Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020660001pmid: N/A

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Keeney, Arthur H.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020687002pmid: 6639420

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract Finally, in September 1982, Germany's standard-setting agency, Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), their equivalent of our American National Standards Institute (ANSI), relented and permitted the American Optical Airpuff Tonometer to be sold in Germany. However, increased labors from all technical nations are still needed. The Englishbuilt Perkins hand applanation tonometer cannot be sold in Germany. Neither our diopter nor our prism diopter exists in the International System of Units in the eyes of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. To the Germans, there is only the reciprocal meter (It's hard for me to write ophthalmic prescriptions in such terms.). Even the reference wavelength of monochromatic light used to measure what would be a diopter—a reciprocal meter—continues to be strongly championed by German optical scientists at the elegantly narrow mercury e line (546.07 nm according to the Draft International Standard [International Orgànization for Standardization/Draft International Standard (ISO/DIS)] 7944, Feb

Campbell, Patrick B.;Bull, Marilyn J.;Ellis, Forrest D.;Bryson, Carolyn Q.;Lemons, James A.;Schreiner, Richard L.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020688003pmid: 6688950

Abstract • This study determined the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in 2,958 admissions to the Newborn Intensive Care Unit of the James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, between January 1976 and December 1979. Among 2,484 survivors, acute ROP developed in 72 (2.9%); 60 (83%) of these newborns had birth weights of less than 1,500 g. The incidence of acute ROP among survivors with birth weights of less than 1,000 g (28%) was approximately three times that of the survivors with birth weights between 1,001 and 1,500 g (10.1%). The overall incidence of blindness was 4.5% of surviving infants less than 1,000 g and 1.2% of those surviving with birth weights of 1,000 to 1,500 g. Evidence of the strong influence of immaturity and low birth weight on the risk of development of ROP is reaffirmed. Increasing survival of the most susceptible infants may be the factor contributing most to the overall incidence of ROP. References 1. Fledelius HC: Retinopathy or prematurity in Denmark: Epidemiological aspects, with reference also to minor ophthalmic damage. Read before the Retinopathy of Prematurity Conference, Washington, DC, Dec 4, 1981. 2. Phelps DL: Retinopathy of prematurity: An estimate of vision loss in the United States—1979 . Pediatrics 1981;67:924-926. 3. McCormick AQ: Retinopathy of prematurity . Curr Probl Pediatr 1977;77:9-28. 4. Helveston EM, Ellis FD: Pediatric Ophthalmology Practice . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1980. 5. Lubchenco LO, Searls DT, Brazie JV: Neonatal mortality: Relationship to birth weight and gestational age . J Pediatr 1972;81:814-822.Crossref 6. Riley P, Aranda JV: Changing incidence of retrolental fibroplasia in low birthweight infants, 1962-1980. Read before the Retinopathy of Prematurity Conference, Washington, DC, Dec 5,1981. 7. Hack M, Fanaroff AA, Merkatz IR: The low-birth-weight infant: Evolution of a changing outlook . N Engl J Med 1979;301:1162-1165.Crossref 8. LaGamma EF, Auld PAM: Mortality patterns in the infant under 1,000 grams , abstracted. Pediatr Res 1980;14:603. 9. Kumar S, Anday E, Sacks L, et al: Survival of the extremely low birth weight infant: Current limits of successful support , abstracted. Pediatr Res 1980;14:602. 10. Pomerance JJ: Incidence of retrolental fibroplasia. Read before the Retinopathy of Prematurity Conference, Washington, DC, Dec 5, 1981. 11. Kalina RE, Karr DJ: Retrolental fibroplasia: Experience over two decades in one institution . Ophthalmology 1982;89:91-95.Crossref 12. Petersen RA: Six years experience with retrolental fibroplasia in the Joint Program for Neonatology at Harvard Medical School. Read before the Retinopathy of Prematurity Conference, Washington, DC, Dec 5, 1981. 13. Sniderman SH, Riedel PA, Bert MD, et al: Factors influencing the incidence of retrolental fibroplasia. Read before the Retinopathy of Prematurity Conference, Washington, DC, Dec 6, 1981. 14. Kinsey VE, Arnold HJ, Kalina RE, et al: Pao2 levels and retrolental fibroplasia: A report of the cooperative study . Pediatrics 1977;60:655-668. 15. Lucey JF, Horbar JD, Orishi MJ: Cerebral and retinal hypoperfusion as a possible cause of retrolental fibroplasia: Hypothesis to explain non-oxygen related RLF , abstracted. Pediatr Res 1981;15:670.Crossref 16. Hittner HM, Godio LB, Rudolph AJ, et al: Retrolental fibroplasia: Efficacy of vitamin E in a double-blind clinical study of preterm infants . N Engl J Med 1981;305:1365-1371.Crossref 17. Silverman WA: Retrolental fibroplasia: A modern parable , in Oliver TD (ed): Monographs in Neonatology . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1980.

