American Journal of Diseases of Children

Weech, A. Ashley

1967 American Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1967.02090220007001pmid: 4952771

Abstract WE ARE gathered together to do honor and homage to a great medical leader. Abraham Jacobi1 achieved a rise to fame in spite of overwhelming obstacles. During youthful years in Germany he was imprisoned in chains for expressing an ardent conviction that militarism and autocracy are evil. While still a young physician aged 23 years, he contrived to escape from a persecuting Vaterland. For a short time only he stayed in England and then, inspired by legends of liberty in America, he migrated first to Boston (1853) and later to New York. Fortunate indeed was die Vereinigte Staaten. During ensuing years Jacobi became known as the founder of the specialty of diseases of children. He was an instigator and also the first (1889) and 18th (1906) president of the now prestigious American Pediatric Society. Small wonder that at an important birthday dinner he should be introduced by Nathan Strauss References 1. Facts concerning the life and works of Abraham Jacobi were gleaned from: (a) American Pediatric Society , 1888-1938, material assembled by D. W. Sherman and committee members, Menasha, Wis: George Banta Publishing Co., 1938; 2. (b) History of the American Pediatric Society , material assembled by Harold K. Faber and Rustin McIntosh, Philadelphia: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1966. 3. " Festschrift " in Honor of Abraham Jacobi, MD, LLD, to Commemorate the Seventieth Anniversary of His Birth, New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1900. 4. Sabin, A.B.: Constitutional Barriers to Involvement of the Nervous System by Certain Viruses, With Special Reference to the Role of Nutrition , J Pediat 19:596, 1941.Crossref 5. Osier, W.: Aequanimitas With Other Addresses , Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son and Co., 1926. 6. Weech, A.A.: Teaching to Fly Alone , Amer J Dis Child 109:1, 1965. 7. Buber, M.: Tales of the Hasidim: The Later Masters , New York: Schocken Books, Inc., 1948; 8. The quotation cited appears on page 283 and is attributed by the author to Rabbi Menahem Mendel of Kotzk.

