A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

VERNIER, ROBERT L.;BRUNSON, JOEL;GOOD, ROBERT A.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040471001

Abstract The nephrotic syndrome has rarely been observed in more than one member of a family and is not generally considered to be a familial disease. Prader1 and Goettsch,2 however, reported the occurrence of the nephrotic syndrome in twins. Barnett3 has observed nephrosis in two siblings of three families and Werner4 in siblings of two additional families. Recently Fanconi5,6 summarized the experience of his clinic with regard to the familial incidence of the nephrotic syndrome in 17 children of seven families. He concluded that nephrosis may occur as a familial disease and that the disease tends to be severer in older members of the family. He also stated that the prognosis of familial nephrosis seemed to be worse than that usually accorded the sporadic form of nephrosis. This report presents the results of a study of a family in which all four children suffered from the References 1. Prader, A.: Lipoidnephrose bei eineiigen Zwillingen , Helvet. pediat. acta 5:392, 1950. 2. Goettsch, E.: Nephritis and Nephrosis , in Brenneman's Practice of Pediatrics , Vol. 3, Chap. 28, 1948, p. 14. 3. Barnett, H. L.; Forman, C. W., and Lauson, H. D.: The Nephrotic Syndrome in Children , in Advances in Pediatrics , Vol. 5, Edited by S. Z. Levine, Chicago, The Year Book Publishers, Inc., 1952. 4. Werner, M.: Handbuch der Erbbiologie , Berlin, Springer, 1942, p. 886. 5. Fanconi, G.; Kousmine, C., and Frischknecht, W.: Die konstitutionelle Bereitschaft zum Nephrosesyndrom , Helvet. pediat. acta 6:199, 1951. 6. Friderich, J.; Prader, A., and Fanconi, G.: Häufigkeit, Prognose und Behandlung des Nephrosesyndroms , Helvet. pediat. acta 9:109, 1954. 7. McQuarrie, I.: Experiments of Nature , Lawrence, Kan., University of Kansas Press, 1944. 8. Emerson, K., Jr.; Futcher, P. H., and Farr, L. E.: The Relation of High and Low Urea Clearances to the Inulin and Creatinine Clearances in Children with the Nephrotic Syndrome , J. Clin. Invest. 20:361, 1941.Crossref 9. Rubin, M. I.; Bruck, E., and Rapoport, M.: Maturation of Renal Function in Childhood: Clearance Studies , J. Clin. Invest. 28:1144, 1949.Crossref 10. Metcoff, J.; Kelsey, W. M., and Janeway, C. A.: The Nephrotic Syndrome in Children: An Interpretation of Its Clinical, Biochemical, and Renal Hemodynamic Features as Variations of a Single Type of Nephron Disease , J. Clin. Invest. 30:471, 1951.Crossref 11. Randolf, T. G.: Blood Studies in Allergy: I. Direct Counting Chamber Determination of Eosinophiles in Propylene Glycol-Aqueous Stains , J. Allergy 15:89, 1944.Crossref 12. Ely, R.; Raile, R. B.; Bray, P. F., and Kelley, V. C.: Studies of 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids: IV. Evaluation of a Standard ACTH-17-Hydroxycorticosteroid Response Test in Children , Pediatrics 13:403, 1954. 13. McCall, M. F., and Singer, B.: Studies in Nephrosis: Chemical Corticoids, Salt-Retaining Factor, and Effect of ACTH , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 13:1157, 1953.Crossref 14. Farnsworth, E. B.: Studies on Adrenocortical Function in Relation to the Nephrotic Syndrome , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 13:1169, 1953.Crossref 15. Leutscher, J. A., Jr.; Neher, R., and Wettstein, A.: Isolation of Crystalline Aldosterone from the Urine of a Nephrotic Patient , Experientia 10:456, 1954.Crossref 16. Unpublished observations. 17. Kelley, V. C.; Good, R. A., and McQuarrie, I.: Serum Mucoproteins in Children in Health and Disease with Special Reference to Rheumatic Fever , Pediatrics 5:824, 1950. 18. Longsworth, L. G., and MacInnes, D. A.: An Electrophoretic Study of Nephrotic Sera and Urine , J. Exper. Med. 71:77, 1940.Crossref 19. Kelley, V. C.; Good, R. A., and Glick, D.: Mucolytic Enzyme Systems: XI. Hyaluronidase Inhibitor and Serum Mucoproteins in Patients with Lipoid Nephrosis and Acute Glomerulonephritis , J. Clin. Invest. 29:1500, 1950.Crossref 20. Rytand, D. A., and Randall, E.: Titers of Heterophile Antibodies and Antistreptolysin "O" in Acute Glomerular Nephritis and in the Nephrotic Syndrome , Am. J. Med. 8:524, 1950.Crossref 21. Rytand, D. A.; Rantz, L. A., and Randall, E.: Antistreptolysin "O" in Urine and Serum of Patients with the Nephrotic Syndrome, Proceedings of the Society for Clinical Investigation , J. Clin. Invest. 29:843, 1950. 22. Earle, D. P., Jr., and others: The Serum Antistreptolysin Titer in Chronic Glomerulonephritis , J. Clin. Invest. 21:483, 1942.Crossref 23. Allen, A. C.: Clinicopathologic Meaning of the Nephrotic Syndrome , Am. J. Med. 18:277, 1955.Crossref 24. Heymann, W., and Lund, H. Z.: Nephrotic Syndrome in Rats , Pediatrics 7:691, 1951. 25. Seegal, B. C.; Hasson, M. W.; Gaynor, E. C., and Rothenberg, M. S.: Glomerulonephritis Produced in Dogs by Specific Antisera: I. The Course of the Disease Resulting from Injection of Rabbit Antidog-Placenta Serum or Rabbit Antidog-Kidney Serum , J. Exper. Med. 102:789, 1955.Crossref 26. Bevans, M.; Seegal, B. C., and Kaplan, R.: Glomerulonephritis Produced in Dogs by Specific Antisera: II. Pathologic Sequences Following the Injection of Rabbit Antidog-Placenta Serum or Rabbit Antidog-Kidney Serum , J. Exper. Med. 102:807, 1955.Crossref 27. Coons, A. H.; Leduc, E. H., and Connolly, J. M.: Studies on Antibody Production: I. A Method for the Histochemical Demonstration of Specific Antibody and Its Application to a Study of the Hyperimmune Rabbit , J. Exper. Med. 102: 49, 1955.Crossref 28. Muehrcke, R. C.; Kark, R. M., and Pirani, C. L.: Biopsy of the Kidney in the Diagnosis and Management of Renal Disease , New England J. Med. 253:537, 1955.Crossref 29. Rennie, J. B.: The Oedematous Syndrome of Nephritis with Special Reference to Prognosis , Quart. J. Med. 16:21, 1947. 30. Heymann, W., and Alperin, L. J.: Lipemic Nephrosis With and Without Nephritis , Am. Pract. 3:680, 1949. 31. Bell, E. T.: Renal Diseases , Ed. 6, Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1950. 32. Heymann, W., and Startzman, V.: Lipemic Nephrosis , J. Pediat. 28:117, 1946.Crossref 33. Block, W. M.; Jackson, R. L.; Stearns, G., and Butsch, M. P.: Lipoid Nephrosis: Clinical and Biochemical Studies of 40 Children with 10 Necropsies , Pediatrics 1:733, 1948. 34. Murphy, F. D.; Warfield, L. M.; Grill, J., and Annis, E. R.: Lipoid Nephrosis: A Study of 9 patients, with Special Reference to Those Observed over a Long Period , Arch. Int. Med. 62: 355, 1938.Crossref 35. Pantin, C. G.: A Study of the Relation Between Nephritis and Nephrosis , Guy's Hosp. Rep. 18:456, 1938. 36. Dunn, J. S.: Nephrosis or Nephritis? J. Path. & Bact. 39:1, 1934. 37. Farquhar, M.; Vernier, R. L., and Good, R. A.: Studies of Familial Nephrosis: II. The Renal Lesion as Observed with the Electron Microscope, Am. J. Path., to be published. 38. Unpublished observations. 39. Fanconi, G.: Tubular Insufficiency and Renal Dwarfism , Arch. Dis. Childhood 29:1, 1954. 40. Babson, S. G.: Renal Glycosuria , J. Pediat. 17:781, 1940.