Gass, J. Donald M.;Braunstein, Robert A.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020691004pmid: 6639421

Abstract • Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN) is a clinical syndrome characterized early by visual loss, vitritis, papillitis, and recurrent crops of graywhite retinal lesions and later by progressive visual loss, optic atrophy, retinal vessel narrowing, and diffuse pigment epithelial degeneration. Evidence is presented that it is caused by a nematode that is probably not Toxocara canis; that at least two nematodes of different sizes are involved; that there are at least two endemic areas for the disease; that these areas are related to the size of the nematode; that the nematode may remain viable in the eye for three years or longer and cause progressive ocular damage; that thiabendazole and diethylcarbamazine citrate are ineffective therapeutically; and that photocoagulation is effective in destroying the nematode. Surgical excision of the nematode was attempted in two patients. References 1. Gass JDM, Scelfo R: Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis . J R Soc Med 1978;71:95-111. 2. Gass JDM: Stereoscopic Atlas of Macular Diseases , ed 2. St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1977. 3. Gass JDM, Gilbert WR, Guerry RK, et al: Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis . Ophthalmology 1978;85:521-545.Crossref 4. Parson HE: Nematode chorioretinitis: Report of a case, with photographs of a viable worm . Arch Ophthalmol 1952;47:799-800.Crossref 5. Price JA Jr, Wadsworth JAC: An intraretinal worm . Arch Ophthalmol 1970;83:768-770.Crossref 6. Rubin ML, Kaufman HE, Tierney JP, et al: An intraretinal nematode (a case report) . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1968;72:855-866. 7. Gass JDM: Stereoscopic Atlas of Macular Diseases: A Funduscopic and Angiographic Presentation , ed 1. St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1970, p 65. 8. Raymond LA, Gutierriz Y, Strong LE, et al: Living retinal nematode (filarial-like) destroyed with photocoagulation . Ophthalmology 1978; 85:944-949.Crossref 9. Luxenberg MN: An experimental approach to the study of intraocular Toxocara canis . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1979;77:542-602. 10. Pollard ZF, Jarrett WH, Hagler WS, et al: ELISA for diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis . Ophthalmology 1979;86:743-749.Crossref

Cogan, David G.;Chu, Fred C.;Barranger, John A.;Gregg, Richard E.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020700005pmid: 6639422

Abstract • The macula halo syndrome is the name proposed to describe patients with a unique ring-form opacity about the foveolas and a histiocytic storage disease. Since sphingomyelinase deficiency has now been found in the three patients in whom it was sought (including two in the present report), the entity may be classified as a variant of Niemann-Pick disease. A secondary hyperlipidemia may also be present. The macula halos consisting of symmetric crystalloid opacities with little or no visual impairment are pathognomonic of the entity. References 1. Cogan DG, Chu F, Barranger J, et al: Macula Halo Syndrome. Read in part before the American Ophthalmological Society, Hot Springs, Va, May 25, 1982. 2. Wewalka F: Zur Frage der Blauen Pigmentmakrophagen im Sternalpunktat . Wien Klin Wochenschr 1950;62:788-791. 3. Cogan DG, Federman DD: Retinal involvement with reticuloendotheliosis of unclassified type . Arch Ophthalmol 1964;71:489-491.Crossref 4. Sebestyn J, Galfi I: Retinal functions in Niemann-Pick lipidosis . Ophthalmologica 1969; 157:349-356.Crossref 5. Saidi P, Azizi SP, Sarlati R, et al: Rare variant of lipid storage disorders . Blood 1970; 35:533-538. 6. Harzer K, Ruprecht KW, Seuffer-Schulze D, et al: Morbus Niemann-Pick Typ B—enzymatisch gesichert—mit unerwarteter retinaler Beteiligung . Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol 1973;206:79-88.Crossref 7. Hartwig H, Kolling G, Best W: Kirschrot Fleck im Makulabereich ohne sicheren Hinweis auf Sphingolipidose . Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1978;173:716-719.