Moffet, Hugh L.;Williams, Tommy

1967 American Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1967.02090220013002pmid: 4952776

Abstract THE PRESENT STUDY was begun as an attempt to describe the species of bacteria which were found in distilled water in inhalation therapy equipment. However, classification of the isolates was difficult, particularly for Pseudomonas-like species.1-5 Because of the need to improve communication between clinician and bacteriologist, this paper summarizes the taxonomy of these organisms and defines bacterial isolates in terms of techniques simple enough to be available to the routine hospital diagnostic laboratory. The terminology previously used in the medical literature, and generally recognized as indicating a water source is retained in this paper, in spite of considerable disagreement among authorities over the use of the terms Mima, Herellea, Achromobacter, and Alcaligenes.6-10 Methods Primary Isolation of Organisms.—Clean, dry surfaces of inhalation therapy equipment were cultured by rubbing with a sterile cotton swab, which was transported in thioglycollate broth, and inoculated on 5% sheep blood agar plates. References 1. Rhodes, M.E.: The Characterization of Pseudomonas fluorescens , J Gen Microbiol 21:221-263, 1959.Crossref 2. Lysenko, O.: Pseudomonas: An Attempt at a General Classification , J Gen Microbiol 25:379-408, 1961.Crossref 3. Colwell, R.R., and Liston, J.: Taxonomic Relationships Among the Pseudomonads , J Bact 82:1-14, 1961.Crossref 4. DeLey, J.: Pseudomonas and Related Genera , Ann Rev Microbiol 18:17-46, 1964.Crossref 5. Hendrie, M.S., and Shewan, J.M.: " The Identification of Certain Pseudomonas Species ," in Gibbs, B.M., and Skinner, F.A. (eds.): Identification Methods for Microbiologists , New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1966, pp 1-7. 6. Breed, R.S.; Murray, E.G.; and Smith, N.R.: Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology , ed 7, Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Co., 1957. 7. Pickett, M.J., and Manclark, C.R.: Tribe Mimeae, an Illegitimate Epithet , Amer J Clin Path 43:161-165, 1965. 8. Cowan, S.T., and Steel, K.J.: Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965. 9. Moore, H.B., and Pickett, M.J.: Organisms Resembling Alcaligenes faecalis , Canad J Microbiol 6:43-52, 1960Crossref 10. Prevot, A.R.: Manual for the Classification and Determination of the Anaerobic Bacteria , V. Fredette (trans) Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, Publishers, 1966. 11. King, E.O.; Ward, M.K.; and Raney, D.E: Two Simple Media for the Demonstration of Pyocyanin and Fluorescin , J Lab Clin Med 44:301-307, 1954. 12. Leifson, E.: Atlas of Bacterial Flagellation , New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1960. 13. Hugh, R., and Leifson, E.: The Taxonomic Significance of Fermentative Versus Oxidative Metabolism of Carbohydrates by Various Gram-Negative Bacteria , J Bact 66:24-26, 1953. 14. Steel, K.J.: The Oxidase Reaction as a Taxonomic Tool , J Gen Microbiol 25:297-306, 1961.Crossref 15. King, E.O.: Studies on a Group of Previously Unclassified Bacteria Associated With Meningitis in Infants , Amer J Clin Path 31:241-247, 1959. 16. Moore, H.B., and Pickett, M.J.: The Pseudomonas-Achromobacter Group , Canad J Microbiol 6:35-42, 1960.Crossref 17. Neil, C.B., and Cellen, M.B.: A Note on Ps stutzeri , J Bact 64:413-422, 1952. 18. Park, R.W.: A Study of Certain Heterotrophic Polar Flagellate Water Bacteria: Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Comamonas , J Gen Microbiol 27:121-133, 1962.Crossref 19. Galarneault, T.P., and Leifson, E.: Taxonomy of Lophomonas, New Genus , Canad J Microbiol 2:102-110, 1956.Crossref 20. Ikari, P., and Hugh, R.: Pseudomonas alcaligenes: Monias (1928), a Polar Monotrichous Dextrose Nonoxidizer , Bact Proc 41: 1963. 21. Hugh, R., and Ryschenhow, E.: Ps maltophilia, an Alcaligenes-Like Species , J Gen Microbiol 26:123-132, 1961.Crossref 22. Leifson, E., and Hugh, R.: Alcaligenes dentrificans, New Species , J Gen Microbiol 11:512-513, 1954.Crossref 23. Leifson, E., and Hugh, R.: A New Type of Polar Monotrichous Flagellation , J Gen Microbiol 10:68-70, 1954.Crossref 24. Meeks, M.V.: The Genus Aeromonas: Methods for Identification , Amer J Med Techn 29:361-378, 1963. 25. Brody, J.A.; Moore, H.; and King, E.O.: Meningitis Caused by an Unclassified Gram-Negative Bacterium in Newborn Infants , Amer J Dis Child 96:1-5, 1958. 26. Leifson, E.: The Bacterial Flora of Distilled and Stored Water: II. Caulobacter Vibroides (Henrici and Johnson 1935) in Distilled Water , Int Bull Bact Nomen Taxon 12:155-159, 1962. 27. Leifson, E.: The Bacterial Flora of Distilled and Stored Water: III. New Species of the Genera Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Spirillum, and Pseudomonas , Int Bull Bact Nomen Taxon 12:161-170, 1962.

Moffet, Hugh L.;Allan, David;Williams, Tommy

1967 American Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1967.02090220019003pmid: 4952773

Abstract AN INCREASE in Pseudomonas infections in newborn infants was reported in 1955 and it was suggested that this was primarily related to the increased use of high humidity atmospheres, although "an investigation disclosed no contamination of the supply bottles" of the sterile distilled water which was used in the humidifying equipment.1 The methods and the details of the cultures were not reported. In 1958, Mac-Pherson described methods for testing oxygen humidifiers for contamination and found that the extent of contamination was far more extensive than had been anticipated.2 In 1961, an editorial entitled "Water Bugs in the Bassinet" reemphasized the role of contaminated water in nursery infections, and suggested holding an agar plate in front of the jet of a mist generator as a simple method to test for sterility.3 More recent studies of inhalation therapy equipment using particle-sizing air samplers have reported that heated incubators, which References 1. Hoffman, MA, and Finberg, L.: Pesudomonas Infections in Infants Associated With High-Humidity Environments , J Pediat 46:626-630, 1955.Crossref 2. MacPherson, C.R.: Oxygen Therapy: An Unsuspected Source of Hospital Infections? JAMA 167:1083-1086, 1958.Crossref 3. Water Bugs in the Bassinet , editorial, Amer J Dis Child 101:273-277, 1961. 4. Reinarz, J.A., et al: The Potential Role of Inhalation Therapy Equipment in Nosocomial Pulmonary Infection , J Clin Invest 44:831-839, 1965.Crossref 5. Edmondson, E.B., et al: Nebulization Equipment: A Potential Source of Infection in Gram-Negative Pneumonias , Amer J Dis Child 111:357-360, 1966.Crossref 6. Decontamination of Fomites in Neonatal Units, Committee on Fetus and Newborn , Pediatrics 38:142-144, 1966. 7. Kresky, B.: Control of Gram-Negative Bacilli in a Hospital Nursery , Amer J Dis Child 107:363-369, 1964. 8. Edmondson, E.B., and Sanford, J.P.: Simple Methods of Bacteriologic Sampling of Nebulization Equipment , Amer Rev Resp Dis 81:450-453, 1966. 9. Moffet, H.L., and Williams, T.: Bacteria Recovered From Distilled Water and Inhalation Therapy Equipment , Amer J Dis Child , this issue, pp 7-12. 10. Walter, C.W., et al: Bacteriology of the Bedside Carafe , New Eng J Med 259:1198-1202, 1958.Crossref

