1976 American Journal of Diseases of Children
doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1976.02120060011001
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1976 American Journal of Diseases of Children
doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1976.02120060011002pmid: 1274894
Abstract Not too long ago for many of us to remember, a fat baby was a "good" baby, and usually vice versa. Quadrupling birth weight in less than a year was hailed as a pediatric accomplishment, and fatness in childhood was viewed as certainly beneficial (and soon to be lost). Now, however, fatness in infancy is often looked on with both distaste and alarm, and the chubby infant of the ethical advertisements is out of fashion. The fat child is now considered parent to the obese adult, already on the way to becoming diabetic, and probably destined for premature atherosclerotic demise. It is true that obese infants and obese children do have higher lipid levels than those who are lean, given sufficiently large samples and direct measures of fatness.1 However, it is by no means sure that most fat infants become obese children, or that juvenile obesity inevitably leads to References 1. Garn SM, Clark DC, Ullman BM: Does obesity have a genetic basis in man? Ecol Food Nutr 4:57-60, 1975.Crossref 2. Eid EE: Follow-up study of physical growth of children who had excessive weight gain in first six months of life . Br Med J 2:74-76, 1970.Crossref 3. Fisch RO, Bilek MK, Ulstrom R: Obesity and leanness at birth and their relationship to body habitus in later childhood . Pediatrics 56:521-527, 1975. 4. Abraham S, Lowenstein FW, Johnson CL: Preliminary Findings of the First Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1971-1972: Dietary Intake and Biochemical Findings , publication (HRA) 74-1219. US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1974. 5. Hirsch J: Cell number and size as a determinant of subsequent obesity , in Winick M (ed): Symposium on Childhood Obesity . New York, Interscience Publishers Inc, 1975, pp 15-21. 6. Stunkard A, d'Aquili E, Fox S, et al: Influence of social class on obesity and thinness in children . JAMA 221:579-584, 1972.Crossref 7. Garn SM, Clark DC, Guire KE: Growth, body composition and development of obese and lean children , in Winick M (ed): Symposium on Childhood Obesity . New York, Interscience Publishers Inc, 1975, pp 23-46. 8. Garn SM, Clark DC: Family-line origins of obesity , in Barness L (ed): Report of the Second Wyeth Nutrition Symposium . New York, Wyeth Laboratories, 1976. 9. Withers RFJ: Problems in the genetics of human obesity . Eur Rev 56:81-90, 1964. 10. Garn SM, Clark DC: Trends in fatness and the origins of obesity . Pediatrics , to be published. 11. Mason E: Obesity in pet dogs . Vet Rec 86:612-616, 1970.Crossref 12. Garn SM, Clark DC: Nutrition, growth, development and maturation: Findings from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 . Pediatrics 56:306-319, 1975.
1976 American Journal of Diseases of Children
doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1976.02120060013003pmid: 1274895
Abstract In 1920 Parkinson et al,1 and in 1924 Cohn and Swift,2 observed an association of acute rheumatic fever and prolongation of the PR interval of the electrocardiogram. Ziegler3 has noted that the PR interval is prolonged in 2% of normal children. Because the PR interval varies with age and heart rate, Mirowski et al4 devised the PR index to provide a standard by which the duration of the PR interval of a subject may be judged. A value greater than 1.0 is considered evidence of delay in atrioventricular (AV) conduction. In 1965, the revised Jones criteria5 listed prolongation of the PR interval as one of the minor criteria used in establishing the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Other conduction abnormalities may be observed. These include second-degree heart block, complete heart block, AV dissociation, and junctional rhythm. Clarke and Keith6 detected AV conduction abnormalities in 84% References 1. Parkinson J, Gross AH, Gunson EB: The heart and its rhythm in acute rheumatism . Q J Med 13:363-367, 1920.Crossref 2. Cohn AE, Swift HF: Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial involvement in rheumatic fever . J Exp Med 39:1-5, 1924.Crossref 3. Ziegler RF: Electrocardiographic Studies in Normal Infants and Children . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1951, pp 35-45. 4. Mirowski M, Rosenstein BJ, Markowitz M: A comparison of atrio-ventricular conduction in normal children and in patients with rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, and acute febrile illness . Pediatrics 33:334-340, 1964. 5. Jones criteria (modified) for guidance in the diagnosis of rheumatic fever, Council on Rheu matic Fever and Congenital Heart Disease of the American Heart Association . Circulation 32:664-668, 1965.Crossref 6. Clarke M, Keith JD: Atrioventricular conduction in acute rheumatic fever . Br Heart J 34:472-479, 1972.Crossref 7. Feinstein AR, Harrison FW, Spagnuolo M, et al: Rheumatic fever in children and adolescents . Ann Intern Med 60( (suppl 5) ):87-123, 1964.Crossref 8. Feinstein AR, DiMassa R: Prognostic significance of valvular involvement in acute rheumatic fever . N Engl J Med 260:1001-1007, 1959.Crossref 9. Markowitz M, Kuttner AG: Rheumatic Fever . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1965, pp 1-8. 10. Bland EF: Declining severity of rheumatic fever . N Engl J Med 262:597-599, 1960.Crossref 11. Wegman ME: Some international aspects of rheumatic fever . Pediatrics 15:627-630, 1955. 12. Wilson MG, Lim WN, Birch AM: Decline of rheumatic fever: Recurrence rates of rheumatic fever among 782 children for 21 consecutive calendar years (1936-56) . J Chronic Dis 7:183-190, 1958.Crossref 13. Sanyal SK, Thapar MK, Ahmed SH, et al: The initial attack of acute rheumatic fever during childhood in North India . Circulation 49:7-12, 1974.Crossref 14. Cristal N, Stern J, Gueron M: Atrioventricular dissociation in acute rheumatic fever . Br Heart J 33:12-15, 1971.Crossref
Sanyal, Shyamal K.;Thapar, Mohinder K.;Sharma, Dharm Bhushan;Shrivastava, Om Prabash
1976 American Journal of Diseases of Children
doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1976.02120060019004pmid: 1274896
Abstract • Atrioventricular conduction was quantitatively evaluated in 118 children with acute rheumatic fever. The mean PR index in children with acute rheumatic fever, 1.06 ± 0.38, was significantly higher than normal children or children who had febrile illness of nonrheumatic or nonstreptococcal origin (P <.001). Among 35 children with rheumatic fever and an abnormal PR index, the disease presented as carditis in 21, arthritis in ten, and chorea in four. The mean PR index and the frequency distribution of abnormal PR indices were significantly higher in children with carditis (P <.001). Five children who initially had an abnormal PR index and arthritis or chorea subsequently developed carditis. These observations suggest that children with acute rheumatic fever and abnormal PR index warrant close observation for possible clinical evidence of myocardial involvement during subsequent course of the illness. (Am J Dis Child 130:473-476, 1976) References 1. Clarke M, Keith JD: Atrioventricular conduction in acute rheumatic fever . Br Heart J 34:472-479, 1972.Crossref 2. Taran LM: Laboratory and clinical criteria of rheumatic carditis in children . J Pediatr 29:77-89, 1946.Crossref 3. Jones criteria (modified) for guidance in the diagnosis of rheumatic fever . New York, American Heart Association, 1955. 4. Guntheroth WG: Pediatric Electrocardiography: Normal and Abnormal Patterns, Incorporating Vector Approach . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1966, pp 23-24. 5. Nadas AS, Fyler DC: Pediatric Cardiology , ed 3. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1972, p 47. 6. Mirowski M: Diagnostico cualitativo y cuantitativo del bloqueo A-V de primer grado: Un neuvo indice para valorar la conduction auriculoventricular . Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 31:67-71, 1961. 7. Mirowski M, Arevalo F, Medrano GA, et al: Conduction disturbances in patent ductus asteriosus: A study of 200 cases before and after surgery with determinations of P-R index . Circulation 25:807-813, 1962.Crossref 8. Mirowski M, Rosenstein BJ, Markowitz M: A comparison of atrio-ventricular conduction in normal children and in patients with rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis and acute febrile illnesses: A quantitative study with determination of the P-R index . Pediatrics 33:334-340, 1964. 9. Sanyal SK, Thapar, MK, Ahmed SH, et al: The initial attack of acute rheumatic fever during childhood in North India: A prospective study of the clinical profile . Circulation 49:7-12, 1974.Crossref 10. Parkinson J, Gross AH, Gunson EB: The heart and its rhythm in acute rheumatism . Q J Med 13:363-379, 1920.Crossref 11. Cohn AE, Swift HF: Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial involvement in rheumatic fever . J Exp Med 39:1-35, 1924.Crossref 12. Sokolow M: Significance of electrocardiographic changes in rheumatic fever . Am J Med 5:365-378, 1948.Crossref 13. Blackman NS, Hamilton CI Jr: Serial electrocardiographic changes in young adults with acute rheumatic fever: Report of 62 cases . Ann Intern Med 29:416-431, 1948.Crossref 14. Gross L, Fried BM: Lesions in the auriculo ventricular conduction system occurring in rheu matic fever . Am J Pathol 12:31-44, 1936. 15. Bruenn HG: The mechanism of impaired auriculo-ventricular conduction in acute rheumatic fever . Am Heart J 13:413-425, 1937.Crossref 16. Keith JD: Over-stimulation of the vagus nerve in rheumatic fever . Q J Med 7:29-41, 1938. 17. Rammelkamp CH Jr, Stolzer BL: The treatment and prevention of rheumatic fever . Pediatr Clin North Am 1:265-274, 1954. 18. Rantz LA, Boisvert PJ, Spink WW: The etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatic fever . Arch Intern Med 76:131-138, 1945.Crossref 19. Kaplan MH, Meyeserian M: Immunologic cross-reaction between group-A streptococcal cells and human heart tissue . Lancet 1:706-710, 1962.Crossref 20. Kaplan MH, Bolande R, Rakita L, et al: Presence of bound immunoglobulins and complement in the myocardium in acute rheumatic fever . N Engl J Med 271:637-645, 1964.Crossref 21. Goldstein I, Halpran B, Robert L: Immunological relationship between streptococcus: A polysaccharide and the structural glycoproteins of the heart valves . Nature 213:44-47, 1967.Crossref
