Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery

Pillsbury, Harold C.;Grose, John H.;Coleman, William L.;Conners, C. Keith;Hall, Joseph W.

1995 Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery

doi: 10.1001/archotol.1995.01890120005001pmid: 7488361

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the basic binaural function of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Design: Case-control study. Measures of binaural function were compared for children with and without ADHD. Subjects: Forty-two children; 26 had ADHD and 16 were normal controls. Interventions: None. Results: For detection tasks, no differences were seen between children with ADHD and controls. For speech recognition tasks, the younger children with ADHD did not perform as well as the controls. Conclusions: Younger children with ADHD might have a reduced processing efficiency for signal recognition in certain types of noise, but not for signal detection.(Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1345-1350) References 1. Barkley R. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder . New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1990. 2. Szatmari P, Offord DR, Boyle MH. Ontario Child Health Study: problems of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1989; 30:219-230.Crossref 3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Fourth Edition . Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;78-85. 4. Gascon GG, Johnson R, Burd L. Central auditory processing and attention deficit disorders . J Child Neurol . 1986;1:27-33.Crossref 5. Cook JR, Mausbach T, Burd L, et al. A preliminary study of the relationship between central auditory processing disorder and attention deficit disorder . J Psychiatry Neurosci . 1993;18:130-137. 6. Willeford JA. Assessment of central auditory disorders in children . In: Pinheiro ML, Musick FE, eds. Assessment of Central Auditory Dysfunction . Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1985:239-256. 7. Durlach NI, Colburn HS. Binaural phenomena . In: Carterette EC, Friedman MC, eds. Handbook on Perception . New York, NY: Academic Press; 1978;4:365-466. 8. Hirsh IJ. The influence of interaural phase on interaural summation and inhibition . J Acoust Soc Am . 1948;20:536-544.Crossref 9. Levine MD. The ANSER System . Cambridge, Mass: Educators Publishing Service; 1982. 10. Levine MD. Pediatric Evaluation of Educational Readiness in Middle Childhood . Cambridge, Mass: Educators Publishing Services; 1984. 11. Conners CK. Conners Rating Scales Manual: Instruments for Use With Children . Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health Systems; 1989. 12. American National Standards Institute. Specifications for Audiometers . New York, NY: American National Standards Institute; 1989; 53.6. 13. Hall JW, Grose JH. The masking-level difference in children . J Am Acad Audiol . 1990;1:81-88. 14. Pillsbury HC, Grose JH, Hall JW. Otitis media with effusion in children: binaural hearing before and after corrective surgery . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1991;117:718-723.Crossref 15. Hall JW, Grose JH. The effect of otitis media with effusion on the masking level difference and the auditory brainstem response . J Speech Hear Res . 1993; 36:210-217. 16. Silva PA, Kirkland C, Simpson A, Stewart IA, Williams SM. Some developmental and behavioral problems associated with bilateral otitis media with effusion . J Learning Disabilities . 1982;15:417-421.Crossref 17. Roberts JE, Burchinal MR, Collier AM. Otitis media in early childhood and cognitive, academic, and classroom performance of the school-aged child . Pediatrics . 1989;83:477-485. 18. Feagans L, Sanyal M, Henderson F, Collier A, Appelbaum M. Relationship of middle ear disease in early childhood to later narrative and attention skills . J Pediatr Psychol . 1987;12:581-594.Crossref 19. Adesman AR, Altshuler LA, Lipkin PH, Walco GA. Otitis media in children with learning disabilities and in children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity . Pediatrics . 1990;85:442-446. 20. Hall JW, Grose JH, Pillsbury HC. Long-term effects of chronic otitis media on binaural hearing in children Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1994;37:1441-1449. 21. Moore DR, Hutchings ME, Meyer SE. Binaural masking level differences in children with a history of otitis media . Audiolology . 1991;30:91-101.Crossref 22. Hutchings ME, Meyer SE, Moore DR. Binaural masking level differences in infants with and without otitis media with effusion . Hear Res . 1992;63:71-78.Crossref 23. Hall JW, and Grose JH. The effect of otitis media with effusion on comodulation masking release in children . J Speech Hear Res . 1994;37:1441-1449. 24. Gravel JS, Wallace IF. Listening and language at 4 years of age: effect of early otitis media . J Speech Hear Res . 1992;35:588-595.

Kelly, Steven M.;Gray, Steven D.