Moffet, Hugh L.;Allan, David

1967 American Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1967.02090220027004

Abstract INHALATION therapy equipment is frequently contaminated with bacteria, as illustrated in the references quoted in the preceding paper.1 The importance of this contamination has been shown by a number of reported outbreaks of serious disease in pediatric patients, which have been traced to organisms which characteristically grow in water or which were found in the water or equipment after the outbreak (Table 1).2-13 However, there is very little data on the risk of colonization or infection of infants exposed to mists contaminated with bacteria. At the time this study was begun, it had just been recognized that the fresh distilled water used in inhalation therapy equipment, which had been presumed to be sterile, contained small concentrations of bacteria. Previous testing of this water using 0.01-ml samples had indicated no bacterial growth, but larger inocula of 0.5 ml of water in 10 ml of broth regularly showed bacterial contamination, References 1. Moffet, H.L.; Allan, D.; and Williams, T.: Survival and Dissemination of Bacteria in Nebulization and Incubators , Amer J Dis Child , this issue. 2. Brady, J.A.; Moore, H.; and King, E.O.: Meningitis Caused by an Unclassified Gram-Negative Bacterium in Newborn Infants , Amer J Dis Child 96:1-5, 1958. 3. King, E.O.: Studies on a Group of Previously Unclassified Bacteria Associated With Meningitis in Infants , Amer J Clin Path 31:241-247, 1959. 4. Rance, C.R, et al: An Epidemic of Septicemia With Meningitis and Hemorrhagic Encephalitis in Premature Infants , J Pediat 51:24-32, 1962.Crossref 5. Sherman, J.D., et al: Alcaligenes faecalis Infection in the Newborn , Amer J Dis Child 100:212-216, 1960. 6. Cabrera, H.A., and Davis, G.H.: Epidemic Meningitis of the Newborn Caused by Flavobacteria , Amer J Dis Child 101:289-295, 1961.Crossref 7. Foley, J.F., Achromobacter Septicemia—Fatalities in Prematures , Amer J Dis Child 101:279-288, 1961.Crossref 8. Becker, A.H.: Infection Due to Proteus mirabilis in Newborn Nursery , Amer J Dis Child 104:355-359, 1962. 9. McCormach, R.C., and Kunin, C.M.: Control of a Single Source Nursery Epidemic Due to Serratia marcescens , Pediatrics 37:750-755, 1966. 10. Kresky, B.: Cross Infection on a Pediatric Contagion Unit , Clin Pediat 4:699-703, 1965.Crossref 11. Bassett, D.C.; Thompson, S.A.; and Page, B.: Neonatal Infections With Pseudomonas aeruginosa Associated With Contaminated Resuscitation Equipment , Lancet 1:781-784, 1965.Crossref 12. Rubbo, S.D.; Gardner, J.F.; and Franklin, J.C.: Source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Premature Infants , J Hyg 64:121-128, 1966.Crossref 13. Wilson, M.G., et al: New Source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Nursery , JAMA 175:1146-1148, 1961.Crossref 14. Moffet, H.L., and Williams, T.: Bacteria Recovered From Distilled Water and Inhalation Therapy Equipment , Amer J Dis Child , this issue, pp 7-12.