GUEST, GEORGE M.;BROWN, ESTELLE W.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040488002pmid: 13410384

Abstract This paper presents a summary of hematologic data collected during the years 1932 to 1942. Some have been published previously in reports dealing particularly with problems of iron-deficiency anemia.1-5 At the time the studies were done plans were made for more complete statistical analysis of the assembled data, but various circumstances delayed the completion of that part of the project. The data are now presented in tables and charts designed to emphasize the sequence of changes in characteristics of the erythrocytes of infants and children at different ages and to demonstrate certain patterns of variability in those characteristics observed within different age groups. The data were derived from studies on 1735 samples of blood from infants and children selected at random, at ages from birth to 16 years. Of these, 1568 samples were from children born at full term, of single birth, and 167 samples were from twins, triplets, References 1. Guest, G. M., and Brown, E. W.: Erythrocytes and Hemoglobin of the Blood in Infancy and in Childhood: I. Size and Hemoglobin Content of the Erythrocytes in Nutritional Anemia , Am. J. Dis. Child. 52:616-626 ( (Sept.) ) 1936.Crossref 2. Guest, G. M.; Brown, E. W., and Wing, M.: Erythrocytes and Hemoglobin of the Blood in Infancy and Childhood: II. Variability in Number, Size and Hemoglobin Content of the Erythrocytes During the First 5 Years of Life , Am. J. Dis. Child. 56:529-549 ( (Sept.) ) 1938.Crossref 3. Guest, G. M.: Hematologic Methods in Detecting Nutritional Anemia , in Nutrition: The Newer Diagnostic Methods , New York, Milbank Memorial Fund, 1938. 4. Guest, G. M.: Variabilité dans le nombre, le volume moyen et la concentration en hémoglobine des globules rouges, ainsi que dans l'hémoglobine totale du sang, pendent la période comprise entre la naissance et la cinquième année , Xe Cong. d. Pediat. Paris , Oct. 6, 7, 8, 1938, pp. 111-121. 5. Guest, G. M.: Hypoferric Anemia in Infancy: Nutritional Anemia , Robert Gould Research Foundation (1947) , 1:144-163 ( (Aug.) ) 1948. 6. Lahey, M. E., personal communication to the authors. 7. Guest, G. M., and Siler, V. E.: Centrifuge Method for the Determination of the Volume of Cells in Blood , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 19:757-767 ( (April) ) 1934. 8. Palmer, W. W.: The Colorimetric Determination of Hemoglobin , J. Biol. Chem. 33:119 ( (Jan.) ) 1918. 9. Van Slyke, D. D., and Hiller, A.: Gasometric determination of hemoglobin by the Carbon Monoxide Capacity Method , J. Biol. Chem. 78: 807-819 ( (Aug.) ) 1928. 10. Wintrobe, M. M.: Clinical Hematology , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1946, Chap. 7 . 11. Fisher, R. A.: Statistical Methods for Research Workers , London, Oliver & Boyd, Ltd., 1954, Section 15. 12. Anderson, N. A.; Brown, E. W., and Lyon, R. A.: Causes of Prematurity: II. Comparison of Maternal Histories of Premature and of Full Term Infants , Am. J. Dis. Child. 61:72-87 ( (Jan.) ) 1941. 13. Josephs, H. W.: Iron Metabolism and Hypochromic Anemia of Infancy , Medicine 32: 125-213 ( (May) ) 1953.

PICKERING, DONALD E.;SHELINE, GLENN E.;CRANE, JACKSON T.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040512003pmid: 13410385