1995 Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery

doi: 10.1001/archotol.1995.01890120011002pmid: 7488362

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of unilateral supraglottoplasty in the treatment of children with severe laryngomalacia. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Pediatric tertiary referral center. Patients: Eighteen children with severe laryngomalacia. Indications for surgical intervention were obstructive apnea, failure to thrive, cyanosis, and/or cor pulmonale. Interventions: Unilateral carbon dioxide laser removal of redundant supraglottic tissue (supraglottoplasty). Outcome Measures: Evaluation of relief of symptoms, need for subsequent contralateral procedure, and incidence of complications. Results: Three patients required treatment of the opposite side at a later date. There were no complications. Obstructive apnea and weight gain improved in all. Conclusions: Unilateral supraglottoplasty can be used to treat severe laryngomalacia in most patients. A small percentage of patients will subsequently require a contralateral procedure. Unilateral supraglottoplasty may have less risk of complications than bilateral supraglottoplasty.(Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1351-1354) References 1. Lane RW, Weider DJ, Steinem C, Marin-Padilla M. Laryngomalacia: a review and case report of surgical treatment with resolution of pectus excavatum . Arch Otolaryngol . 1984;110:546-551.Crossref 2. Holinger PH. Clinical aspects of congenital anomalies of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and esophagus . J Laryngol Otol . 1961;75:1-44.Crossref 3. Belmont JR, Grundfast K. Congenital laryngeal stridor (laryngomalacia): etiologic factors and associated disorders . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1984;93: 430-437. 4. Seid AB, Park SM, Kearns MJ, Gugenheim S. Laser division of the aryepiglottic folds for severe laryngomalacia . Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol . 1985;10: 153-158.Crossref 5. Zalzal GH, Anon JB, Cotton RT. Epiglottoplasty for the treatment of laryngomalacia . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1987;96:72-76. 6. Solomons NB, Prescott CAJ. Laryngomalacia: a review and the surgical management for severe cases . Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol . 1987;13:31-39.Crossref 7. Kavanagh KT, Babin RW. Endoscopic surgical management for laryngomalacia: case report and review of the literature . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1987; 96:650-653. 8. Holinger LD, Konior RJ. Surgical management of severe laryngomalacia . Laryngoscope . 1989;99:136-142. 9. Polonovski JM, Contencin P, Francois M, Viala P, Narcy P. Aryepiglottic fold excision for the treatment of severe laryngomalacia . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1990;99:625-627. 10. Katin LI, Tucker JA. Laser supra-arytenoidectomy for laryngomalacia with apnea . Trans Pa Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol . 1990;42:985-988. 11. Jani P, Koltai P, Ochi JW, Bailey CM. Surgical treatment of laryngomalacia . J Laryngol Otol . 1991;105:1040-1045.Crossref 12. Prescott CAJ. The current status of corrective surgery for laryngomalacia . Am J Otolaryngol . 1991;12:230-235.Crossref 13. Zeitouni A, Manoukian J. Epiglottoplasty in the treatment of laryngomalacia . J Otolaryngol . 1993;22:29-33. 14. Marcus CL, Crockett DM, Davidson SL. Evaluation of epiglottoplasty as treatment for severe laryngomalacia . J Pediatr . 1990;117:706-710.Crossref

Willner, Ayal;Saul,

1995 Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery

doi: 10.1001/archotol.1995.01890120016003pmid: 7488363

Abstract Objective: To determine if miniplates made of polydioxanone can be used successfully for extraluminal laryngotracheal fixation. Design: Twelve rabbits underwent anterior and posterior laryngotracheofissure with extraluminal fixation of the divided segments with polydioxanone miniplates. Three control animals did not undergo plating. Animals were killed after 2, 4, and 12 weeks. Larynges were removed and examined to determine the intraluminal area and histologic status of the repair site. Results: The intraluminal area of the animals in the experimental group was 1.6 times that of those in the control group. The trachea was relined with respiratory mucosa by 2 weeks. Little inflammatory reaction was evident. Plate resorption was almost complete at 12 weeks. Conclusion: Polydioxanone plating is a feasible and well-tolerated method of extraluminal laryngotracheal fixation. It may be useful in the treatment of grade 2 or 3 subglottic stenosis.(Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1356-1360) References 1. McDonald IH, Stocks J. Prolonged nasotracheal intubation . Br J Anaesth . 1965; 37:161-167.Crossref 2. Willner A, Gereau SE. Reconstruction of the pediatric airway with an open stented tracheotomy tube . Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol . 1994;28:205-211.Crossref 3. Cotton RT, Seid AB. Management of the extubation problem in the premature child . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1980;89:508-511. 4. Cotton RT, Myer CM, Bratcher GO, Fitton CM. Anterior cricoid split: 1977-1987 . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1988;114:1300-1302.Crossref 5. Zalzal GH, Deutsch E. External fixation using microplates after laryngotracheal expansion surgery . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1991;117:155-159.Crossref 6. Zalzal GH, Cotton RT, McAdams AJ. The survival of costal cartilage graft in laryngotracheal reconstruction . Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1986;94:204-211. 7. Hubbell RN, Zalzal GH, Cotton RT, et al. Irradiated costal cartilage graft in experimental laryngotracheal reconstruction . Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol . 1988; 15:67-72.Crossref 8. Albert DM, Cotton RT, Conn P. The use of alcohol stored cartilage in experimental laryngotracheal reconstruction . Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol . 1989; 18:147-155.Crossref 9. Zalzal GH, Barber CS, Chandra R. Tracheal reconstruction using irradiated homologous grafts in rabbits . Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1989;100:119-125. 10. Albert DM, Cotton RT, Conn P. Effect of laryngeal stenting in a rabbit model . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1990;99:108-111. 11. Adriaansen FCPM, Verwoerd-Verhoef HL, Van der Heul RO, et al. A histologic study of the growth of the subglottis after endolaryngeal trauma . Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol . 1986;12:205-215.Crossref 12. Cotton RT. The problem of pediatric laryngotracheal stenosis: a clinical and experimental study on the efficacy of autogenous cartilaginous grafts placed between the vertically divided halves of the posterior lamina of the cricoid cartilage . Laryngoscope . 1991;101( (suppl) )6-7.Crossref 13. Rethi A. An operation for cicatricial stenosis of the larynx . J Laryngol Otol . 1956;70:283-293.Crossref 14. Cotton RT. Management of subglottic stenosis in infancy and childhood . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1978;87:649-657. 15. Cotton RT. Pediatric laryngotracheal reconstruction: operative techniques in otolaryngology—head and neck surgery . Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1992;3: 165-172. 16. Lazar RH, Younis RT. Single-stage reconstruction of subglottic stenosis. Presented at the annual meeting of the Triological Society; January 14, 1994; Marco Island, Fla. 17. Lusk RP, Gray S, Muntz HR. Single-stage laryngotracheal reconstruction . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1991;117:171-173.Crossref 18. Gianoli GJ, Miller RH, Guarisco JL. Tracheotomy in the first year of life . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1990;99:896-901. 19. Zalzal GH. Use of stents in laryngotracheal reconstruction in children: indications, technical considerations, and complications . Laryngoscope . 1988;98: 849-854.Crossref

Eisele, David W.;Schwartz, Alan R.;Hari, Anil;Thut, David C.;Smith, Philip L.