Fulginiti, Vincent A.;Amer, Jules;Eller, Jerry J.;Joyner, Joseph W.;Askin, Penelope

1967 American Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1967.02090220032005pmid: 4378106

Abstract THE NEED for and the present status of parainfluenza virus vaccines have been described in published reports.1 With one exception, the antigens have been administered as monovalent vaccines and antibody responses measured.1 The desired goal of respiratory virus immunization is the administration of a multivalent preparation containing the principal agents producing respiratory illness in infants and children.2 This report details the results of a vaccine trial in young infants employing three parainfluenza monovalent vaccines administered simultaneously. Materials and Methods Population.—An established well-baby clinic located at General Rose Memorial Hospital in Denver was chosen for the vaccine trial. All infants were born at this hospital and admitted to the Well-Baby Clinic at 6 weeks of age. Candidates for the vaccine program were healthy infants between 3 and 14 months of age, whose parents volunteered them for the study and signed a written consent for participation after full References 1. Potash, L., et al: Respiratory Virus Vaccines: 1. Respiratory Syncytial and Parainfluenza Virus Vaccines , Amer Rev Resp Dis 93:536, 1966. 2. Chanock, R.M., and Parrott, R.H.: Acute Respiratory Disease in Infancy and Childhood: Present Understanding and Prospects for Prevention , Pediatrics 36:21, 1965. 3. Kim, H.W., et al: Immunogenicity of Parainfluenza Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 Vaccines in Infants , JAMA 196:819, 1966.Crossref 4. Fulginiti, V.A., et al: Parainfluenza Virus Immunization: 2. The Influence of Age and Maternal Antibody Upon Successful Immunization With an Alum-Adsorbed Parainfluenza Type 3 Vaccine , Pediat Res 1:50, 1967.Crossref 5. Fulginiti, V.A., et al: Parainfluenza Virus Immunization: 1. Antigenicity of Two Inactivated, Adjuvant Parainfluenza Type 3 Vaccines , Amer Rev Resp Dis 95:320, 1967.

