier, C. H., and Alpers, B. J.: Meningeal Fibroblastomas of the Cerebrum: Clinicopathologic Analysis of Seventy-Five Cases , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 29:935 ( (May) ) 1933. 6. Cushing, H., and Eisenhardt, L.: Meningiomas Arising from the Tuberculum Sellae, with the Syndrome of Primary Optic Atrophy and Bitemporal Field Defects Combined with a Normal Sella Turcica in a Middle-Aged Person , Arch. Ophth. 1:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1929. 7. Dandy, W. E., in Lewis, D.: Practice of Surgery , Hagerstown, Md., W. F. Prior Company, Inc., 1932, vol. 12.

Kahn, Edgar A.

doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270130168010pmid: N/A

Abstract It is well known to surgeons that the deeper an abscess lies the more technically difficult is its successful drainage. This applies especially to abscess of the brain. At a meeting of the American Medical Association on May 13, 1936, I presented a method1 by which a deep-seated encapsulated abscess may be forced to migrate to or above the surface of the cranial vault by utilization of the increased intracranial pressure. The method consists, briefly, in palpation of the wall of the abscess through a trephine opening, a dull cannula being used. A decompression is made over what is thought to be the most superficial surface of the abscess, and the abscess is excised or drained on its appearance at the surface several days later. Since this communication my colleagues and I have had occasion to visualize directly a deep-seated abscess of the temporal lobe by means of a References 1. Kahn, E. A.: The Treatment of Encapsulated Brain Abscess , J. A. M. A. 108:87 ( (Jan. 9) ) 1937.Crossref 2. King, J. E. J.: Personal communication to the author. 3. Horrax, G.: A Method for the Treatment of Certain Chronic Encapsulated Brain Abscesses , S. Clin. North America 14:1179 ( (Oct.) ) 1934. 4. Freeman, W., and Schoenfeld, H. H.: Ventriculography with the Use of Colloidal Thorium Dioxide , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 36:907 ( (Oct.) ) 1936. 5. Freeman, W., and Schoenfeld, H. H.: Personal communication to the author. 6. McKenzie, K. G.: The Treatment of Abscess of the Brain , Arch. Surg. 18:1594 ( (April) ) 1929. 7. Vincent, C.: Sur une méthode de traitement des abcès subaigus des hémisphères cérébraux; large décompression, puis ablation en masse sans drainage , Gaz. méd. de France 43:93 ( (Feb. 1) ) 1936. 8. Dandy, W. E.: Treatment of Chronic Abscess of the Brain by Tapping: Preliminary Note , J. A. M. A. 87:1477 ( (Oct. 30) ) 1926.