Abstract Introduction A survey of sporadic cretinism in the United States conducted by Sir William Osler in 1897 revealed that 7 among 60 cases studied were goitrous; moreover, 3 of those 7 cases were from one family of five children.1 Observations with respect to sporadic goitrous hypothyroidism were not significantly enlarged upon until the introduction of I131 to clinical studies of human thyroid metabolism by Hamilton and Soley in 1939.2 While sporadic goitrous hypothyroidism has subsequently undergone rather extensive investigation, attempts to clarify its pathophysiology are of recent origin.3-16Eight children with this disorder are presented in this report in conjunction with data from laboratory investigations of their altered iodine metabolism. Pathologic data from these and other cases are described in a subsequent publication.17 Report of Cases Case 1.–A boy was born uneventfully on March 27, 1948, after a normal full-term pregnancy. The family had never References 1. Osler, W.: Sporadic Cretinism in America , Tr. Cong. Am. Physicians & Surgeons 4:169-206, 1897. 2. Hamilton, J. G., and Soley, M. H.: Studies in Iodine Metabolism by Use of New Radioactive Isotope of Iodine , Am. J. Physiol. 127:557-572, 1939. 3. Hamilton, J. G.; Soley, M. H.; Reilly, W. A., and Eichorn, K. B.: Radioactive Iodine Studies in Childhood Hypothyroidism , Am. J. Dis. Child. 66:495-502, 1943. 4. Lerman, J.; Jones, H. W., and Calkins, E.: Studies on Two Sporadic Cretinous Brothers with Goiter, Together with Some Remarks on the Relation of Hyperplasia to Neoplasia , Ann. Int. Med. 25:677-701, 1946. 5. Stanbury, J. B., and Hedge, A. M.: Study of Family of Goitrous Creatins , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 10:1471-1484, 1950. 6. Stanbury, J. B.: Cretinism with Goiter: Case Report , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 11:740-742, 1951. 7. Hubble, D.: Familial Cretinism , Lancet 1: 1112-1117, 1953. 8. McGirr, E. M., and Hutchison, J. H.: Radioactive-Iodine Studies in Non-Endemic Goitrous Cretinism , Lancet 1:1117-1120, 1953. 9. Silverman, S. H., and Wilkins, L.: Radioiodine Uptake in a Study of Different Types of Hypothyroidism in Childhood , Pediatrics 12:288-299, 1953. 10. Wilkins, L.; Clayton, G. W., Jr., and Bethrong, M.: Development of Goiters in Cretins Without Iodine Deficiency: Hypothyroidism Due to Apparent Inability of the Thyroid Gland to Synthesize Hormone , Pediatrics 13:235-246, 1954. 11. Stanbury, J. B.; Kassenaar, A. A. H.; Meijer, J. W. A., and Terpstra, J.: The Occurrence of Mono- and Di-Iodotyrosine in the Blood of a Patient with Congenital Goiter , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 15:1216-1227, 1955. 12. Bell, G. O., and Eisenbeis, C. H., Jr.: The Nontoxic Nodular Hyperplastic Goiter , New England J. Med. 253:812-814, 1955. 13. Stanbury, J. B.; Kassenaar, A. A. H., and Meijer, J. W. A.: The Metabolism of Iodotyrosines: I. The Fate of Mono- and Di-Iodotyrosine in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Various Diseases , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 16:735-746, 1956. 14. Stanbury, J. B.; Meijer, J. W. A., and Kassenaar, A. A. H.: The Metabolism of Iodotyrosines: II. The Metabolism of Mono- and DiIodotyrosine in Certain Patients with Familial Goiter , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 16:848-868, 1956, 15. Querido, A.; Stanbury, J. B.; Kassenaar, A. A. H., and Meijer, J. W. A.: The Metabolism of Iodotyrosines: III. Di-Iodotyrosine Deshalogenating Activity of Human Thyroid Tissue , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 16:1096-1101, 1956. 16. Levy, R. P.; Kelly, L. W., Jr., and Jefferies, W. McK: The Effects of Thyrotropin and Dessicated Thyroid upon Hypothyroidism with Goiter , Am. J. M. Sc. 231:61-68, 1956. 17. Crane, J. T.; Bell, G., and Pickering, D. E.: Sporadic Goitrous Hypothyroidism: II. Pathology, to be published. 18. Man, E. B.; Kydd, D. M., and Peters, J. P.: Butanol-Extractable Iodine of Serum , J. Clin. Invest. 30:531-538, 1951. 19. Pickering, D. E., and Miller, E. R.: Thyrotropic Hormone in Infants and Children: Differentiation Between Primary and Hypopituitary Hypothyroidism , A. M. A. Am. J. Dis. Child. 85: 135-140, 1953. 20. Fisher, D. A.; Hammond, G. D., and Pickering, D. E.: The Hypothyroid Infant and Child: Therapy with Sodium l-Thyroxine , A. M. A. Am. J. Dis. Child. 90:6-21, 1955. 21. Lusted, L. B., and Pickering, D. E.: Hypothyroid Infant and Child: The Role of Roentgen Evaluation in Therapy , Radiology , 66:708-718, 1956. 22. Barker, S. B.; Humphrey, M. J., and Soley, M. H.: The Clinical Determination of Protein-Bound Iodine , J. Clin. Invest. 30:55-62, 1951.Crossref 23. Childs, B., and Gardner, L. I.: I. Etiologic Factors in Sporadic Cretinism: An Analysis of 90 Cases , Ann. Human Genet. 19:90-96, 1954.Crossref 24. von Harnack, G. A.: Eineiige Zwillinge mit diskordanter hypothyreose , Arch. Kinderh. 146: 60-63, 1953. 25. Grebe, H.: Diskordanzursachen bei erbgleichen Zwillingen , Acta genet. med. et gemel. 1:89-102, 1952. 26. Warkany, J., and Selkirk, T. K.: Discordant Monozygotic Twins: Hypothyroidism , A. M. A. Am. J. Dis. Child. 89:144-148, 1955. 27. Pickering, D. E., and Koulischer, N.: Discordance of Cretinism in Monozygotic Twins , A. M. A. Am. J. Dis. Child. 92:63-65, 1956. 28. Hutchison, J. H., and McGirr, E. M.: Hypothyroidism as Inborn Error of Metabolism , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 14:869-886, 1954.Crossref 29. Long, L. D.: Preadolescent Recurrent Nodular Goiter in 3 Children of the Same Family , Tr. Am. A. Study Goiter, Fourth. Internat. Conf. 306-312, 1939. 30. Åkerrén, Y.: Early Diagnosis and Early Therapy in Congenital Cretinism , Arch. Dis. Child. 30:254-256, 1955.Crossref 31. Eugster, J.: Endemic Goiter and Cretinism: Investigations Based on More than 15,000 Clinical Observations , Tr. Am. A. Study Goiter, Third Internat. Conf. 130-138, 1938. 32. Stanley, M. M., and Astwood, E. B.: The Accumulation of Radioactive Iodide by the Thyroid Gland in Normal and Thyrotoxic Subjects and the Effect of Thiocyanate on Its Discharge , Endocrinol . 42:107-123, 1948.Crossref 33. Sheline, G. E.; Koulischer, N., and Pickering, D. E.: Thyroidal Accumulation of Radioiodine in Children, to be published. 34. Pickering, D. E.; Fisher, D. A.; Scott, K. G.; van Wagenen, G., and Smyth, F. S.: Growth and Metabolism in Normal and Thyroid-Ablated Infant Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta): VI. Iodine Metabolism in Normal and Thyroid-Ablated Infant Rhesus Monkeys (MM) , A. M. A. Am. J. Dis. Child. 86:574-586, 1953. 35. Statland, H., and Lerman, J.: Function of Adrenal Cortex in Myxedema, with Some Observations on Pituitary Function , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 10:1401-1416, 1950.Crossref 36. Querido, A., and Stanbury, J. B.: The Response of the Thyroid Gland to Thyrotropic Hormone as an Aid in the Differential Diagnosis of Primary and Secondary Hypothyroidism , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 10:1192-1201, 1950.Crossref 37. Stanbury, J. B.; Ohela, K., and Pitt-Rivers, R.: Metabolism of Iodine in 2 Goitrous Cretins Compared with That in 2 Patients Receiving Methimazole , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 15:54-72, 1955.Crossref 38. Roche, J.; Michel, R.; Michel, O., and Lissitzky, S.: Sur la Déeshalogénation enzymatique des iodotyrosines par le corps thyroïde et sur son rôle physiologique , Biochim et biophys. acta 9:161, 1952.Crossref 39. Gross, J.; Leblond, C. P.; Franklin, A. E., and Quastel, J. H.: Presence of Iodinated Amino Acids in Unhydrolyzed Thyroid and Plasma , Science 111:605-608, 1950.Crossref 40. Harington, C.: Twenty-Five Years of Research on Biochemistry of Thyroid Gland , Endocrinology 49:401-416, 1951.Crossref 41. VanderLaan, J. E., and VanderLaan, W. P.: Iodide Concentrating Mechanism of Rat Thyroid and Its Inhibition by Thiocyanate , Endocrinology 40:403-416, 1947.Crossref 42. Costa, A.; Cottino, F.; Ferraris, G. W.; Marchis, E.; Maracco, F.; Mortara, M., and Pietra, R.: Ricerche sulla pathogenese del cretinismo endemico , Medicina, Parma 3:455, 1953. 43. Ingbar, S. H.: Simultaneous Measurement of the Iodide-Concentrating and Protein-Binding Capacities of the Normal and Hyperfunctioning Human Thyroid Gland , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 15: 238-264, 1955.Crossref 44. DeRobertis, E., and Grasse, R.: Peroxidase Activity of the Thyroid Gland Under Normal and Experimental Conditions , Endocrinology 38:137, 1946.Crossref