1995 Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery

doi: 10.1001/archotol.1995.01890120021004pmid: 7488364

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of electrical stimulation of hypoglossal nerve branches and ansa cervicalis nerve branches on upper airway patency. Design: Pressure-flow relationships obtained during supramaximal stimulation of hypoglossal nerve branches and ansa cervicalis nerve branches were analyzed in the isolated feline upper airway to determine the maximum inspiratory airflow as well as to determine pharyngeal collapsibility (upper airway critical pressure) and nasal resistance upstream from the site of pharyngeal collapse. Comparisons were performed between baseline and stimulation conditions with paired two-tailed t tests. Results: Stimulation of the proximal hypoglossal nerve trunk, distal medial hypoglossal nerve branch, nerve branches to the suprahyoid muscles, the infrahyoid muscles, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles simultaneously increased maximum inspiratory airflow significantly by decreasing airway collapsibility. A greater reduction in airway collapsibility was observed with stimulation of the tongue muscles compared with stimulation of the strap muscles. Conclusions: Stimulation of specific hypoglossal and ansa cervicalis nerve branches consistently increased maximum inspiratory airflow by decreasing airway collapsibility. The major decrease in airway collapsibility from hypoglossal nerve stimulation is dependent on the action of the genioglossus muscle.(Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1361-1364) References 1. Remmers JE, deGroot WJ, Sauerland EK, Anch AM. Pathogenesis of upper airway occlusion during sleep . J Appl Physiol . 1978;44:931-938. 2. Permutt S, Riley RL. Hemodynamics of collapsible vessels with tone: the vascular waterfall . J Appl Physiol . 1963;18:924-932. 3. Smith PL, Wise RA, Gold RA, et al. Upper airway pressure: flow relationships in obstructive sleep apnea . J Appl Physiol . 1988;64:789-795. 4. Schwartz AR, Smith PL, Wise RA, et al. The induction of upper airway occlusion in normal sleep individuals with subatmospheric nasal pressure . J Appl Physiol . 1988;64:535-542. 5. Gleadhill IC, Schwartz AR, Wise RA, et al. Upper airway collapsibility in snorers and in patients with obstructive hypopnea and apnea . Am Rev Respir Dis . 1991;143:1300-1303.Crossref 6. Schwartz AR, Thut DC, Russ B, et al. Effect of electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve on airflow mechanics in the isolated upper airway . Am Rev Respir Dis . 1993;147:1144-1150.Crossref 7. Abd-el-Malek S. A contribution to the study of the movements of the tongue in animals with special reference to the cat . J Anat . 1938;73:15-30. 8. Strohl KP, Wolin AD, Van Lunteren E, Fouke JM. Assessment of muscle action on upper airway stability in anesthetized dogs . J Lab Clin Med . 1987;110:221-230. 9. Roberts JL, Reed WR, Thach BT. Pharyngeal airway—stabilizing function of sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles in the rabbit . J Appl Physiol . 1984;57: 1790-1795. 10. Kirsten EB, St John WM. A feline decerebration technique with low mortality and long-term homeostasis . J Pharmacol Methods . 1978;1:263-268.Crossref 11. Miki H, Hida W, Chonan T, et al. Effects of submental stimulation during sleep on upper airway patency in patients with obstructive sleep apnea . Am Rev Respir Dis . 1989;140:1285-1289.Crossref 12. Fairbanks DW, Fairbanks DNF. Neurostimulation for obstructive sleep apnea: investigations . ENT J . 1993;72:52-57.

Iizuka, Tateyuki;Thorén, Hanna;Annino, Donald J.;Hallikainen, Dorrit;Lindqvist, Christian