Nicolopoulos, Demetre;Perakis, Anthony;Papadakis, Michael;Alexiou, Demosthenes;Aravantinos, Dionysios
1976 American Journal of Diseases of Children
doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1976.02120060023005pmid: 1274897
Abstract • A combined evaluation of almost all the proposed morphologic and neurologic criteria for estimating gestational age in the neonate was performed on 710 newborns of 28 to 44 weeks' gestation. It is concluded that (1) the neurologic criteria used by Dubowitz et al1 in combination with the external (morphologic) criteria of Farr et al2,3 give very accurate results of estimation of the gestational age; (2) equally accurate results can be obtained if those criteria with the lowest correlation coefficients—namely, arm and leg recoil, degree of edema, and appearance of the genitalia—are omitted; and (3) the use of only nine external criteria, the assessment of which is easier to perform on sick babies, gives an estimation of gestational age that is accurate for clinical purposes (r = 0.878). (Am J Dis Child 130:477-480, 1976) References 1. Dubowitz LMS, Dubowitz V, Goldberg C: Clinical assessment of gestational age in the newborn infant . J Pediatr 77:1-10, 1970.Crossref 2. Farr V, Mitchell RG, Nelligan GA, et al: The definition of some external characteristics used in the assessment of gestational age in the newborn infant . Dev Med Child Neurol 8:507-512, 1966.Crossref 3. Farr V, Kerridge DF, Mitchell RG: The value of some external characteristics in the assessment of gestational age at birth . Dev Med Child Neurol 8:657-661, 1966. 4. Lubchenco LO, Searls DT, Bragie JV: Neonatal mortality rate: Relationship to birth weight and gestational age . J Pediatr 81:814-822, 1972.Crossref 5. Usher R, McLean F, Scott K: Judgement of fetal age: II. Clinical significance of gestational age and an objective method for its assessment . Pediatr Clin North Am 13:835-848, 1966. 6. Thomas A, St Anne-Dargassies S: Etudes Neurologiques sur le Nouveau-né et le Jeune Nourisson . Paris, Masson et Cie, 1952. 7. St Anne-Dargassies S: La maturation neurologique du prématuré . Etudes Néonatales 4:71-78, 1955. 8. St Anne-Dargassies S: The full term newborn: Neurologic assessment : Biol Neonate 4:174-179, 1962.Crossref 9. Minkowski A: The early developing nervous system in the frame of body growth . Biol Neonate 4:121-130, 1962.Crossref 10. Prechtl HFR, Beintema D: The Neurological Examination of the Full Term Newborn Infant . Clinics in developmental medicine series 12, London, Heinemann Educ Ltd, 1964, p 12. 11. Robinson RJ: Assessment of gestation age by neurologic examination . Arch Dis Child 47:437-447, 1966.Crossref 12. Koenigsberger MR: Judgement of fetal age: I. Neurologic evaluation . Pediatr Clin North Am 13:823-833, 1966. 13. Amiel-Tison C: Neurologic evaluation of the maturity of newborn infants . Arch Dis Child 43:89-93, 1968.Crossref 14. Locard E, quoted by Davies P, Robinson R, Scopes J, et al: Medical Care of Newborn Babies . Clinics in developmental medicine series, London, Heinemann Educ Ltd, 1972, pp 93-95. 15. Ballard T, quoted by Klaus MH, Fanaroff AA: Care of the High-Risk Neonate . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1973, pp 46-48. 16. Petrussa I: A scoring system for the assessment of gestational age of newborn infants , in Proceedings of the Second European Congress on Perinatal Medicine in London . S Karger, Basel, Switzerland, 1971, pp 247-248. 17. Finnström O: Studies on maturity in newborn infants: VI. Comparison between different methods for maturity estimation . Acta Paediatr Scand 61:33-41, 1972.Crossref 18. Finnström O: Studies on maturity in newborn infants: II. External characteristics . Acta Paediatr Scand 61:24-32, 1972.Crossref
Fisch, Robert O.;Bilek, Mary K.;Horrobin, J. Margaret;Chang, Pi-Nian
1976 American Journal of Diseases of Children
doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1976.02120060027006pmid: 1274898
Abstract • Perinatal and medical information, growth, and the social background of 258 children who, in a prospective study, had superior intelligence at 7 years of age were reviewed. The subjects were divided into three categories on the basis of the results of psychological evaluation at age 7. Comparisons were made between those with superior (intelligence quotient ≥ 120), average (IQ between 80 and 119), and low intelligence (IQ ≤ 79). A favorable parental social and educational background was the best correlate of superior intelligence in the children. Larger head size from 1 year of age was an early finding associated with superior intelligence. Greater height and weight, from 4 years of age were later findings. Correlations between psychological performance at ages 4 and 7 years were statistically significant. Perinatal factors and medical complications did not affect the intellectual status of children with superior intelligence. (Am J Dis Child 130:481-487, 1976) References 1. Terman LM: The physical and mental traits of gifted children . Yearbook Natl Soc Stud Educ 23:155-167, 1924. 2. Gallagher JJ: The Gifted Child in the Elementary School . Washington DC, American Educational Research Association, National Education Association, 1959. 3. Stouffer SA, Shea PD: Your Educational Plans . Chicago, Science Research Associates Inc, 1959. 