RAHAMIMOFF, P.;MUHSAM, H. V.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040521004pmid: 13410386

Abstract One of us (P. R.) had the opportunity of working in the city of Jaffa right after the establishment of the state of Israel. Our attention was called to the condition of geographic tongue by the frequency of this condition among the population of Jaffa. Over a period of five years (June, 1949-June, 1954) we observed 1246 children with geographic tongue out of a total number of 8305 examined, which amounts to 15%. Such a high percentage has never been described before. Out of the total of children observed, 5425 were infants up to 2 years of age and 775 of them (14.29%) had geographic tongue. The observations were made in the center of the city of Jaffa, which up to 1948 had been inhabited by Arabs. During the Arab-Israeli war the city was abandoned by the Arabs and afterward settled by Jews who had immigrated from Central, Eastern, and References 1. Böhme, H.: Lingua Geographica: Dissertation aus der Dermatologischen Klinik der Universität, Leipzig , Direction: Prof. Dr. Rille , 11.6.1927. 2. Brennemann's Practice of Pediatrics , Edited by Irvine McQuarrie, Hagerstown, Md., W. F. Prior Company, 1955. 3. Textbook of Pediatrics , Ed. 6. Edited by Waldo E. Nelson, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1954. 4. Finkelstein, H.: Säuglingskrankheiten: IV. Auflage, Amsterdam, "Elsevier", 1938. 5. Handbuch der Kinderheilkunde: Ein Buch für den Praktischen Arzt. Band X: Die Hautkrankheiten des Kindesalters , bearbeitet von J. Becker, et al., Leipzig, Germany, F. C. W. Vogel, 1935. 6. Lehrbuch der Pädiatrie , Edited by G. Fanconi and A. J. Wallgren, Basel, Benno Schwabe & Co., 1950. 7. Payenneville, J.: La Langue Plicaturée dit "Langue Scrotale," Thèese, Paris, Librairie medicale et scientifique Joules Rousset, 1905. 8. Turpin, R., and Caratzali, A.: Contribution à l'étiologie de la glossite exfoliatrice marginée , Presse méd. 44:1273-1274 ( (Aug. 8) ) 1936. 9. Caratzali, A.: Etude Clinique et Genetique de la Langue Plicaturee, Thèse, Paris, Faculte de Medecine, 1933. 10. Seiler, A.: Zur Verbreitung und Vererbung der Faltenzunge, Zürich, Archiv der Julius Klaus, Verlag Art., Institut Orell Füssly.

MORGAN, HERBERT R.;BREESE, BURTIS B.;GREENDYKE, ROBERT M.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040528005pmid: 13410387

Abstract An increasing number of cases of staphylococcal enterocolitis, often fatal, have been reported in the past few years following major abdominal surgery and/or after the administration of antibiotics.1 Earlier, before the introduction of antibiotics, cases of a similar nature occurring with or without surgery were reported, but no evidence was presented to indicate that they were caused by Staphylococcus aureus.2,3 This may be due to the fact that most stool cultures in the past were performed using special bacteriological media designed to inhibit the growth of the Gram-positive organisms in the feces and thus failed to permit growth of Staph. aureus. In 1947 Selberg4 reported a case of fatal staphylococcal enteritis in an infant receiving no antibiotics who was breast fed from a mother who had a staphylococcal mastitis. Cultures of the infant's stool yielded mainly Staph. aureus. The clinical course and laboratory and pathologic findings in References 1. Prohaska, J. V.; Long, E. T., and Nelsen, T. S.: Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis: Its Etiology and the Mechanism of the Disease Process , A. M. A. Arch. Surg. 72:977, 1956.Crossref 2. Penner, A., and Bernheim, A. I.: Acute Postoperative Enterocolitis: Study on Pathologic Nature of Shock , Arch. Path. 27:966, 1939. 3. Kleckner, M. S., Jr.; Bargen, J. A., and Baggenstoss, A. H.: Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis: Clinicopathologic Study of 14 Cases in Which the Disease Was Not Preceded by an Operation , Gasteroenterology 21:212, 1952. 4. Selberg, L.: Fatal Staphylococcal Poisoning of a Breast-Fed Infant Whose Mother Suffered from Staphylococcal Mastitis , Acta obst. et gynec. scandaniv. 27:275, 1947.Crossref

SLOCOMBE, GEOFFREY

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040532006pmid: 13410388

Abstract Pheochromocytoma is a tumor originating from chromaffin tissue, most frequently from the medulla of the adrenal gland. It secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in variable amounts. The tumor is usually benign and occasionally malignant.1 The majority of the tumors are unilateral without predilection for either side. Some are bilateral7 and some extra-adrenal. Pheochromocytoma in childhood is rare but should be considered if renal disease can be excluded as the cause of hypertension.9,15,19 The hypertension, which can be either sustained13 or paroxysmal, is due to circulating norepinephrine. In a recent review of the literature16 Smid and Du Shane (1955) cite a total of 32 cases of pheochromocytoma in children of 14 years and under reported since 1910 of whom 9 were girls and 22 were boys. The sex is not stated in one case in which a medullary tumor was found at autopsy. The youngest child was References 1. Davis, P.; Peart, W. S., and van't Hoff, W.: Malignant Phaeochromocytoma with Functioning Metastases , Lancet 2:274-275 ( (Aug. 6) ) 1955.Crossref 2. Fraser, H. R. L.; Turner, R. W. D., and Band, D.: Phaeochromocytoma of the Adrenal with Paroxismal Hypertension, Brit. J. Urol. 27: 272-284 ( (Sept.) ) 1955.Crossref 3. Gifford, R. W., Jr.; Roth, G. M., and Kvale, W. F.: Evaluation of New Adrenolytic Drug (Regitine) as Test for Pheochromocytoma , J. A. M. A. 149:1628 ( (Aug.) ) 1952.Crossref 4. Goldenberg, M.; Serlin, I.; Edwards, T., and Rapport, M. M.: Chemical Screening Methods for the Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma: Nor-Epinephrine and Epinephrine in Human Urine , Am. J. Med. 16:310 ( (March) ) 1954.Crossref 5. Graham, J. B.: Pheochromocytoma and Hypertension: Analysis of 207 Cases , Internat. Abstr. Surg. 92:105 ( (Feb.) ) 1951. 6. Helps, E. P.; Robinson, K. C., and Ross, E. J.: Phentolamine in the Diagnosis and Management of Phaeochromocytoma , Lancet 2:267-273 ( (Aug. 6) ) 1955.Crossref 7. Kelsall, A. R., and Ross, E. J.: Bilateral Phaeochromocytoma in 2 Sisters , Lancet 2:273-274 ( (Aug. 6) ) 1955.Crossref 8. Kvale, W. F.; Priestley, J. T., and Roth, G. M.: Pheochromocytoma: Clinical Aspects and Surgical Results , A. M. A. Arch. Surg. 68:769-788 ( (June) ) 1954.Crossref 9. Moore, T. C., and Shumacker, H. B., Jr.: Adrenalin Producing Tumors in Childhood , Ann. Surg. 143:256-265 ( (Feb.) ) 1956. 10. Morris, J. C., and others: Some Current Opinions on Phaeochromocytoma and an Illustrative Case Report , M. J. Australia 41:981-986 ( (June 26) ) 1954. 11. Moulton, R., and Willoughby, D. A.: Short Laboratory Screening Test for Phaeochromocytoma , Lancet 2:16-18 ( (July 2) ) 1955.Crossref 12. Palmer, K. N. V., and McDonald, G. A.: Phaeochromocytoma with Sustained Hypertension , Brit. M. J. 1:957-960 ( (April 28) ) 1956.Crossref 13. Richardson, J. E.; Ross, J. E., and Turnbull, A. L.: Reversal of Malignant Hypertension Due to Ectopic Phaeochromocytoma , Lancet 2:275-278 ( (Aug. 6) ) 1955.Crossref 14. Rosenheim, M. L.: The Treatment of Severe Hypertension , Brit. M. J. 2:1181-1193 ( (Nov. 20) ) 1954.Crossref 15. Schwab, L.: The Diagnosis of Phaeochromocytoma in Children: A Pediatric Review , Ohio M. J. 52:259-260 ( (March) ) 1956. 16. Smid, A. C., and Dushane, J. W.: Pheochromocytoma in Children: Report of a Case , A. M. A. Am. J. Dis. Child. 90:81-88 ( (July) ) 1955. 17. Snyder, C. H., and Rutledge, L. J.: Phaeochromocytoma: Localization by Aortography , Pediatrics 15:312-316 ( (March) ) 1955. 18. Spencer, B. J.; Wyatt, O. S., and Chisholm, T. C.: Phaeochromocytoma in a 7-Year-Old Girl: Report of Successful Removal , Minnesota Med. 39:220-222 (April) 1956. 19. Tevetoglu, F., and Lee, C. H.: Adrenal Pheochromocytoma Simulating Diabetes Insipidus: Report of a Case and Review of the Other Pediatric Cases , A. M. A. Am. J. Dis. Child. 91:365-379 ( (April) ) 1956.Crossref 20. West, G. B., and Taylor, N. R. W.: Studies in Phaeochromocytoma: III. Excretion of Noradrenaline in the Urine of Cases of Hypertension, and Its Value in the Diagnosis of Phaeochromocytoma , Glasgow M. J. 36:123-129 ( (April) ) 1955.