Iturzaeta, Nenita;Kenny, Frederic M.;Sieber, William

1967 American Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1967.02090220035006pmid: 4951524

Abstract FEMINIZING TUMORS of the ovary are usually of the granulosa, theca, or lutein cell origin. Of the three, granulosa cell tumors are the most common.1 Although they are usually diagnosed after the menopause, 5% to 10% of the tumors are recognized before puberty.2 The youngest patient reported had a granulosa cell tumor removed at 16 weeks of age.3 The production of large amounts of estrogens by these tumors results in striking changes in prepubertal individuals: appearance of mammary hypertrophy, enlargement of the labia minora, pubic and axillary hair growth, a rapid increase in height, and enlargement of the vagina and uterus, often with periodic uterine bleeding.4 Granulosa cell tumors are nearly always readily palpable on abdominal or rectal examination by the time the child shows signs of premature sexual development.5 To our knowledge there is only one previous report in which a granulosa cell tumor, References 1. Boyd, W.: Textbook of Pathology , ed 7, Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1961, p 933. 2. Browne, F.J., and McClure, J.C.: Postgraduate Obstetrics and Gynecology , ed 3, London: Butterworth and Co., Ltd., 1963. 3. Zemke, E.E., and Herrell, W.E.: Bilateral Granulosa Cell Tumors , Amer J Obstet Gynec 41:704-707, 1941. 4. Soffer, L.J.: Diseases of Endocrine Glands , ed 2, Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1956, p 704-705. 5. Wilkins, L.; Blizzard, R.M.; and Migeon, C.J.: The Diagnosis and Treatment of Endocrine Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence , ed 3, Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1965, p 229-231. 6. Eberlein, W.R., et al: Ovarian Tumors and Cysts Associated With Sexual Precocity , J Pediat 57:484-497, 1960.Crossref 7. Steiner, M.M., and Hadawi, S.: Granulosa Cell Tumor With Sexual Precocity , Amer J Dis Child 104:380-384, 1962. 8. Marsh, J.M., et al: Estrogen Synthesis in a Feminizing Ovarian Granulosa Cell Tumor , J Clin Endocr 22:1196-1200, 1962.Crossref 9. Reis, R.L., and Koop, C.E.: Ovarian Tumors in Infants and Children , J Pediat 60:96-102, 1962.Crossref 10. Litton, M.A., and Fox, T.C.: Hemorrhage From Granulosa: Theca Cell Tumor of the Ovary: An Unusual Case of Acute Abdominal Pain in a Child , Wisconsin Med J 64:282-284, 1965. 11. Bernard, R., et al: A propos de deux cas de tumeur feminisante de l'ovaire chez, des sujets, de 14 mois et 3 ans 1/2 - operation - guerison , Pediatriae 17:277-284, 1962. 12. Niswander, K.R.; Courey, N.G.; and Woodward, T.: Precocious Pseudopuberty Caused by Ovarian Tumors , Obstet Gynec 26:381-387, 1965. 13. Wuester, W.O.: Granulosa: Theca Cell Tumor of the Ovary in a Five-Year-Old Child , J Med Soc New Jersey 58:256-257, 1961. 14. Bruk, I.; Dancaster, C.P.; and Jackson, W.P.: Granulosa Cell Tumors Causing Precocious Puberty. Oestrogen Fractionations in Two Patients Brit Med J 2:26-28, 1960.Crossref 15. Forshall, I.: Ovarian Neoplasms in Children , Arch Dis Child 35:17-21, 1960.Crossref 16. Spreer, F.; Holzhausen, G.; and Hunger, H.: Maligner Granulosazeltumor im Kindesalter , Zbl Allg Path 102:461-471, 1961. 17. Kutty, M.K., and Sreedharan, T.: Granulosa Cell Tumor of the Ovary: A Case of Luteinizing Granulosa Cell Tumor in a Child of Nine , Indian J Pediat 31:41-45 ( (Feb) ) 1964.Crossref 18. Gonzales, J.R.: Tumor de celulas de la granulosa en una nina de ocho anos , Prensa Med Argent 48:300-310, ( (Feb 3) ) 1961. 19. Watson, E.H., and Lowrey, G.H.: Growth and Development in Children , ed 4, Chicago: The Year Book Publishers, 1962, pp 70-73. 20. Greulich, W.W., and Pyle, I.S.: A Roentgenologic Atlas of Skeletal Maturation of the Hand and Wrist , ed 2, Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1959. 21. Callow, N.H.; Callow, R.K.; and Emmens, C.W.: Colorimetric Determination of Substances Containing Grouping: CH2CO in Urine Extracts as Indication of Androgen Content , Biochem J 32:1312-1331, 1938. 22. Kenny, F.M.; Malvaux, P.; Migeon, C..J: Cortisol Production Rate in Newborn Babies, Infants, and Children , Pediatrics 31:360-373, 1963. 23. Brown, J.B.: Chemical Method for Determination of Estriol, Estrone and Estradiol in Human Urine , Biochem J 60:185-193, 1955. 24. Klinefelter, H.F.; Albright, F.; and Griswold, G.C.: Experience With a Quantitative Test for Normal or Decreased Amounts of Follicle Stimulating Hormone in the Urine in Endocrinological Diagnosis , J Clin Endocr 3:531-544, 1943.Crossref 25. Preeyasombat, C., and Kenny, F.M.: Urocytograms in Normal Children and Various Abnormal Conditions , Pediatrics 38:436-443, 1966. 26. Pedowitz, P.; Felmus, L.B.; and Macklet, A.: Precocious Pseudopuberty Due to Ovarian Tumors , Obstet Gynec Survery 10:633-653, 1955. 27. Wilson, J.R.; Beecham, C.T.; and Carrington, E.R.: Obstetrics and Gynecology , ed 2, St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Co., 1963, p 650. 28. Paschkis, K.E.; Rakoff, A.E.; and Cantarow, A.: Clinical Endocrinology , ed 2, New York: Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1958, p 489. 29. Seckel, H.P.: Precocious Sexual Development in Children , Med Clin N Amer 30:183-206, 1946. 30. Groeber, W.R.: Ovarian Tumors in Infancy and Childhood , Amer J Obstet Gynec 86:1027-35, 1963. 31. Diddle, A.W.: Granulosa and Theca Cell Ovarian Tumors, Prognosis , Cancer 5:215-228, 1952.Crossref 32. Aimes, A.; Guilbert, H.L.; and Galvaing, P.: Retroperitoneal Recurrence of a Granulosa Cell Tumor Following Removal of a Right Ovarian Tumor at the Age of 8 Years , Gynec Obstet 45:801-806, 1946. 33. Novak, E.: Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology , ed 3, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1952, p 421.