4. Cole CC Jr: Encouraging Scientific Talent: A Report to the National Science Foundation . Princeton, NJ, College Entrance Examination Board, 1956. 5. Strodbeck FL: Family interaction, values, and achievement , in McClelland DC, (ed): Talent and Society: New Perspectives in the Indentification of Talent . Princeton, NJ, Van Nostrand-Reinhold Co, 1958. 6. Cattell JM: Families of American men of science . Pop Sci Mo 86:504-515, 1915. 7. Willerman L, Fiedler MF: Infant performance and intellectual precocity . Child Dev 45:483-486, 1974.Crossref 8. Chipman SC, Lilienfeld AM, Greenberg BG, et al: Research Methodology and Needs in Perinatal Studies . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1966, pp 118-139. 9. The Collaborative Study on Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and Other Neurological and Sensory Disorders of Infancy and Childhood: Part I-A Synopsis . Bethesda, Md, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Perinatal Research Branch, 1966. 10. Collaborative Study on Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and Other Neurological and Sensory Disorders of Infancy and Childhood: Part II-A Forms: Obstetrics, pediatric-neurology . Bethesda, Md, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Perinatal Research Branch, 1966. 11. The Collaborative Study on Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and Other Neurological and Sensory Disorders of Infancy and Childhood: Part II-B Forms: Socio-economics, genetics, virology, pathology, general . Bethesda, Md, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Perinatal Research Branch, 1966. 12. The Collaborative Study on Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and Other Neurological and Sensory Disorders of Infancy and Childhood: Part III-A Manuals: Obstetrics . Bethesda, Md, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Perinatal Research Branch, 1970. 13. The Collaborative Study on Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and Other Neurological and Sensory Disorders of Infancy and Childhood: Part III-B Manuals: Pediatric-Neurology. Bethesda , Md, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Perinatal Research Branch, 1966. 14. The Collaborative Study on Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and Other Neurological and Sensory Disorders of Infancy and Childhood: Part III-C Manuals: Socio-economics, genetics, virology, pathology, general . Bethesda, Md, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Perinatal Research Branch, 1966. 15. The Collaborative Study on Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and Other Neurological and Sensory Disorders of Infancy and Childhood: Part III-D Manuals: Behavior examinations . Bethesda, Md, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Perinatal Research Branch, 1966. 16. The Collaborative Study on Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and Other Neurological and Sensory Disorders of Infancy and Childhood: Part II-C Forms: 7-year and final . Bethesda, Md, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Perinatal Research Branch, 1966. 17. The Collaborative Study on Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and Other Neurological and Sensory Disorders of Infancy and Childhood: Part III-E Manuals: 7-year and final . Bethesda, Md, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Perinatal Research Branch, 1970. 18. Myrianthopoulos NC, French KS: An application of the US Bureau of the Census socioeco nomic index to a large, diversified patient population . Soc Sci Med 2:283-299, 1968.Crossref 19. Snedecor GW, Cochran WG: Statistical Methods , ed 6. Ames, Iowa State University Press, 1967, p 271. 20. Steisel IM: Some pitfalls in interpretation of the I.Q. J Pediatr 75:969-976, 1969.Crossref 21. Solomons G, Solomons HC: Factors affecting motor performance in 4-month-old infants . Child Dev 35:1283-1295, 1964. 22. Bayley N: Comparisons of mental and motor test scores for age 1-15 months by sex, birth order, race, geographical location, and education of parents . Child Dev 36:379-411, 1965.Crossref 23. Jones HE: Order of birth , in Murchison C, (ed): A Handbook of Child Psychology , ed 2. Worcester, Mass, Clark University Press, 1933, pp 551-589. 24. Hunt JM: Intelligence and Experience . New York, Ronald Press Co, 1961, p 342. 25. Rubin RA, Rosenblatt C, Balow B: Psychological and educational sequelae of prematurity . Pediatrics 52:352-363, 1973. 26. Wright FH, Blough RR, Chamberlin A, et al: A controlled follow-up study of small prematures born from 1952 through 1956 . Am J Dis Child 124:506-521, 1972. 27. Lubchenco LO, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M, Butterfield LJ, et al: Long-term follow-up studies of prematurely born infants: I. Relationship of handicaps to nursery routines . J Pediatr 80:501-508, 1972.Crossref 28. Lubchenco LO, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M, Searls D: Long-term follow-up studies of prematurely born infants: II. Influence of birth weight and gestational age on sequelae . J Pediatr 80:509-512, 1972.Crossref 29. Drage JS, Berendes HW, Fisher PD: The Apgar scores and four-year psychological examination performance , in Pan American Health Organization (ed): Perinatal Factors Affecting Human Development: Proceedings of the special session held during the eighth meeting of the PAHO Advising Committee on Medical Research, June 10, 1969 , scientific publication 185, Washington DC, World Health Organization, 1969, pp 222-227. 