ULSTROM, ROBERT A.;SMITH, NATHAN J.;NAKAMURA, KAZUKO;HEIMLICH, ERNEST

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040538007

Abstract The concentration of any constituent of the blood reflects the net balance between the rate of entrance of that substance into the blood and the rate at which it leaves the blood. Alteration of the concentration may occur as a result of a change in either or both rates. In order to gain better understanding of the mechanism responsible for the decreased concentration of plasma proteins in infants with idiopathic hypoproteinemia and anemia of a transitory nature, plasma albumin and globulin turnover rates have been measured in these infants as well as in normal infants. With the use of isotopes it has been possible to measure the rates of isotope incorporation and disappearance of various in vivo systems. Plasma protein turnover rates have been calculated by various methods employing a tracer isotope. The results of these reported studies make it clear that the rates of synthesis and degradation of albumin References 1. Volwiler, W.; Goldsworthy, P. D.; Mac-Martin, M. P.; Wood, P. A.; MacKay, I. R., and Fremont-Smith, K.: Biosynthetic Determination with Radioactive Sulfur of Turn-Over Rates of Various Plasma Proteins in Normal and Cirrhotic Man , J. Clin. Invest. 34:1126, 1955.Crossref 2. Berson, S. A.; Yalow, R. S.; Schreiber, S. S., and Post, J.: The Distribution and Fate of Intravenously Administered I131 Labelled Human Serum Albumin , J. Clin. Invest. 32:554, 1953. 3. Sprinson, D. B., and Rittenberg, D.: The Rate of Interaction of the Amino Acids of the Diet with the Tissue Proteins , J. Biol. Chem. 180: 715, 1949. 4. Masouredis, S. P., and Beeckmans, M. L.: Comparative Behavior of I131 and C" Labelled Albumin in Plasma of Man , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 89:398, 1955. 5. Margen, S., and Tarver, H.: Studies in Human Plasma Protein Formation: II. Fate of Transfused Internally S35 Labelled Plasma Protein and Albumin, Compared with I131 Labelled Albumin and Plasma Protein Endogenously Synthesized from S35 Labelled Amino Acid Precursors, Proceedings of the 8th annual meeting of the Western Society for Clinical Research, Carmel, Calif., Jan. 28-29, 1955. 6. Roberts, S., Unpublished data. 7. Dickson, F. J.; Talmadge, D. W.; Maurer, P. H., and Deichmiller, M.: The Half-Life of Homologous Gamma Globulin (Antibody) in Several Species , J. Exper. Med. 96:313, 1952. 8. Armstrong, S. H., Jr.; Kukral, J.; Hershman, J.; McLeod, K., and Wolter, J.: Comparison of the Persistence in Blood of Gamma Globulins Labelled with S35 and I131 in the Same Subjects , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 44:762, 1954. 9. Vaughan, J. H.; Armado, A.; Goldthwaite, J.; Brachman, B.; Favour, C. B., and Bayles, T. B.: Fate of Intravenously Injected Labelled Gamma Globulin in the Normal Subject and in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis , J. Clin. Invest. 31:1668, 1952. 10. Ulstrom, R. A.; Smith, N. J., and Heimlich, E. M.: Transient Dysproteinemia in Infants: I. Clinical Studies , A. M. A. J. Dis. Child. 92:219, 1956. 11. Pillemer, L., and Hutchinson, M.: Determination of the Albumin and Globulin Contents of Human Serum by Methanol Precipitation , J. Bio. Chem. 158:299, 1945. 12. Van Slyke, D. D., and Folch, J.: Manometric Carbon Determination , J. Biol. Chem. 136: 509, 1940. 13. Calvin, M., and others: Isotopic Carbon: Techniques in Its Measurement and Chemical Manipulation , New York, J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1949. 14. Shulman, J., Jr., and Falkenheim, M.: Review of Conventions in Radiotracer Studies , Nucleonics 3:13, 1948. 15. Kelley, V. C.; Ziegler, M. R.; Doeden, D., and McQuarrie, I.: Labeled Methionine as an Indicator of Protein Formation in Children with Lipoid Nephrosis , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 75:153, 1950. 16. Yuile, C. L.; Lamson, B. G.; Miller, L. I., and Whipple, G. H.: Conversion of Plasma Protein to Tissue Protein Without Evidence of Protein Breakdown: Results of Giving Plasma Protein Labeled with Carbon" Parenterally to Dogs , J. Exper. Med. 93:539, 1951. 17. Solomon, A. K.: Symposium on Radioactive Isotopes: Equations for Tracer Experiments , J. Clin. Invest. 28:1297, 1949. 18. Yuile, C. L.; Lucas, F. V.; Jones, C. K.; Chapin, S. J., and Whipple, G. H.: Inflammation and Protein Metabolism Studies of Carbon14-Labeled Proteins in Dogs with Sterile Abcesses , J. Exper. Med. 98:173, 1953. 19. Yuile, C.: Unpublished data; personal communication to the authors. 20. Schulman, I., and Smith, C. H.: Fetal and Adult Hemoglobins in Premature Infants with Observations on the Mechanism of the Anemia of Prematurity, Society Transactions , A. M. A. Am. J. Dis. Child. 86:354, 1953.