1995 Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery

doi: 10.1001/archotol.1995.01890120026005pmid: 7488365

Abstract Objective: To determine the frequency, characteristics, and causes of midfacial fractures in children. Design: A retrospective review of the patients' medical charts and radiographs. Setting: Tertiary referral center. Patients: Fifty-four patients under 16 years of age, with midfacial fractures diagnosed and treated in the Helsinki (Finland) University Central Hospital from 1980 through 1992. Main Outcome Measurements: The data examined included sex, age, time and cause of the accident, type and location of the fractures, the presence and location of associated injuries, complications, and treatment methods. Results: The male-to-female ratio was 1.16:1. Motorvehicle accident was the most common cause of injuries. The frequency of injuries was in decreasing order: (1) maxillary alveolar bone, (2) zygoma, and (3) Le Fort fractures of the maxilla. The majority of injuries occurred in subjects who were 13 to 15 years old. In children less than 6 years old, only alveolar fractures occurred. For the other age groups, no significant difference in the fracture pattern was found. No fatalities occurred in this patient series. Conclusions: Midfacial pediatric fractures are rare. A high velocity force, such as that from a motor-vehicle accident is a factor producing the injury. Owing to the high impact, associated injuries are common. The severity of the insult is more essential than the age of the patient and the development of the paranasal sinuses.(Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1366-1371) References 1. Hagan EH, Huelke DF. An analysis of 319 case reports of mandibular fractures . J Oral Surg . 1961:19:93-104. 2. Rowe NL. Fractures of the facial skeleton in children . J Oral Surg . 1968;26: 505-515.Crossref 3. Oikarinen V, Malmström M. Jaw fractures . Proc Finn Dent Soc . 1969;65( (suppl) ): 95-111. 4. Kaban LB, Mulliken JB, Murray JE. Facial fractures in children . Plast Reconstr Surg . 1977;59:15-20.Crossref 5. Bales CR, Randall P, Lehr H. Fractures of the facial bones in children . J Trauma . 1972;12:56-65.Crossref 6. Bochlogyros PN. A retrospective study of 1521 mandibular fractures . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1985;43:597-599.Crossref 7. Ellis E, Moos KF, El-Attar A. Ten years of mandibular fractures: an analysis of 2137 cases . Oral Surg . 1985;59:120-129.Crossref 8. de Amaratunga SNA. Mandibular fractures in children: a study of clinical aspects, treatment needs, and complications . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1988;46: 637-640.Crossref 9. Khan AA. A retrospective study of injuries to the maxillofacial skeleton in Harare, Zimbabwe . Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1988;26:435-439.Crossref 10. Cook HE, Rowe M. A retrospective study of 356 midfacial fractures occurring in 255 patients . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1990;48:574-578.Crossref 11. Thorén H, lizuka T, Hallikainen D, Lindqvist C. Different patterns of mandibular fractures in children: an analysis of 220 fractures in 157 patients . J Craniomaxillofac Surg . 1992;20:292-296.Crossref 12. Andersson L, Hultin M, Kjellman O, Nordenram A, Ramström G. Jaw fractures in the county of Stockholm (1978-1980) . Swed Dent J . 1989;13:201-207. 13. Zachariades N, Papavassiliou D, Koumoura F. Fractures of the facial skeleton in children . J Craniomaxillofac Surg . 1990;18:151-153.Crossref 14. Stylogianni L, Arsenopoulos A, Patrikiou A. Fractures of the facial skeleton in children . Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1991;29:9-11.Crossref 15. Güven O. Fractures of the maxillofacial region in children . J Craniomaxillofac Surg . 1992;20:244-247.Crossref 16. Hurme VO. Ranges of normalcy in the eruption of permanent teeth . ASDC J Dent Child . 1949;16:11-15. 17. Haavikko K. The formation and the alveolar and clinical eruption of the permanent teeth: an orthopantomographic study . Proc Finn Dent Soc . 1970;66: 103-170. 18. Fortunato MA, Fielding AF, Guernsey LH. Facial bone fractures in children . Oral Surg . 1982;53:225-230.Crossref 19. McGraw BL, Cole RR. Pediatric maxillofacial trauma . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1990;116:41-45.Crossref

Koltai, Peter J.;Amjad, Ibrahim;Meyer, Dale;Feustel, Paul J.

1995 Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery

doi: 10.1001/archotol.1995.01890120033006pmid: 7488366

Abstract Objective: To determine if the pattern of orbital fractures may be influenced by the changing craniofacial ratio of the growing child, as the orbit is the boundary between the face and the cranium. Design: Retrospective case series of 40 patients between the ages of 1 year and 16 years with orbital fractures. Setting: The Albany (NY) Medical Center Hospital, a tertiary level 1 trauma center. Outcome measures: The sex, age, site, and mechanism of injury, associated injury, and treatment methods for children admitted to the Albany Medical Center Hospital with orbital fractures between July 1986 and June 1992. Results: Fourteen children had fractures of the orbital roof, 10 children had fractures of the orbital floor, 14 children had mixed fractures, and two children had fractures of the medial wall. The mean age (4.8±3.3 years) of the 14 patients with roof fractures was significantly less than the mean age (12.0±4.2 years) of the 26 children with other orbital fractures. Logistic regression demonstrated that the age at which the probability of lower orbital fractures exceeds the probability of orbital roof fractures is 7.1± 1.0 years. Orbital roof fractures had a significantly greater likelihood of associated neurocranial injuries. The need for surgical repair was significantly lower among children with roof fractures as well as among children 7 years of age and younger. Conclusions: Orbital roof fractures are a type of skull fracture that occur primarily in younger children as a consequence of the proportionally larger cranium and the lack of frontal sinus pneumatization. Lower orbital fractures are a type of facial fracture that occur primarily in older children as a consequence of the increased vulnerability of the face due to growth and the pneumatization of the paranasal sinuses.(Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1375-1379) References 1. Koltai PJ. Maxillofacial injuries in children . In Smith JD, Bumstead R, eds. Pediatric Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery . New York, NY: Raven Press; 1993:283-316. 2. Rowe NL. Fracture of the facial skeleton in children . J Oral Surg . 1967;26: 505-515. 3. Kaban LB. Diagnosis and treatment of fractures of the facial bones in children 1943-1993 . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1993;51:722-729.Crossref 4. Gussack GS, Lutterman A, Rodgers K, Powell RW, Ramenofsky ML. Pediatric maxillofacial trauma: unique features in diagnosis and treatment . Laryngoscope . 1987;97:925-930.Crossref 5. Fortunato MA, Fielding AF, Gurensey LH. Facial bone fractures in children . Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol . 1982;53:225-231.Crossref 6. McGraw BL, Cole RR. Pediatric maxillofacial trauma . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1990;116:41-45.Crossref 7. Hall RK. Injuries of the face and jaws in children . Int J Oral Surg . 1972;1:65-75.Crossref 8. Kaban LB, Mulliken JB, Murray JE. Facial fractures in children: an analysis of 122 fractures in 109 patients . Plast Reconstr Surg . 1977;59:15-20.Crossref 9. Posnick JC, Wells M, Pron GE. Pediatric facial fractures: evolving patterns of treatment . J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1993;51:836-844.Crossref 10. Thaller SR, Huang V. Midfacial fractures in the pediatric population . Ann Plast Surg . 1992;29:348-352.Crossref 11. Messinger A, Radkowski MA, Greenwald MJ, Pensler JM. Orbital roof fractures in the pediatric population . Plast Reconstr Surg . 1989;84:213-216.Crossref 12. Gruss JS. Orbital roof fractures in the pediatric population . Plast Reconstr Surg . 1989;84:217-218.Crossref 13. Antonyshyn O, Gruss JS, Kassel EE. Blow-in fractures of the orbit . Plast Reconstr Surg . 1989;84:10-20.Crossref 14. Kulwin DR, Leadbetter MG. Orbital rim trauma causing a blow-out fracture . Plast Reconstr Surg . 1984;66:969-970.Crossref 15. Raflo TG. Blow-in and blow-out fractures of the orbit: clinical correlations and proposed mechanisms . Ophthalmic Surg . 1984;15:114-119. 16. Smith B, Regan WF. Blow-out fracture of the orbit . Am J Ophthalmol . 1957; 44:733-739. 17. Fujino T, Makino K. Entrapment mechanism and ocular injury in orbital blowout fracture . Plast Reconstr Surg . 1980;65:571-574.Crossref 18. Anderson RL, Panje WR, Gross CE. Optic nerve blindness following blunt forehead trauma . Ophthalmology . 1982;89:445-455.Crossref 19. Converse JM. Facial injuries in children . In: Kazanjian VH, Converse JM, eds. The Surgical Treatment of Facial Injuries . 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1959:299-315. 20. Endlow DH. Facial Growth . 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1990: 1-24. 21. Morin JD, Hill JC, Anderson JE, Grainger RM. A study of growth in the inter-orbital region . Am J Ophthalmol . 1963;56:895-901. 22. Onodi A. Accessory Sinuses of the Nose in Children . New York, NY: William Wood & Co; 1911:plates 4-90.