30. Weinberg WA, Dietz SG, Penick EC, et al: Intelligence, reading achievement, physical size, and social class . J Pediatr 85:482-489, 1974.Crossref 31. Mosier HD, Grossman HJ, Dingman HF: Physical growth in mental defectives: A study in an institutionalized population . Pediatr Suppl 36:465-519, 1965. 32. Smith AC, Flick GL, Ferriss GS, et al: Prediction of developmental outcome of seven years from prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal events . Child Dev 43:495-507, 1972.Crossref 33. Broman SH, Nichols SH, Kennedy WA: Precursors of low IQ in young children, in Proceedings of the 80th Annual Convention , American Psychological Association 7:77-78, 1972. 34. McCall RB, Hogarty PS, Hurlburt N: Transitions in infant sensorimotor development and the prediction of childhood IQ. Am Psychol 27:728-748, 1972.Crossref 35. Ireton H, Thwing E, Gravem H: Infant mental development and neurological status, family socioeconomic status, and intelligence at age four . Child Dev 41:937-945, 1970. 36. Cameron J, Livson N, Bayley N: Infant vocalizations and their relationship to mature intelligence . Science 157:331-333, 1967.Crossref 37. Moore T: Language and intelligence: A longitudinal study of the first eight years: Part I. Patterns of development in boys and girls . Hum Dev 10:88-106, 1967.Crossref 38. Kagen J: Change and Continuity in Infancy . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1971. 39. Werner EE, Bierman JE, French FE: The Children of Kauai . Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 1971. 40. Ebert E, Simmons K: The Brush Foundation study of child growth and development: I. Psychometric tests . Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 8:1-113, 1943.Crossref
Goldson, Edward;Cadol, Roger V.;Fitch, Michael J.;Umlauf, Harry J.
1976 American Journal of Diseases of Children
doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1976.02120060036007pmid: 1274899
Abstract • Charts were reviewed of 140 children who were discharged from Denver General Hospital (DGH) with diagnoses of nonaccidental trauma or failure to thrive. These children were all enrolled in a neighborhood health program. It was found that boys and girls were affected equally and that most of these children were under 3 years of age. In relation to their representation in the Neighborhood Health Program, more white children were abused or failed to thrive than children from other racial groups. A disproportionate number of children had birth weights under 2,500 gm as compared to children born at DGH. Young parents who were raised in disrupted families were involved in child abuse more frequently than were individuals from more stable families. Bruising was the most frequent injury and was most prevalent among boys under 3 years of age. Fractures were the second most common injury and occurred equally among boys and girls. There appeared to be a seasonal variation in the incidence of abuse. (Am J Dis Child 130:490-492, 1976) References 1. Kempe CH, Silverman FN, Steele BF, et al: The battered child syndrome . JAMA 181:17-24, 1962.Crossref 2. Kempe CH, Helfer RE: Helping the Battered Child and His Family . Philadelphia, JB Lippincott Co, 1972. 3. Rowe DS, Leonard MF, Seashore MR, et al: A hospital program for the detection and registration of abused and neglected children . N Engl J Med 282:950-952, 1970.Crossref 4. Helfer RE, Kempe CH: The Battered Child , ed 2. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1974. 5. Bakan D: Slaughter of the Innocents: A Study of the Battered Child Phenomenon . San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Inc, 1971. 6. Gil DG: Violence Against Children: Physical Child Abuse in the United States . Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1970. 7. Elmer E, Gregg CS: Developmental characteristics of abused children . Pediatrics 40:596-602, 1967. 8. Galdston R: Observations in children who have been physically abused and their parents . Am J Psychiatry 122:441, 1965. 9. Galdston R: Violence begins at home: The parents' center for the study and prevention of child abuse. Read before the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, Denver, 1970. 10. Gelles RJ: Child abuse as psychopathology: A sociological critique and reformulation. Read before the American Sociological Association, New Orleans, 1972. 11. Cherry JB, Kuby AM: Obstacles to the delivery of medical care to children of neglecting parents . Am J Public Health 61:568-573, 1971.Crossref 12. Helfer RE: The etiology of child abuse . Pediatrics 51:777-779, 1973. 13. Fanaroff MB, Kennell JH, Klaus MH: Follow-up of low birth weight infants: The predictive value of maternal visiting patterns . Pediatrics 49:287-290, 1972. 14. Barnett CR, Leiderman PH, Grobstein R, et al: Neonatal separation: The maternal side of the interactional deprivation . Pediatrics 45:197-204, 1970. 15. Klein M, Stern L: Low birth weight and the battered child syndrome . Am J Dis Child 122:15-18, 1971. 16. Stern L: Prematurity as a factor in child abuse . Hosp Practice 8:117-123, 1973.