GOLDENBERG, IRA S.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040550008pmid: 13410390

Abstract One of the congenital defects which usually is manifest in the earliest hours of life is the posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia through the foramen of Bochdalek (persisttent pleuroperitoneal canal). Cyanosis and dyspnea may be present during the immediate postnatal period, and the presence of either should make one aware of the possible existence of a diaphragmatic defect with displacement of abdominal viscera into the pleural cavity. Once feedings are attempted emesis may become prominent and the other symptoms are exaggerated. Occasionally with diaphragmatic defects no symptoms are present and the lesion goes unrecognized for many months or years. In rare instances incarceration or strangulation of stomach or intestine occurs in posterolateral hernias and the patient presents an acute problem in diagnosis and management. The present case is that of a 6-week-old boy with apparently normal postnatal development who suddenly had incarceration of his stomach through a posterolateral diaphragmatic defect with acute

WENTWORTH, FREDERICK H.;WENTWORTH, BERTTINA

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040553009pmid: 13410391

Abstract The efficacy of sulfadiazine in the treatment of Shigella infections, where the organism is sensitive to sulfonamides, has been well established,1-3 and because of its relatively low toxicity and general availability it has appeared to be the drug of choice in shigellosis therapy.3 However, the problem of the development of sulfonamideresistant strains was recognized in these early reports and independently reported by others.4 In recent years several investigators have reported outbreaks in which resistant strains have either predominated or have been the only strains isolated.5-7 Hardy's report,3 however, is the only one which has come to our attention which demonstrated the development of resistant strains during an outbreak, with the subsequent spread of sulfonamide-resistant infections in the study population. An unusual opportunity to study the development of sulfadiazine resistance was afforded us by an outbreak of shigellosis due to Shigella sonnei Form I in an References 1. Hardy, A. V., and Cummins, S. D.: Studies of Acute Diarrheal Diseases: Preliminary Note on Clinical Response to Sulfadiazine Therapy , Pub. Health Rep. 58:693 ( (April 30) ) 1943.Crossref 2. Hardy, A. V.; Burns, W., and DeCapito, T.: Studies of the Acute Diarrheal Diseases: Cultural Observations on the Relative Efficacy of Sulfonamides in Shigella Dysenteriae Infections , Pub. Health Rep. 58:689 ( (April 30) ) 1943.Crossref 3. Hardy, A. V.: Studies of Acute Diarrheal Diseases: Sulfonamides in Shigellosis , Pub. Health Rep. 61:857 ( (June 14) ) 1946.Crossref 4. Cooper, M. L., and Keller, H. M.: Sulfonamide Resistant Shigella Paradysenteriae and Shigella Sonnei , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 52:92, 1943. 5. Cooper, M. L., and Keller, H. M.: Dysentery Due to Sulfonamide-Resistant Shigella Sonnei Controlled with Chloromycetin , Am. J. Dis. Child. 80:911, ( (Dec.) ) 1950. 6. Garfinkel, B. T.; Martin, G. M.; Watt, J.; Payne, F. J.; Mason, R. P., and Hardy, A. V.: Antibiotics in Acute Bacillary Dysentery: Observations in 1408 Cases with Positive Cultures , J. A. M. A. 151:1157, ( (April 4) ) 1953. 7. Keller, M., and Robbins, M.: An Outbreak of Shigella Gastroenteritis, Pub. Health Rep., to be published. 8. Croft, C. C., and Miller, M. J.: Isolation of Shigella from Rectal Swabs with Hajna (GN) Broth , Tech. Bull. Reg. Med. Tech. A. S. C. P. 26:65 ( (March) ) 1956. 9. Cooper, M. L., personal communication to the authors.

INGALLS, THEODORE H.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040557010pmid: 13410392

Abstract For 15 years German measles has been known to hold serious risks for the human embryo if contracted by the expectant mother during pregnancy. Yet, little progress has been made toward control of the disease. Furthermore, no firm epidemiologic observations have been collected to confirm the clinical evidence—although this is convincing enough. Much of the epidemiologic difficulty lies in case finding, which is no simple matter when the problem concerns members of society who will not even be born for several months after a mother's infection and who will have no rash or telltale sign that means rubella and only rubella. Appreciation of the hazard came from clinical observations in Australia, where Gregg and others showed that an epidemic of rubella in 1939 and 1940 left in its wake a whole train of pathologic consequences for unborn babies: congenital cataract, deafness, mental retardation, and heart disease. American and European reports References 1. Grönvall, H., and Selander, P.: Some Virus Diseases During Pregnancy and Their Effect on Fetus , Nord. med. 37:409-415, 1948. 2. Aycock, L. W., and Ingalls, T. H.: Maternal Disease as a Principle in Epidemiology of Congenital Anomalies with a Review of Rubella , Am. J. M. Sc. 212:336-379, 1946.Crossref 3. Fox, M. J., and Bortin, M. M.: Rubella in Pregnancy Causing Malformations in Newborn , J. A. M. A. 130:568-569, 1946.Crossref 4. Hill, A. B., and Galloway, T. M.: Maternal Rubella and Congenital Defects: Data from National Health Insurance Records , Lancet 1: 299-301, 1949.Crossref 5. Ingalls, T. H., and Purshottam, N.: Fetal Risks from Rubella During Pregnancy New England J. Med. 249:454-455, 1953.Crossref 6. Ober, R. E.; Horton, R. J. M., and Feemster, R. F.: Congenital Defects in Year of Epidemic Rubella , Am. J. Pub. Health 37: 1328-1333, 1947.Crossref 7. Brawner, D. L.: Maternal Rubella: Results Following an Epidemic , J. M. A. Georgia 44:451-454, 1955. 8. Ingalls, T. H., personal communications to the author. 9. Ingalls, T. H., and Gordon, J. E.: Epidemiologic Implications of Developmental Arrests , Am. J. M. Sc. 214:322-328, 1947.Crossref 10. Rutstein, D. D.; Nickerson, R. J., and Heald, F. P.: Seasonal Incidence of Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Maternal Rubella , A. M. A. Am. J. Dis. Child. 84:199-213, 1952. 11. Ingalls, T. H.; Habegger, H., and Philbrook, F. R., unpublished data.