Nahmias, André J.;Griffith, Dorothy;Snitzer, Joseph

1967 American Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1967.02090220042007pmid: 4378107

Abstract THE ASSOCIATION of adenoviruses with fatal disease in children has been noted in many parts of the world by several investigators.1-10 In view of the ability of this group of viruses to establish latent infection in various body tissues, including the lung,11 Sohier et al have recently proposed12 that even the recovery of these viruses from postmortem material is not definitive in establishing an etiological association with the patient's death. These workers would also require evidence of viral multiplication in affected organs. Such criteria have been fulfilled in the case we are presenting of a 10-month-old girl who died of severe pneumonia. Adenovirus type 7 was isolated not only from her stool, but also in high titer from her lungs and pericardial fluid. Histopathological changes consistent with adenovirus infection were observed in postmortem lung tissue. In addition, by the use of electron microscopy, viral particles morphologically consistent References 1. Pereira, H.G., and Kelly, B.: Studies on Natural and Experimental Infections by Adenovirus , Proc Roy Soc 50:755, 1957. 2. Chany, C., et al: Severe and Fatal Pneumonia in Infants and Young Children Associated With Adenovirus Infections , Amer J Hyg 67:367, 1958. 3. Osada, R., and Hanayama, R.: A Fatal Case of Infantile Pneumonia Due to Adenovirus; Clinical Findings , Jap J Exp Med 28:293, 1958. 4. Deinhardt, F., et al: The Isolation of Adenovirus Type 1 From a Fatal Case of Viral "Pneumonitis," Arch Intern Med 102:816, 1958.Crossref 5. Dreizin, R.S., et al: Outbreaks of Adenovirus Infections , Prob Virol 5:196, 1960. 6. Parker, W.L.; Wilt, J.C.; and Stackiw, W.: Adenovirus Infections , Canad J Public Health 52:246, 1961. 7. Jen, K.F., et al: The Role of Adenovirus in the Etiology of Infantile Pneumonia and Pneumonia Complicating Measles , Chin Med J 81:141, 1962. 8. Benyesh-Melnick, M., and Rosenberg, H.S.: The Isolation of Adenovirus Type 7 From a Fatal Case of Pneumonia and Disseminated Disease , J Pediat 64:83, 1964.Crossref 9. Patzer, von H., and Braun, W.: Die Adenoviruspneumonie , Munchen Med Wschr 107:( (2) )1985, 1965. 10. Collier, A.M.; Connor, J.D.; and Irving, W.R.: Generalized Type 5 Adenovirus Infection Associated With the Pertussis Syndrome , J Pediat 69:1073, 1966.Crossref 11. Evans, A.S.: Latent Adenovirus Infections of the Human Respiratory Tract , Amer J Hyg 67:256, 1958. 12. Sohier, R.; Chardonnet, Y.; and Prunieras, M.: Adenoviruses: Status of Current Knowledge , Progr Med Virol 7:263, 1965. 13. Enders, J.: " Measles Virus ," in Lennette, E.H., and Schmidt, N.J. (eds.): Diagnostic Procedures for Viral and Rickettsial Diseases , New York: The American Public Health Association, Inc., 1964, p 534. 14. Boyer, G.S.; Leuchtenberger, C.; and Ginsberg, H.S.: Cytological and Cytochemical Studies of Hela Cells Infected With Adenoviruses , J Exp Med 105:192, 1957a.Crossref 15. Cabanel, G., et al: Acute Pericarditis With Reaction of Positive Complement Fixation to Adenoviruses , J Med Lyon 47:83, 1966. 16. Von Guthert, H.; Wockel, W.; and Meerbach, W.: Die adenoviruspneumonia: pathologische anatomie , Munchen Med Wschr 107( (2) ):1990, 1965. 17. Naib, Z.M., et al: Cytological Features of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections, Acta Cytologica, to be published.