Lauer, Ronald M.;Filer, Lloyd J.;Reiter, Mary Ann;Clarke, William R.
1976 American Journal of Diseases of Children
doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1976.02120060039008pmid: 1274900
Abstract • This study was performed to observe the relationships of salt preference, salt threshold, and relative weight to blood pressure. Three groups were selected from 4,800 school children on the basis of mean blood pressure: ≤ fifth percentile, in the area of the 50th percentile, and ≥ 95th percentile. Salt threshold was determined by titrating, on each subject's tongue, solutions ranging from 1 to 60 millimols/liter of sodium chloride. Salt preference was tested by the addition of salt by each subject to unsalted tomato juice and beef broth according to individual taste. The samples were then analyzed for sodium concentration. The coefficient of correlation for the amount of salt added to juice and broth was significant (r = 0.63). There was no relationship of salt threshold to preference, nor did threshold or preference relate to blood pressure. Relative weight was related to blood pressure with subjects in the highest pressure range being the most obese. (Am J Dis Child 130:493-497, 1976) References 1. Kohlstaedt KG, Moser M, Francis T, et al: Panel discussion on genetic and environmental factors in human hypertension . Circulation 17:728-742, 1958.Crossref 2. Dahl LK, Love RA: Evidence for relationship between sodium (chloride) intake and human essential hypertenison . Arch Intern Med 94:525-531, 1954.Crossref 3. Dahl LK, Love RA: Etiological role of sodium chloride intake in essential hypertension in humans . JAMA 164:397-400, 1957.Crossref 4. Trusell AS, Kennelly BM, Hansen JDL, et al: Blood pressures of Kung bushmen in Northern Botswana . Am Heart J 84:5-12, 1972.Crossref 5. Fallis N, Lasagna L, Tetreault L: Gustatory threshold in patients with hypertension . Nature 196:74-75, 1962.Crossref 6. Schechter PJ, Horowitz D, Henkin RI: Sodium chloride preference in essential hypertension . JAMA 225:1311-1315, 1973.Crossref 7. Lauer RM, Connor WE, Leaverton PE, et al: Coronary heart disease risk factors in school children: The Muscatine study . J Pediatr 86:697-706, 1975.Crossref 8. Galton F: Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary stature . J Anthropol Inst 15:246-263, 1885. 9. Ederer F: Serum cholesterol changes: Effects of diet and regression toward the mean . J Chronic Dis 25:277-289, 1972.Crossref 10. Henkin RI, Gill JR, Bartter FC: Studies on taste threshold in normal man and in patients with adrenal cortical insufficiency: The role of adrenal cortical steroids and of serum sodium concentration . J Clin Invest 42:727-735, 1963.Crossref 11. Salt intake and eating patterns of infants and children in relation to blood pressure, Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics . Pediatrics 53:115-121, 1974. 12. Meneely GR: Toxic effects of dietary sodium chloride and the effects of potassium , in Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods , Committee on Food Protection, Food and Nutrition Board, ed 2. National Research Council—National Academy of Sciences, 1973, p 26. 13. Wilson RB, Smith DM, Newberne PM: Excess sodium chloride intake in neonatal rats . Arch Pathol 96:372-376, 1973. 14. Brown WJ, Brown FK, Kirshan I: Exchangeable sodium and blood volume in normotensive and hypertensive humans on high and low sodium intake . Circulation 43:508-519, 1971.Crossref 15. Gros G, Weller JM, Hoobler SW: Relationship of sodium and potassium intake to blood pressure . Am J Clin Nutr 24:605-608, 1971. 16. Kirkendall WM, Connor WE, Abboud FM, et al: The effect of dietary sodium on blood pressure of normotensive man , in Genest J, Koin E (eds): International Symposium on Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-Sodium in Hypertension . New York, Springer-Verlag, 1972, pp 360-373. 17. Corcoran AC, Taylor RD, Page IH: Controlled observations on the effect of low sodium diet therapy in essential hypertension . Circulation 3:1-16, 1951.Crossref 18. Dole VP, Dahl LK, Cotzias GC, et al: Dietary treatment of hypertension: II. Sodium depletion as related to the therapeutic effect . J Clin Invest 30:584-595, 1951.Crossref 19. Dahl LK: Studies on the role of salt and genetics in hypertension . Acad Med NJ Bull 10:269-274, 1964. 20. Louis WJ, Tabei R, Spector S: Effects of sodium intake on inherited hypertension in the rat . Lancet 2:1283-1286, 1971.Crossref 21. Langford HG, Watson RL: A study of the urinary sodium, salt taste threshold and blood pressure resemblance of siblings . Johns Hopkins Med J 131:143-146, 1972. 22. Abboud FM: Effects of sodium, angiotensin and steroids on vascular reactivity in man . Fed Proc 33:143-149, 1974. 23. Mark AL, Lawton WJ, Abboud FM, et al: Effects of high and low sodium intake on blood pressure and vascular reactivity in borderline hypertensive subjects . Circulation 50( (suppl 3) ):107, 1974. 24. Chiang BN, Perlman LV, Epstein FH: Overweight and hypertension . Circulation 39:403-421, 1969.Crossref 25. Whyte HM: Behind the adipose curtain . Am J Cardio 15:66-80, 1965.Crossref 26. Fletcher AP: Effect of weight reduction upon blood pressure of obese hypertensive women . Q J Med 23:331-345, 1954. 27. Dahl LK, Silver L, Christie RW: The role of salt in the fall of blood pressure accompanying reduction in obesity . N Eng J Med 258:1186-1192, 1958.Crossref 28. Mayer J: Overweight: Causes, Costs and Control . New York, Prentice-Hall Inc, 1968, pp 124-127. 29. Lloyd JK, Wolff OH, Whelen WE: Childhood obesity: A long-term study of height and weight . Br Med J 146:145-148, 1961.Crossref
Fennell, Robert S.;Austin, Sandra;Walker, R. Dixon;Garin, Eduardo H.;Pryor, Norman D.;Sorgen, Carl D.;Richard, George A.