SILVER, HENRY K.;GRUSKAY, FRANK L.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040561011pmid: 13410393

Abstract Minor differences in size between the two sides of the body are common and usually have no significance. However, severe disproportion is relatively rare and there are less than 130 cases reported in the literature. In 1953 Silver and co-workers1 described a syndrome of congenital hemihypertrophy and elevated excretion of urinary gonadotropins in two children who failed to show any other evidence of apparent endocrine disturbance. The purpose of this paper is to present the third case of this syndrome in a 7-year-old boy. Report of Case A boy was first seen in the New Haven Hospital Pediatric Out-Patient Clinic at the age of 10 weeks because of a difference in size of his legs. He had been born at term following an entirely uneventful pregnancy and had been delivered by Caesarian section. Birth weight was 3100 gm. (6 lb. 12½ oz.). Because he was cyanotic at birth, he References 1. Silver, H. K.; Kiyasu, W.; George, J., and Deamer, W. C.: Syndrome of Congenital Hemihypertrophy, Shortness of Stature, and Elevated Urinary Gonadotropins , Pediatrics 12: 368, 1953. 2. Leblanc, E., 1897, cited by Gesell.3 3. Gesell, A.: Hemihypertrophy and Mental Defect , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 6:400, 1921. 4. Gesell, A.: Hemihypertrophy and Twinning: Further Study of Nature of Hemihypertrophy with Report of New Case , Am. J. M. Sc. 173:542, 1927. 5. Schwartzman, J.; Grossman, L., and Dragutsky, D.: True Total Hemihypertrophy , Arch. Pediat. 59:637, 1942. 6. Harwood, J., and O'Flynn, E.: Right Sided Hemihypertrophy Associated with Pubertas Praecox , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 28: 857, 1935. 7. Huse, A.: Case of Partial Congenital Hemihypertrophy , J. Neurol. Neurosurg. & Psychiat. 7:30, 1944. 8. Friedman, M. M.: Neurofibromatosis of Bone , Am. J. Roentgenol. 51:623, 1944. 9. Pollosson, 1884, cited by Morris and Mac Gillivray.14 10. McFarland, B. L.: Hemihypertrophy , Brit. M. J. 1:345, 1928. 11. Penfield, W., and Robertson, J. S. M.: Growth Asymmetry Due to Lesions of Postcentral Cerebral Cortex , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 50:405, 1943. 12. Reed, E. A.: Congenital Total Hemihypertrophy , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 14:824, 1925. 13. Scott, A. J.: Hemihypertrophy: Report of 4 Cases , J. Pediat. 6:650, 1935. 14. Morris, J. V., and MacGillivray, R. C.: Mental Defect and Hemihypertrophy , Am. J. Ment. Deficiency 59:645, 1955. 15. Hutchison, R.: A Case of Heimhypertrophy with Post-Mortem Examination ., Brit. J. Child. Dis. 13:233, 1916. 16. Riedl, H. A.: Adrenogenital Syndrome in Male Child Due to Adrenocortical Tumor: Report of Case with Hemihypertrophy and Subsequent Development of Embryoma (Wilms' Tumor) , Pediatrics 10:19, 1952. 17. Haridas, G., and Gek, L. S.: Right Segmental Hypertrophy and Adrenogenital Syndrome , Proc. Alumni A. King Edward VII Coll. Med. 3:36, 1950. 18. Harwood, J.: Right Hemihypertrophy and Pubertas Praecox , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 25:951, 1932. 19. Silver, H. K.: Syndrome of Ovarian Agenesis (Congenitally Aplastic Ovaries): Short Stature, Multiple Congenital Abnormalities and High Urinary Gonadotropins in 2 Year, 8 Month Old Female , Pediatrics 8:368, 1951. 20. Silver, H. K., and Kempe, C. H.: Ovarian Agenesis (Congenital Aplastic Ovaries) in Children , A. M. A. Am. J. Dis. Child. 85:523, 1953. 21. del Castillo, E. B.; de la Balze, F. A., and Argonz, J.: Syndrome of Rudimentary Ovaries with Estrogenic Insufficiency and Increase in Gonadotropins , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 7:385, 1947. 22. Albright, F.; Smith, P. H., and Fraser, R.: Syndrome Characterized by Primary Ovarian Insufficiency and Decreased Stature: Report of 11 Cases with Digression on Hormonal Control of Axillary and Pubic Hair , Am. J. M. Sc. 204:625, 1942. 23. Lisser, H.; Curtis, L. E.; Escamilla, R. F., and Goldberg, M. B.: Syndrome of Congenitally Aplastic Ovaries with Sexual Infantilism, High Urinary Gonadotropins, Short Stature and Other Congenital Abnormalities: Tabular Presentation of 25 Previously Unpublished Cases , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 7:665, 1947.Crossref 24. Ward, J., and Lerner, H. H.: Review of Subject of Congenital Hemihypertrophy and Complete Case Report , J. Pediat. 31:403, 1947.Crossref 25. Wakefield, E. G., and Hines, E. A., Jr.: Congenital Hemihypertrophy: Report of 8 Cases , Am. J. M. Sc. 185:493, 1933.Crossref 26. Glanzer, J.: Total Unilateral Hypertrophy , Am. J. Dis. Child. 45:1056, 1933. 27. Sayer, A., and Fatherree, T. J.: Congenital Hemihypertrophy: Report of Case , U. S. Nav. M. Bull. 44:142, 1945. 28. Halperin, G.: Normal Asymmetry and Unilateral Hypertrophy , Arch. Int. Med. 48: 676, 1931.Crossref 29. Mayers, L. H.: Hemihypertrophy , Surg. Gynec. & Obst. 43:746, 1926. 30. Rugel, S. J.: Congenital Hemihypertrophy: Report of Case with Postmortem Observations , Am. J. Dis. Child. 71:530, 1946. 31. Lisser, H.: Congenital Total Hemihypertrophy , J. A. M. A. 82:1046, 1924. 32. Landauer, W.: Supernumerary Nipples, Congenital Hemihypertrophy, and Congenital Hemiatrophy , Human Biol. 11:447, 1939. 33. Björklund, S.: Hemihypertrophy and Wilms' Tumour , Acta pædiat . 44:287, 1955. 34. Russell, A.: A Syndrome of "Intra-Uterine," Dwarfism Recognizable at Birth with Cranio-Facial Dysostosis, Disproportionately Short Arms, and Other Anomalies (5 Examples) , Proc. Royal Soc. Med. 47:1040, 1954.

STILLERMAN, MAXWELL

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040565012

Abstract Congenital toxoplasmosis is a generalized infectious disease in humans and animals caused by the protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, which is transmitted transplacentally from the mother to the fetus. Signs of the disease may become apparent in utero or within a few days, weeks, or months after birth. That human congenital Toxoplasma infections may be mild or asymptomatic as well as severe and fatal is not well known. Most of the congenital toxoplasmosis cases reported in the literature have been severe or fatal infections either with clinical signs of central nervous system damage, such as chorioretinitis, psychomotor retardation or disturbances, cerebral calcifications, and hydro- or microcephaly, or visceral manifestations of jaundice and hepatosplenomegaly or any combination of the above.1 A definite diagnosis can be established by adequate serologic tests2,3 or by demonstrating the parasite in body fluids or tissues. The following case of congenital toxoplasmosis is considered of value because References 1. Sabin, A. B.; Eichenwald, H.; Feldman, H. A., and Jacobs, L.: Present Status of Clinical Manifestations of Toxoplasmosis in Man: Indications and Provisions for Routine Serologic Diagnosis , J. A. M. A. 150:1063-1069 ( (Nov. 15) ) 1952.Crossref 2. Sabin, A. B., and Feldman, H. A.: Dyes as Microchemical Indicators of a New Immunity Phenomenon Affecting a Protozoan Parasite (Toxoplasma) , Science 108:660-663 ( (Dec. 10) ) 1948.Crossref 3. Sabin, A. B.: Complement Fixation Test in Toxoplasmosis and Persistence of Antibody in Human Beings , Pediatrics 4:443-453 ( (Oct.) ) 1949. 4. Eichenwald, H.: Personal Communication to the author. 5. Eichenwald, H.: Experimental Toxoplasmosis: Effect of Sulfadiazine and Antiserum on Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Mice , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 71:45-49 ( (May) ) 1949. 6. Frenkel, J. K.: Dermal Hypersensitivity to Toxoplasma Antigens (Toxoplasmins) , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 68:634-639 ( (July) -Aug.) 1948. 7. Feldman, H. A.: The Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis , Am. J. Trop. Med. 2:420-428 ( (May) ) 1953.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040570014