Evans, Kathryn L.;Courteney-Harris, Robert;Bailey, C. Martin;Evans, John N. G.;Parsons, David S.

1995 Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery

doi: 10.1001/archotol.1995.01890120038007pmid: 7488367

Abstract Objective: To review the clinical features, associated congenital abnormalities, management, and morbidity of infants presenting with posterior laryngeal and laryngotracheal clefts. Design: Case series. Setting: Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children NHS Trust, London, England. Patients: Consecutive sample of 44 patients presenting with posterior laryngeal and laryngotracheal clefts between December 10, 1979, and January 30, 1992. Main Outcome Measures: Clinical features, incidence of surgery, and associated morbidity and mortality related to different types of airway cleft. Results: The main presenting features were stridor and aspiration, which were more evident with the more extensive clefts. Twenty-five patients (56%) had associated congenital abnormalities. Fourteen patients (32%) were treated conservatively. Sixteen patients (36%) underwent primary endoscopic surgical repair. Eight patients (18%) underwent primary repair via an anterior laryngofissure; and six patients (14%) underwent primary repair via a lateral pharyngotomy. Eight patients (18%) required revision surgery, two (4%) of them on more than one occasion. Ten patients (23%) required fundoplication to control gastroesophageal reflux. Six patients (14%) died. Conclusions: The identification of an airway cleft requires a high index of suspicion. Morbidity and mortality are reduced by securing the airway, controlling gastroesophageal reflux, and using a multidisciplinary pediatric team. We recommend the anterior laryngofissure because of the ease of surgical access.(Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1380-1385) References 1. Pettersson G. Inhibited separation of the larynx and the upper part of the trachea from the esophagus in a newborn: report of a case successfully operated upon . Eur J Surg Suppl (Stockh) .1955;110:250-254. 2. Armitage EN. Laryngotracheo-oesophageal cleft . Anaesthesia . 1984;39:706-713.Crossref 3. Evans JNG. Management of the cleft larynx and tracheoesophageal clefts . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1985;94:627-630. 4. Benjamin B, Inglis A. Minor congenital laryngeal clefts: diagnosis and classification . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1989;98:417-420. 5. Cohen SR. Cleft larynx: a report of seven cases . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1975; 84:747-756. 6. East MR. The developmental anatomy of the larynx . Otolaryngol Clin North Am . 1970;3:413-438. 7. Welch RG, Hussain OAN. Atresia of the oesophagus with common tracheoesophageal tube . Arch Dis Child . 1958;33:367-370.Crossref 8. Lim TA, Spanter SS, Kohut RI. Laryngeal clefts: a histopathologic study and review . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1979;88:837-845. 9. Zachary RB, Emery JL. Failure of separation of larynx and trachea from oesophagus: persistent oesophagotrachea . Surgery . 1961;49:525-529. 10. Delahunty JE, Cherry J. Congenital laryngeal cleft . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1969;78:96-106. 11. Felman AH, Talbert JL. Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft . Radiology . 1972;103: 641-644.Crossref 12. Frates RE. Roentgen signs in laryngo-tracheoesophageal cleft . Radiology . 1967; 88:484-486.Crossref 13. Bell DW, Smith TE, Christiansen TA, et al. Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft: the anterior approach . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1977;86:616-622. 14. Myer CM, Cotton RT, Holmes DK, Jackson RK. Laryngeal and laryngotracheoesophageal clefts: role of early surgical repair . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1990; 99:98-104. 15. Holinger LD, Tansek KM, Tucker GF Jr. Cleft larynx with airway obstruction . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1985;94:622-626. 16. Cohen SR. Posterior cleft larynx associated with hamartoma . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1984;93:443-446. 17. Tyler DT. Laryngeal cleft: report of eight patients and a review of the literature . Am J Med Genet . 1985;21:62-75.Crossref 18. Robie DK, Pearl RH, Gonsales C, Restuccia RD, Hoffman MA. Operative strategy for recurrent laryngeal cleft: a case report and review of the literature . J Pediatr Surg . 1991;26:971-974.Crossref 19. Berkovits RNP, Bax NMA, van der Schans EJ. Surgical treatment of congenital laryngotracheo-oesophageal cleft . Prog Pediatr Surg . 1987;21:36-46. 20. Froehlich P, Truy E, Stamm D, Morgon A, Floret D, Chappuis JP. Cleft larynx: managment and one-stage surgical repair by anterior translaryngotracheal approach on two children . Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol . 1993;27:73-78.Crossref 21. Jahrsdoerfer RA, Kirchner JA, Thaler SU. Cleft larynx . Arch Otolaryngol . 1967; 86:108-1134.Crossref 22. Roth B, Rose KG, Benz-Bohm G, Gunther H. Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft, clinical features, diagnosis and therapy . Eur J Pediatr . 1983;140:41-46.Crossref 23. Donahoe PK, Gee PE. Complete laryngotracheoesophageal cleft: management and repair . J Pediatr Surg . 1987;22:197-199.Crossref 24. Wolfson PJ, Schloss MD, Guttman FM, Ngyuen L. Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft . Arch Surg . 1984;119:228-230.Crossref 25. Cotton RT, Schreiber JT. Management of laryngotracheoesophageal cleft . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1981;90:401-405.