Reynard, Michael;Minckler, Don S.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020703006pmid: 6639423

Abstract • Cataract extraction was performed on the sympathizing eyes of six patients with sympathetic ophthalmia. In five patients the clinical diagnosis of sympathetic ophthalmia was supported by the results of histologic examination of the exciting eye. The postoperative period averaged 12 years, and visual acuities ranged from 20/25 to light perception. The presence of posterior synechiae posed the major complicating operative factor. Cystoid macular edema, vitreous opacity, pupillary membrane formation, and corneal opacification were associated with postoperative visual impairment in four cases. We conclude that the underlying status of the sympathizing eye at the time of cataract extraction and postoperative management are critical factors that influence ultimate visual outcome. References 1. Duke-Elder S (ed): Diseases of the Uveal Tract. St Louis, CV Mosby, 1966, vol 9: System of Ophthalmology : pp 588-589. 2. Makley TA Jr, Azar A: Sympathetic ophthalmia: A long-term follow-up . Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:257-262.Crossref 3. Baker AR: Sympathetic ophthalmia with report of pathological findings in two cases by Dr Edward P. Carlton, pathologist of Northwestern University Medical College, Chicago, 111 . Ophthalmic Rec 1909;18:105-114. 4. Marcus Gunn R: On sympathetic inflammation of the eyeball . R London Ophthalmol Hosp Rep 1886-1887;11:78-102, 273-326. 5. Anderson WA: Blindness following sympathetic ophthalmia of six years' standing: Operation: Recovery . Trans Ophthal Soc UK 1947; 67:481-482. 6. Weeks JE: Operative procedures on the exciting and the sympathizing eye in cases of sympathetic ophthalmia . JAMA 1905;44:287-291.Crossref 7. Smith FWG: Extraction of cataract in a case of sympathetic ophthalmia . Br J Ophthalmol 1949;33:779-780.Crossref 8. Henkind P, Wise GN: Cataract extraction in a sympathizing eye . Am J Ophthalmol 1974; 77:112-114. 9. Verhoeff FH, Irvine SR: Sympathetic uveitis: Results of treatment with diphtheria anti-toxin in 35 consecutive cases . NY State J Med 1936;36:63-67. 10. DeVoe AG: A ten-year follow-up on a case of sympathetic ophthalmia . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1970;68:105-112. 11. Wong VG, Hersh EM, McMaster PRB: Treatment of a presumed case of sympathetic ophthalmia with methotrexate . Arch Ophthalmol 1966;76:66-76.Crossref 12. Lang W: Case of sympathetic ophthalmia from which a secondary cataract had been removed after administration of salvarsan . Proc R Soc Med 1914;7:95-97. 13. Cooke CT: Role of focal infections in sympathetic ophthalmia . Am J Ophthalmol 1920;3:33-39. 14. Jaffe NS: Cataract Surgery and Its Complications , ed 3. St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1981, pp 157, 478. 15. Fischer JH: A case of severe sympathetic inflammation brought to a successful conclusion . Br J Ophthalmol 1933;17:35-38.Crossref 16. Fisher WA: Migratory ophthalmia followed by recovery of useful vision . Ophthalmic Rec 1912;21:672-674. 17. Burnham GH: The combined treatment in disease of the eye, especially in that of the uveal tract . Ophthalmic Rec 1904;13:540-547. 18. Report of the Committee on Sympathetic Ophthalmitis (case #16) . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1886;6:170-291. 19. Samuels B: Glaucoma and sympathetic ophthalmia . Arch Ophthalmol 1937;17:1031-1039.Crossref 20. Gipner JF: Sympathetic ophthalmia and its complications: Surgical treatment . NY State J Med 1963;36:59-63. 21. Ramsay AM: Sympathetic ophthalmia . Ann Ophthalmol 1904;13:1-11. 22. Haik GM, Waugh RL Jr, Lyda W: Sympathetic ophthalmia: Similarity to bilateral endophthalmitis phacoanaphylactica: New therapeutic methods . Arch Ophthalmol 1952;47:437-453.Crossref 23. Ridley H: Cataract surgery in chronic uveitis . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1965;85:519-525. 24. Kaplan HJ, Diamond JG, Brown SA: Vitrectomy in experimental uveitis: I. Operative techniques in rabbits . Arch Ophthalmol 1979; 97:331-335.Crossref 25. Diamond JG, Kaplan HJ: Lensectomy and vitrectomy for complicated cataract secondary to uveitis . Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:1798-1804.Crossref 26. Algvere P, Alanko H, Dickhoff K, et al: Pars plana vitrectomy in the management of intraocular inflammation . Acta Ophthalmol 1981; 59:727-736.