1976 American Journal of Diseases of Children
doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1976.02120060047009pmid: 775965
Abstract • One hundred forty-one children were selected from a clinic for children with recurrent bacteriuria to participate in a home culturing program. The parent was taught to employ a semiquantitative method to test the child's urine for bacteria. The degree and persistence of bacteriuria as detected by the parent strongly correlated with results obtained in the clinic, although there was a significant incidence of false-positive results as detected by the parent. Home culturing proved to be an inexpensive, reliable technique for following up children with recurrent urinary tract infections. (Am J Dis Child 130:501-506, 1976) References 1. Smellie JM, Normand ICS: Experience of follow-up of children with urinary tract infection , in O'Grady F, Brumfitt W (eds): Urinary Tract Infections: Proceedings of the First National Symposium . London, Oxford University Press, 1968, pp 123-138. 2. Kunin CM: Epidemiology of bacteriuria and its relation to pyelonephritis . J Infect Dis 120:1-9, 1969.Crossref 3. Rényi-Vámos F: The clinical significance of asymptomatic bacteriuria . Int Urol Nephrol 3:151-157, 1971.Crossref 4. Dodge WF, Travis LB, Daeschner CW: Monitoring for recurrent bacteriuria by parents . J Pediatr 78:859-861, 1971. 5. Todd J, McLain L, Duncan B, et al: A significant new method for detection of bacteriuria in children . Clin Res 22:232A, 1974. 6. Czerwinski AW, Wilkerson RG, Merrill JA, et al: Evaluation of first morning urine to detect significant bacteriuria: Part 1 . Am J Obstet Gynecol 110:42-45, 1971. 7. Lemieux G, St Martin M: Reliability of clean-voided mid-stream urine specimens for the diagnosis of significant bacteriuria in the female patient . Can Med Assoc J 98:241-245, 1968. 8. Alwall N: Factors affecting the reliability of screening tests for bacteriuria: II. Dip-slide: False positive results following postal transport and false negatives owing to incubation at room temperature . Acta Med Scand 193:505-509, 1973.Crossref 9. Spence B, Stewart W, Cass AS: Use of double lumen catheter to determine bacteriuria in intestinal loop diversions in children . J Urol 108:800-801, 1972. 10. MacKay-Scollay EM: A simple quantitative and qualitative microbiological screening test for bacteriuria . J Clin Pathol 22:651-653, 1969.Crossref 11. Bruppacher R, Domingue G: Experience with a screening test for bacteriuria . Am J Clin Pathol 59:203-210, 1973.
Greenblatt, David J.;Allen, Marcia D.;Koch-Weser, Jan;Shader, Richard I.