Derkay, Craig S.

1995 Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery

doi: 10.1001/archotol.1995.01890120044008pmid: 7488368

Abstract Objective: To obtain pilot data about the incidence, need for surgical intervention, and demographics of recurrent respiratory papillomas in the United States. Design: Otolaryngologists were surveyed using a questionnaire with structured and open-ended questions. Participants: One thousand board-certified otolaryngologists practicing in the United States as of January 1, 1993, through a random mailing list provided by the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery and all active US members of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology and the American Bronchoesophagological Association. A total of 1346 questionnaires were distributed. Main Outcome Measures: Physician's responses to questions about their current patient load of children and adults with recurrent respiratory papillomas, their surgical and anesthetic management of the disease, and their clinical experiences with risk factors for developing recurrent respiratory papillomas. Results: Projected totals for recurrent respiratory papillomas among children were 2354 new cases (95% confidence interval [CI], 1448 to 3260) and 5970 active cases (95% CI, 3465 to 8474), requiring 16 597 surgical procedures (95% CI, 6938 to 26 255) at a cost of $109 million (95% CI, $45 to $172 million) for March 1, 1993 to March 31, 1994. Projected totals for adult recurrent respiratory papillomas were 3623 new cases (95% CI, 2359 to 4887) and 9015 active cases (95% CI, 6435 to 11 591) requiring 9284 surgical procedures (95% CI, 6003 to 12 565) at a cost of $42 million (95% CI, $27 to $59 million) for March 1, 1993 to March 31, 1994. The incidence of recurrent respiratory papillomas among children is estimated at 4.3 per 100 000; among adults, 1.8 per 100 000. The carbon dioxide laser was favored by 92% of respondents. No consensus was reached on the role for cesarean section. Forty-six percent of respondents favored the use of a laser-safe endotracheal tube for anesthetic management. Conclusion: A registry of patients with recurrent respiratory papillomas would benefit future research protocols and provide long-term follow-up of patients.(Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1386-1391) References 1. Jones S, Myers G. Benign neoplasms of the larynx . Otolaryngol Clin North Am . 1985;17: (1) :151-178. 2. Morgan AH, Zitsch RP. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in children: a retrospective study of management and complications . Ear Nose Throat J . 1986; 65:19-28. 3. Strong MS, Vaughan CW, Healy GB, Cooperband SR, Clemente MCAP. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: management with the CO2 laser . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1976;85:508-516. 4. Kashima HK, Shah F, Lyles A, et al. A comparison of risk factors in juvenileonset and adult-onset recurrent respiratory papillomas . Laryngoscope . 1992; 102:9-13. 5. Kashima HK, Mounts P, Levanthal B, Hruban RH. Sites of predilection in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1993:102( (8) pt 1):580-583. 6. Abramson AL, Steinberg BM, Winkler B. Laryngeal papillomatosis: clinical, histopathologic and molecular studies . Laryngoscope . 1987;97:678-685.Crossref 7. Corbitt G, Zarod AP, Arrend JR, Longson M, Farrington WT. Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes associated with laryngeal papilloma . J Clin Pathol . 1988;41:284-288.Crossref 8. Quiney RG, Wells M, Lewis FA, Terry RM, Michaels L, Croft CB. Laryngeal papillomatosis: correlation between severity of disease and presence of HPV 6 and 11 detected by in situ DNA hybridization . J Clin Pathol . 1989;42:694-698.Crossref 9. Dickens P, Srivastava G, Loke SL, Larkin S. Human papillomavirus type 6, 11 and 16 in laryngeal papillomas . J Clin Pathol . 1991;165:243-246. 10. Lindeberg H, Syrjänen S, Karja J, Syrjänen K. Human papillomavirus type 11 DNA in squamous cell carcinoma and preexisting multiple papillomas . Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) . 1989;107:1-9.Crossref 11. Mounts P, Shah KV. Respiratory papillomatosis: etiological relation to genital tract papillomas . Prog Med Virol . 1984;29:90-114. 12. Cohen SR, Geller KA, Seltzer S, Thompson JW. Papilloma of the larynx and tracheobronchial tree in children: a retrospective study . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1980;89:497-503. 13. Terry RM, Lewis FA, Griffiths S, Wells M, Bird CC. Demonstration of human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 in juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis by in-situ DNA hybridization . J Pathol . 1987;153:245-248.Crossref 14. Kashima HK, Kessis T, Mounts P, Shah K. Polymerase chain reaction identification of human papillomavirus DNA in CO2 laser plume from recurrent respiratory papillomatosis . Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1991;104:191-195. 15. Rihkaren H, Aaltonen LM, Syrjänen SM. Human papillomavirus in laryngeal papillomas and in adjacent normal epithelium . Clin Otolaryngol . 1993;18:470-474.Crossref 16. Cook TA, Brunchswig JP, Butel JS, Cohn AM, Goepfert H, Rawls WE. Laryngeal papilloma: etiologic and therapeutic considerations . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1973;82:649-655. 17. Strong MS, Vaughn CW, Healy GD. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis . In: Healy GB, ed. Laryngo-Tracheo Problems in the Pediatric Patient . Springfield, III: Charles C Thomas Publisher; 1979:88-98. 18. Quick CA, Kryzek RA, Watt SL, Faras AJ. Relationship between condylomata and laryngeal papillomata clinical and molecular virological evidence . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1980;89:467-471. 19. Hallden C, Majmudar B. The relationship between juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis and maternal condylomata acuminata . J Reprod Med . 1986;31:804-807. 20. Quick CA, Farris A, Kryzek R. The etiology of laryngeal papillomatosis . Laryngoscope . 1978;88:1789-1795. 21. Shah K, Kashima H, Polk BF, Shah F, Abbey H, Abramson A. Rarity of cesarean delivery in cases of juvenile onset respiratory papillomatosis . Obstet Gynecol . 1986;68:795-799. 22. Lindeberg H, Elbrond O. Laryngeal papillomas: the epidemiology in a Danish subpopulation 1965-1984 . Clin Otolaryngol . 1991;15:125-131.Crossref 23. Bennett RS, Powell KR. Human papillomavirus: association between laryngeal papillomas and genital warts . Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1987;6:229-232.Crossref 24. Levy PS, Lemeshow S. Simply for Health Professionals . Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Publishing Co; 1980. 25. Rimell F, Maisel R, Dayton V. In situ hybridization and laryngeal papillomas . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1992;101:119-126. 26. Smith EM, Johnson SR, Pignatari S, Cripe TP, Turek L. Perinatal vertical transmission of human papillomavirus and subsequent development of respiratory tract papillomatosis . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol . 1991;100:479-483. 27. Sedlacek TV, Lindeheim S, Elder C, et al. Mechanism for human papillomavirus transmission at birth . Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1989;161:55-59.Crossref 28. Tseng CJ, Lin CY, Wang RL, et al. Possible transplacental transmission of human papillomaviruses . Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1992;166:35-40.Crossref 29. Lindeberg H, Elbrond O. Laryngeal papillomas: clinical aspects in a series of 231 patients . Clin Otolaryngol . 1989;14:333-342.Crossref 30. Cole RR, Myer CM, Cotton RT. Tracheotomy in children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis . Head Neck . 1989;11:226-230.Crossref 31. Levanthal B, Kashima HK, Mounts P. Long-term response of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis to treatment of lymphoblastoid interferon alpha-n1 . N Engl J Med . 1991;325:613-617.Crossref