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040569013

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract Through error, the Table cited in the article "Accidental Transanal Perforation of the Rectum" in the March issue (p. 257) was omitted. The following is the Table which should have been included.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040587015

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract ANNOUNCEMENTS Course in Neuromuscular Diseases.–The Cook County Graduate School of Medicine announces an intensive course in neuromuscular diseases of children with special emphasis on cerebral palsy, to be given by Dr. Meyer A. Perlstein for the two-week period from July 8 to 19. This is an intensive didactic and clinical course designed for pediatricians, orthopedists, neurologists, psychiatrists, and physiatrists interested in the care and treatment of children with neuromuscular handicaps. Emphasis will be placed on the practical clinical aspects of treatment and rehabilitation procedures. The course will include itinerant clinics to round out the program in most of its practical aspects. The fee for the course, which is $250, will include the cost of luncheons during the two-week period, as well as the expense of travel, meals, and accommodations during the trip to the field clinic. For further information, write to John W. Neal, Registrar, Cook County Graduate School

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040589016

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract This is the most complete handbook on the subject of poisons that this reviewer has seen. An amazing amount of up-to-date information is packed into this conveniently small book. Such recent agents as the antihistamines, chlorpromazine, and the new organic pesticides are well described and their hazards outlined. A large section discusses the hazards of poisonous plants, reptiles, and insects and the treatment of their effects. This is an indispensable source of reference.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040589017

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract This book represents the first volume of a collection of papers published by the author over a period of 30 years. The author is a British psychoanalyst noted for his research and teaching in psychoanalysis. The papers deal with some of the fundamental theoretical principles of psychoanalysis, particularly as applied to the early development of the mind. The book will be of great value to the student of psychoanalysis but seems much too theoretical and involved to be of practical value to the pediatrician.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040589018

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract With the appropriate substitution of Public Health for Hygiene in the title and the inclusion of the more important new concepts, knowledge, and statistical data which have appeared during the last five years, Dr. Maxcy and his 26 collaborating authorities have completed their revision of Rosenau's textbook of preventive medicine. Of particular interest and value to pediatricians are the sections on the prevention of communicable diseases, nutrition and deficiency diseases, and maternal and child health which together make up approximately 50% of the 1462 page illustrated text. The sections on sanitation, environmental medicine, industrial medicine, public health administration, epidemiology, and statistics like the rest of the text are authoritative up to date summations of existing knowledge, thinking, and planning. It can safely be predicted that this new edition will continue to maintain this book in the outstanding place it has held as the standard textbook and reference book in the

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040589019

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract Dr. Gellis has again done a superb job in the presentation of the current Year Book of Pediatrics. The material is presented in the same manner as in previous years, i. e., brief abstracts of articles pertinent to pediatrics from a great variety of journals are included and these are followed in many instances by appropriate editorial comments, either by the editor or by a recognized authority in the particular field under discussion. The articles abstracted are from journals received during the period from June, 1955, through May, 1956. The book is divided into sections as regards subject matter and the articles are grouped accordingly; examples of these divisions are The Premature and the Newborn, Nutrition and Metabolism, Infectious Disease and Immunity, etc. The Year Book is a valuable contribution to pediatric literature in many ways. For those people who are unable to keep abreast of current literature this volume

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040590023

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract This book contains a series of presentations and discussions of the presentations dealing with the newer concepts of the structure of bone. The structure of bone is developed in logical sequence starting with the anatomical approach, proceeding through the dynamic metabolism of the organic and inorganic constituents of bone, and linking the two approaches into a unified concept. Some of the material represents previously unpublished work and other material is summation of previously reported research. The practicing physician may find that this book is difficult to read because of the many new and unfamiliar techniques employed in the elucidation of the structure of bone. A knowledge of autoradiographs, organic chemistry, and of isotope technique is necessary for critical analysis of most of the individual papers. The almost complete lack of practical applications makes this book of little value in the clinical practice of medicine. The pediatrician and internist would find

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040590022

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract Dr. Bird has written this small monograph to emphasize the importance of how a physician talks with his patients during history taking and also in connection with the management of illness, the approach of death, and even in the matter of fees. Approximately half of the volume is devoted to how to talk with children. Although most physicians learn how to do this as a matter of experience, there are many "pearls of wisdom" here for experienced pediatricians. This is interesting and enjoyable reading that can be recommended highly.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040590021

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract This is a small, simply written text aimed primarily at explaining the purpose and techniques of the common laboratory tests to nurses and office assistants. It should be satisfactory for this limited purpose, but it is disappointing to find very little caution regarding the interpretation of these tests. For example, in the section on hemoglobin determinations there is no statement regarding either the technical error inherent in the test or the variability at different ages. Since the erroneous diagnosis of anemia is repeatedly made by paramedical personnel, this should be stressed. This failure to note the difference between infants and adults recurs throughout the book.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040590020

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract This is an interesting monograph dealing primarily with the association of "cyclical vomiting" and "epilepsy." Dr. Wallis was one of the first to write on this subject and now presents information on 20 of his patients. The case histories reveal, in addition to cyclical vomiting, the chief complaints to have been periodic headaches, behavior disturbances, abdominal pain, and fever. The diagnosis is suggested by the character and paroxysmal nature of the complaints and by the association of a family history of epilepsy. It is confirmed by the finding of an abnormal electroencephalogram, although the author states that 20%-30% may have normal readings. The satisfactory response to anticonvulsant therapy is further evidence for this diagnosis. The actual significance of this syndrome is open to some question, but there is growing evidence, such as this contribution, that the association is a real one. This monograph is not based on scientifically controlled study;

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040591026

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040591025

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract This collection of abstracts from The Journal of the American Medical Association will be of particular interest to general practitioners for reviewing recent literature in "capsule form." Although the use of abstracts leaves much to be desired, it does allow a busy practitioner to scan the literature in order to identify articles which require more careful review. Since the coverage is a broad one, there has been no attempt to list articles of particularly pediatric interest.

1957 A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of Children

doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1957.02060040591024

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract This book marks an innovation regarding the scientific exhibits shown at the annual meeting of the American Medical Association. In order to make the outstanding exhibits available to a larger number of viewers, a selected group has been compiled for publication. There are of special interest to pediatricians "Hormone Patterns in Rheumatic Fever," by Kelley, Ely, and Done, and "Diagnosis and Treatment of Moniliasis," by Dobias and Mitchell. It is probable that this collection of exhibits will be of more interest to general practitioners than to pediatricians.