1976 American Journal of Diseases of Children
doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1976.02120060053010pmid: 5882
Abstract • Seventy-seven (0.24%) of 32,005 admissions to the Massachusetts General Hospital pediatric service during the period 1962 to 1973 were due to accidental poisoning. In 27 cases, mostly involving children less than 6 years of age, psychotropic drugs were implicated. These included sedative-hypnotics in six cases, phenytoin in two, major tranquilizers in five, antidepressants in three, stimulants or hallucinogens in three, and drug mixtures in eight. Toxicologic analyses contributed little to diagnosis and initial management. Except for one child who ingested ferrous sulfate, no patient was seriously intoxicated, and all recovered rapidly without sequelae. Although referral of serious poisoning cases to another hospital may have biased the results, the findings suggest that accidental psychotropic drug poisoning is not a major source of childhood morbidity. (Am J Dis Child 130:507-511, 1976) References 1. Bean P: Patterns of self poisoning . Br J Prev Soc Med 28:24-31, 1974. 2. Sharman JR, Taylor HW, Scott RD: Drug overdosages and poisonings in Christchurch during 1971 . NZ Med J 76:402-404, 1972. 3. Sims M, Purdy M, Devenyi P: Drug overdoses in a Canadian city . Am J Public Health 63:215-226, 1973.Crossref 4. Davis JM, Bartlett E, Termini BA: Overdosage of psychotropic drugs: A review . Dis Nerv Syst 29:157-164, 246-256, 1968. 5. Hancock BW: Accidental poisoning in childhood . Br J Clin Prac 27:77-80, 1973. 6. Matthew H, Lawson AAH: Acute barbiturate poisoning: A review of two years experi ence . Q J Med 35:539-552, 1966. 7. Berry DJ, Grove J: Emergency toxicological screening for drugs commonly taken in overdose . J Chromatogr 80:205-219, 1973.Crossref 8. Finkle BS, Foltz RL, Taylor DM: A comprehensive GC-MS reference data system for toxicological and biomedical purposes . J Chromatogr Sci 12:304-328, 1974.Crossref 9. Cravey RH, Jain NC: The identification of non-barbiturate hypnotics from biological specimens . J Chromatogr Sci 12:237-245, 1974.Crossref 10. Garriott JC, Stolman A: Detection of some psychotherapeutic drugs and their metabolites in urine . Clin Toxicol 4:225-243, 1971.Crossref 11. Jatlow P, Seligson D: Application of a digital computer to emergency toxicology . Clin Chim Acta 50:19-30, 1974.Crossref 12. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI: Benzodiazepines in Clinical Practice . New York, Raven Press, 1974, pp 275-276. 13. Lundberg GD, Walberg CB, Pantlik VA: Frequency of clinical toxicology test-ordering (primarily overdose cases) and results in a large urban general hospital . Clin Chem 20:121-125, 1974. 14. King JS (ed): Are emergency toxicology measurements really used? Clin Chem 20:116-120, 1974. 15. Sellers EM: Factors influencing the interpretation of drug concentration in acute drug overdose , in Sellers EM (ed): Clinical Pharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs . Toronto, Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario, 1975, pp 73-86. 16. Scherz RG (ed): The management of accidental childhood poisoning . Pediatrics 54:324-356, 1974. 17. Arena JM: General principles of treatment and specific antidotes . Mod Treat 8:461-502, 1971. 18. Masoud AN, Elder JT, Czerwinski AL: Chemistry and pharmacology of common acute poisoning in childhood . Paediatrician 2:2-37, 1973. 19. DeCastro FJ: Principles of emergency treatment of poisoning in childhood . Paediatri cian 2:47-59, 1973. 20. Teitelbaum DT: Poisoning with psychoactive drugs . Pediatr Clin North Am 17:557-567, 1970. 21. Done AK: Acute barbiturate poisoning in children , in Matthew H (ed): Acute Barbiturate Poisoning . Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1971, pp 255-262. 22. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI: Psychotropic drug overdosage , in Shader RI (ed): Manual of Psychiatric Therapeutics . Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1975, pp 237-267. 23. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI: Rational use of psychotropic drugs: III. Major tranquilizers . Am J Hosp Pharm 31:1226-1231, 1974. 24. Parkin JM, Fraser MS: Poisoning as a complication of enuresis . Dev Med Child Neurol 14:727-730, 1972.Crossref 25. Sesso AM, Snyder RC, Schott CE: Propranolol in imipramine poisoning . Am J Dis Child 126:847-849, 1973. 26. Ruddy JM, Seymour JL, Anderson NG: Management of tricyclic antidepressant ingestion in children with special reference to the use of glucagon . Med J Aust 1:630-633, 1972. 27. Sunshine P, Yaffee SJ: Amitriptyline poisoning . Am J Dis Child 106:501-506, 1963. 28. Roberts RJ, Mueller S, Lauer RM: Propranolol in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias associated with amitriptyline intoxication . J Pediatr 82:65-67, 1973.Crossref 29. Sueblinvong V, Wilson JF: Myocardial damage due to imipramine intoxication . J Pediatr 74:475-478, 1969.Crossref 30. Fouron J-C, Chicoine R: ECG changes in fatal imipramine (Tofranil) intoxication . Pediatrics 48:777-781, 1971. 31. Young JA, Galloway WH: Treatment of severe imipramine poisoning . Arch Dis Child 46:353-355, 1971.Crossref 32. Kanarek KS, Thompson PD, Levin SE: The management of severe imipramine (Tofranil) intoxication in children . S Afr Med J 47:835-838, 1973. 33. Goel KM, Shanks RA: Amitriptyline and imipramine poisoning in children . Br Med J 1:261-263, 1974.Crossref 34. Brown TCK, Dwyer ME, Stocks JG: Antidepressant overdosage in children: A new menace . Med J Aust 2:848-851, 1971. 35. Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ: Belladonna alkaloids and synthetic anticholinergics: Uses and toxicity , in Shader RI (ed): Psychiatric Complications of Medical Drugs . New York, Raven Press, 1972, pp 103-147. 36. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI: Drug therapy: Anticholinergics . N Engl J Med 288:1215-1219, 1973.Crossref
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