Bierman, C. Warren

1967 American Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1967.02090220048008pmid: 4951525

Abstract THOUGH first recognized by Laennec1 in 1819, and first noted as a complication of childhood asthma in 1850,2 only 20 cases of pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax, or both, complicating acute asthma in children were reported in the world medical literature by 1960.3 Subsequent papers by McGovern et al,3 Jorgenson et al,4 Ozonoff,5 and others6,7 suggest that these conditions complicate childhood asthmatic attacks far more often than had hitherto been suspected. Between 1959 and 1966, 16 asthmatic children in the Pacific Northwest have experienced 20 complications of such extra-pulmonary air. This paper examines clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis of these complications in children. Materials and Methods Between January 1959 and April 1966, 12 children with 15 acute attacks of asthma complicated by pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax were treated at the King County Hospital, the Children's Orthopedic Hospital and Medical Center, and the University Hospital in References 1. Laennec, R.T.: A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest , J. Forbes (trans.), New York: Hofner Publishing Co. under auspices of NY Academy of Medicine, 1962, p 784. 2. Knott, G.A.: On Emphysema of the Neck Caused by Violent Coughing , Lancet 1:16, 1850.Crossref 3. McGovern, J.P., et al: Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema Complicating Atopic Asthma in Infants and Children , Pediatrics 27:951, 1961. 4. Jorgensen, J.R.; Falliers, C.J.; and Bukantz, S.C.: Pneumothorax and Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema in Children With Bronchial Asthma , Pediatrics 31:824, 1963. 5. Ozonoff, M.B.: Pneumomediastinum Associated With Asthma and Pneumonia in Children , Amer J Roentgen 95:112, 1965.Crossref 6. McNicholl, B.: Pneumomediastinum and Subcutaneous Emphysema in Status Asthmaticus, Requiring Surgical Decompression , Arch Dis Child 35:389, 1960.Crossref 7. Payne, T.W., and Geppert, L.J.: Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema Complicating Bronchial Asthma in a Nine-Year-Old Male , J Allergy 32:135, 1961.Crossref 8. Rackemann, F.M., and Edwards, M.C.: Medical Progress; Asthma in Children; Follow-up Study of 688 Patients After Interval of 20 Years , New Eng J Med 246:815, 1952.Crossref 9. Hamman, L.: Spontaneous Mediastinal Emphysema (Henry Sewell Lecture) , Bull Hopkins Hosp 64:1, 1939. 10. Lawson, J.D.: The Scratch Sign: Valuable Aid in the Diagnosis of Pneumothorax , New Eng J Med 264:88, 1961.Crossref 11. Berkley, H.K., and Coffen, T.H.: Generalized Interstitial Emphysema and Spontaneous Pneumothorax as Complications of Bronchopneumonia , JAMA 72:535, 1919.Crossref 12. Kelman, S.R.: Experimental Emphysema , Arch Intern Med 24:332, 1919.Crossref 13. Macklin, C.C.: Pneumothorax With Massive Collapse From Experimental Local Overinflation of Lung Substance , Canad Med Assoc J 36:414, 1937. 14. Macklin, M.T., and Macklin, C.C.: Malignant Interstitial Emphysema of Lungs and Mediastinum as Important Occult Complication in Many Respiratory Diseases and Other Conditions; Interpretation of Clinical Literature in Light of Laboratory Experiment , Medicine 23:281, 1944.Crossref 15. Polak, B., and Adams, H.: Traumatic Air Embolism in Submarine Escape Training , US Nav Med Bull 30:165, 1932. 16. Von Hayek, H.: The Human Lung , V. E. Krahl (trans.), New York: Hafner Publishing Co., Inc., 1960, p 236. 17. Armstrong, D., and Mitchell, R.S.: Spontaneous Pneumothorax During Steroid Therapy of Rapidly Progressive, Far Advanced Pulmonary Tuberculosis , Amer Rev Resp Dis 82:551, 1960 18. Macklin, C.C.: Transport of Air Along Sheaths of Pulmonic Blood Vessels From Alveoli to Mediastinum; Clinical Implications , Arch Intern Med 64: 913, 1939.Crossref 19. Grossman, J.W., and Cramer, O.S.: Mediastinal Emphysema Occurring During Acute Paroxysm of Bronchial Asthma , Radiology 52:705, 1949.Crossref 20. Derbes, V.J.; Weaver, N.K.; and Cotton, A.L.: Complications of Bronchial Asthma , Amer J Med Sci 222:88, 1951.Crossref 21. Doub, H.P., and Shea, J.J.: Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis , JAMA 172:1238, 1960.Crossref 22. Keyting, W.S., et al: Pneumatosis Intestinalis: A New Concept , Radiology 76:733, 1961.Crossref 23. Derbes, V.J.; Engelhardt, H.T.; and Sodeman, W.A.: Unusual Complications of Bronchial Asthma: Air in Extrapulmonary Spaces , Ann Allerg 3:21, 1945. 24. Deamer, W.C.: " Allergies in Childhood ," in S. Z. Levine (ed.): Advances in Pediatrics , Chicago: vol 11, 1960, Yearbook Publishers, Inc., p 162. 25. Mitchell, H.S., and Bacal, H.L.: Pneumothorax and Interstitial Emphysema in Asthma , Canad Med Assoc J 63:467, 1950. 26. Thaler, M.M., et at: Treatment of Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema Complicating Asthma in Children , J Pediat 65:75, 1964.Crossref 27. Pecora, D.V., et al: Tracheotomy in the Treatment of Severe Mediastinal Emphysema , JAMA 166:354, 1958.Crossref

Robertson, William O.