Jones, Jacqueline E.;McGill, Trevor

1995 Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery

doi: 10.1001/archotol.1995.01890120050009pmid: 7488369

Abstract Objective: Primitive neuroectodermal tumor is a malignant small round cell tumor of neuroectodermal origin. The occurrence of these tumors in the head and neck is rare. Our objective is to document the frequency of presentation, methods of diagnosis, and forms of treatment used to combat primitive neuroectodermal tumors in the head and neck. Design: Retrospective chart review. Results: The most common location for primitive neuroectodermal tumors in our series was the thoracopulmonary region (46%); the next most common location was the head and neck (42%). Metastatic disease was present in 31% of patients at the time of diagnosis. Cytogenic analysis was found to be helpful in confirming the diagnosis of primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Therapy for primitive neuroectodermal tumors included surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Survival statistics were poor, with 65% of the patients alive at 2 years' follow-up. Conclusions: Primitive neuroectodermal tumor is an aggressive malignant small round cell tumor that may present in the head and neck. Long-term survival for patients with primitive neuroectodermal tumor is still poor; however, the use of improved chemotherapeutic agents combined with aggressive surgical control of primary disease and, in some cases, radiation therapy should lead to improved long-term survival.(Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1392-1395) References 1. Stout AP. A tumor of the ulnar nerve . Proc N Y Pathol Soc . 1918;18:2-12. 2. Askin FB, Rosai J, Sibley RK, Dehner LP, McAlister WH. Malignant small cell tumor of the thoracopulmonary region in childhood: a distinctive clinicopathologic entity of uncertain histogenesis . Cancer . 1979;43:2438-2451.Crossref 3. Israel M, Miser J, Triche T, Kinsella T. Neuroepithelial tumors . In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG, eds. Principles and Practices of Pediatric Oncology . Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1989:623-634. 4. Ashwal S, Hinshaw D. CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors of childhood . Med Pediatr Oncol . 1984;12:180-188.Crossref 5. Jurgens H, Bier V, Harma D, Beck J. Malignant peripheral neuroectodermal tumors: a retrospective analysis of 42 patients . Cancer . 1988;61:349-357.Crossref 6. Moerman P, Goddeeris P, Fryns J, Lauweryns J. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor: a newly recognized cause of early fetal death . Pediatr Pathol . 1985;4: 137-141.Crossref 7. Dehner L. Peripheral and central primitive neuroectodermal tumors: a nosologic concept seeking a consensus . Arch Pathol Lab Med . 1986;110:997-1005. 8. Chowdhury K, Manoukian J, Rochou L, Bejin L. Extracranial primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the head and neck . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1990;116:475-478.Crossref 9. Kahn HJ, Thormer PS. Monoclonal antibody MBL: a potential marker for Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors . Pediatr Pathol . 1989;9:153-162.Crossref 10. Kushner BH, Haydu S, Gulati SC. Extracranial primitive neuroectodermal tumors . Cancer . 1991;67:1825-1826.Crossref 11. Fletcher J, Kozakewich H, Hoffer F, et al. Diagnostic relevance of clonal cytogenetic aberration in malignant soft tissue tumors . N Engl J Med . 1991;324: 436-443.Crossref 12. Altman N, Fitz C. Radiologic characteristics of primitive neuroectodermal tumors in children . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 1985;6:15-18. 13. Miller JS, Kinsella T, Triche T, et al. Treatment of peripheral neurepitheliums in children and young adults . J Clin Oncol . 1987;5:1752-1758. 14. Shamberger R, Gier H, Weinstein H, et al. Chest wall tumors in infancy and childhood . Cancer . 1989;63:774-785.Crossref

Baroody, Fuad M.;Hughes, C. Anthony;McDowell, Philip;Hruban, Ralph;Zinreich, S. James;Naclerio, Robert M.

1995 Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery

doi: 10.1001/archotol.1995.01890120054010pmid: 7488370

Abstract Objectives: To quantify eosinophilia in sinus tissues obtained from children with chronic sinusitis and to correlate the degree of eosinophilia with history of asthma, allergy, cystic fibrosis, and preoperative computed tomographic (CT) scans. Design: Examination of surgical specimens from children who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery and controls. Setting: Tertiary care medical center. Patients: Thirty-four children who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis refractory to medical treatment were divided into three groups: 13 with asthma, 11 without asthma, and 10 with cystic fibrosis. Normal sphenoid sinus mucosa was also obtained from six adults undergoing transsphenoidal hypophysectomies. Main Outcome Measures: Number of lamina propria and intraepithelial eosinophils in surgical specimens, allergic status, presence or absence of asthma, and CT scans obtained preoperatively. Results: There were significantly more lamina propria and intraepithelial eosinophils in the tissue of children with chronic sinusitis compared with normal sphenoid sinus mucosa. More eosinophils were counted in the tissues of patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis compared with patients without concomitant disease, but this did not reach statistical significance. Allergy status did not affect the degree of tissue eosinophilia. Eosinophilia did not correlate with severity of mucosal disease as assessed by CT scans. Conclusions: Tissue eosinophilia is a characteristic histologic feature of chronic sinusitis in children, especially those with asthma. The presence of allergy does not predict tissue eosinophilia. Furthermore, the degree of tissue eosinophilia does not correlate with the severity of mucosal thickening seen on CT scans.(Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1396-1402) References 1. NIH Data Book 1990 . Bethesda, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1990:Table 44. 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Surgery for chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis . Laryngoscope . 1975;85:199-211. 9. Amodio JB, Berdon WE, Abramson S, et al. Cystic fibrosis in childhood: pulmonary, paranasal sinus and skeletal manifestations . Semin Roentgenol . 1987; 22:125-135.Crossref 10. April MM, Zinreich SJ, Baroody FM, Naclerio RM. Coronal CT scan abnormalities in children with chronic sinusitis . Laryngoscope . 1993;103:985-990.Crossref 11. Harlin SL, Ansel DG, Lane SR, Myers J, Kephart GM, Gleich GJ. A clinical and pathologic study of chronic sinusitis: the role of the eosinophil . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1988;81:867-875.Crossref 12. Hamilos DL, Leung DYM, Wood R, et al. Chronic hyperplastic sinusitis: association of tissue eosinophilia with mRNA expression of granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1993;92:39-48.Crossref 13. Newman LJ, Platts-Mills TAE, Phillips CD, Hazen KC, Gross CW. Chronic sinusitis: relationship of computed tomographic findings to allergy, asthma and eosinophilia . JAMA . 1994;271:363-367.Crossref 14. Ohno I, Lea RG, Flanders KC, et al. Eosinophils in chronically inflamed human upper airway tissues express transforming growth factor β1 gene . J Clin Invest . 1992;89:1662-1668.Crossref 15. Ohno I, Lea RG, Finotto S, et al. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene expression by eosinophils in nasal polyposis . Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol . 1991;5:505-510.Crossref 16. Zinreich SJ, Kennedy DW, Rosenbaum AE, et al. Paranasal sinuses: CT imaging requirements for endoscopic surgery . Radiology . 1987;163:769-775.Crossref 17. Oppenheimer EH, Rosenstein BJ. Differential pathology of nasal polyps in cystic fibrosis and atopy . Lab Invest . 1979;40:445-449. 18. Rot A, Krieger M, Brunner T, Bischoff SC, Schall TJ, Dahinden CA. 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Effects of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and colony-stimulating factor-1 on the proliferation and differentiation of murine alveolar macrophages . J Immunol . 1988;144: 3383-3390. 24. Lopez AF, Williamson DJ, Gamble JR, et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates in vitro mature human neutrophil and eosinophil function, surface receptor expression and survival . J Clin Invest . 1986;78:1220-1228.Crossref 25. Owen WF, Rothenberg ME, Silberstein DS, et al. Regulation of human eosinophil viability, density and function by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the presence of 3T3 fibroblasts . J Exp Med . 1987;166: 129-141.Crossref