1967 American Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1967.02090220057009pmid: 4951526

Abstract TODAY THE THESIS requirement in higher education is an accepted academic tradition. Despite an absence of controlled studies about its efficacy, few seem to take issue with its validity. In the medical school this "ultimate obstacle" has been distilled by many departments into a "term paper requirement." Not uniformly perceived as a relished opportunity by all medical students, here too, educational effectiveness has yet to be documented. The following report describes how in the Department of Pediatrics at the Ohio State University College of Medicine a long-standing term paper requirement was modified to accomplish specific objectives providing both subjective and objective evidence concerning the efficacy of modification. The techniques are seen as having somewhat broader implications. Background In early 1950's, a number of pediatric departments began encouraging their students to seek out the overall impact of disease upon a child, his family, and his community. Concurrently, attempts to kindle in-depth References 1. Turner, E.V., and Robertson, W.O.: Student Appraisal of Pediatrics Learning , J Med Ed 39:785-790 ( (Aug) ) 1964.

Rogers, K. D.;Reese, Grace

1967 American Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1967.02090220061010pmid: 4952775

Abstract OFTEN in high school health programs, treatment of minor illness is limited to first aid or to simple, nonspecific measures such as temporary bedrest or local application of heat. Support of such policies generally rests on the assumption that the responsibility for a pupil's definitive medical care is the parent's and not the school's. There is, however, some difference in interpretation in various school health programs as to what measures are considered "first-aid" or "nonspecific" and which are not. One measure about which there is a difference of opinion is administration of aspirin for relief of symptoms of minor morbidity. For approximately five years it was the policy of a suburban Pittsburgh high school health service to dispense aspirin as part of the care of minor illness in pupils. The policy was based on the assumptions that such treatment carried no risk and that in many instances it contributed to References 1. Rogers, K.D., and Reese, G.: Health Studies: Presumably Normal High School Students: III. Health Room Visits, Amer J Dis Child 109:28-42, 1965.Crossref 2. Rogers, K.D., and Reese, G.: Health Studies: Presumably Normal High School Students: II. Absence From School , Amer J Dis Child 109:9-27, 1964.Crossref 3. Lasagna, L.; Laties, G.; and Dohan, J.: Further Studies on the Pharmacology of Placebo Administration , J Clin Invest 37:533-537, 1958.Crossref 4. Sevelius, H., and Colmore, J.P.: Experimental Design for Evaluation of Nonnarcotic Analgesic Agents , J New Drugs 4:337-347, 1964.Crossref 5. Orkin, R.; Joseph, I.; and Helrich: Effects of Mild Analgesics in Postpartum Pain , New York J Med 57:71-73, 1957. 6. Szmyd, L.; McCall, M.; and Porreca, L.: Aspirin and Placebo in Oral Surgery , J Amer Dent Ass 59:84-87, 1959. 7. Jellinek, E.M.: Clinical Tests on Comparative Effectiveness of Analgesic Drugs , Biometrics 2:87-91, 1946.Crossref 8. Gravenstein, J.S.; Devloo, R.A.; and Beecher, H.K.: Effect of Antitussive Agents on Experimental and Pathological Cough in Man , J Appl Physiol 7:119-139, 1954. 9. Diehl, J.S.: Medicinal Treatment of the Common Cold , JAMA 101:2042-2049, 1933.Crossref 10. Beecher, H.K.: Increased Stress and Effectiveness of Placebo and "Active Drugs" , Science 132:91-92, 1960.Crossref 11. Beecher, H.K.: The Powerful Placebo , JAMA 159:1602-1606, 1955.Crossref 12. Honigfeld: Nonspecific Factors in Treatment, II. Review of Social-Psychological Factors , Dis Nerv Syst 25:225-239, 1964. 13. Wolff: Conferences on Therapy , New York J Med 46:1718-1727, 1946. 14. DeKornfeld, T.S.; Lasagna, L.; and Frazier, T.M.: A Comparative Study of Five Proprietary Analgesic Compounds , JAMA 182:1315-1318, 1962.Crossref