Dieckert, J. Paul;Pruett, Ronald C.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020706007pmid: 6639424

Abstract • The concept of a circumlinear vessel (CLV) of the optic disc was recently introduced into the opthalmic literature, and baring of the CLV was suggested as a sign of acquired disc injury, especially from glaucoma. In a review of fundus photographs of 27 eyes with optic nerve pits, only one eye was found in which the CLV was bared. This observation supports the concept that baring of the CLV is a sign of acquired disc change. References 1. Herschler J, Osher RH: Baring of the circumlinear vessel: An early sign of optic nerve damage . Arch Ophthalmol 1980;98:865-869.Crossref 2. Herschler J: Baring of the circumlinear vessel associated with optic nerve pits . Arch Ophthalmol 1981;99:338.Crossref 3. Osher RH, Herschler J: The significance of baring of the circumlinear vessel: A prospective study . Arch Ophthalmol 1981;99:817-818.Crossref 4. Mikelberg FS, Morgan JF: Baring of the circumlinear vessel associated with optic nerve pits . Arch Ophthalmol 1981;99:338.Crossref 5. Gass JDM: Serous detachment of the macula: Secondary to congenital pit of the optic nervehead . Am J Ophthalmol 1969;67:821-841. 6. Goldberg RE: Optic nerve pit and associated coloboma with serous detachment . Arch Ophthalmol 1974;91:160-161.Crossref 7. Halbertsma KTA: Crater-like hole and coloboma of the disc associated with changes at the macula . Br J Ophthalmol 1927;11:11-17.Crossref 8. Calhoun FP: Bilateral coloboma of the optic nerve: Associated with holes in disc and cyst of optic sheath . Arch Ophthalmol 1930;3:71-79.Crossref 9. Greear JN Jr: Pits, or crater-like holes, in the optic disc . Arch Ophthalmol 1942;28:467-483.Crossref 10. Walsh FB, Hoyt WF: Clinical Neuro-ophthalmology , ed 3. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1969, pp 669-671. 11. Kranenburg EW: Crater-like holes in the optic disc and central serous retinopathy . Arch Ophthalmol 1960;64:912-928.Crossref 12. Sugar HS: Congenital pits in the optic disc with acquired macular pathology . Am J Ophthalmol 1962;53:307-311. 13. Sugar HS: An explanation for the acquired macular pathology associated with congenital pits of the optic disc . Am J Ophthalmol 1964;57:833-835. 14. Gordon R, Chatfield RK: Pits in the optic disc associated with macular degeneration . Br J Ophthalmol 1969;53:481-489.Crossref 15. Mustonen E, Varonen T: Congenital pit of the optic nerve head associated with serous detachment of the macula . Acta Ophthalmol 1972;50:689-698.Crossref 16. Brockhurst RJ: Optic pits and posterior retinal detachment . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1975;73:264-291. 17. Petersen HP: Pits or crater-like holes in the optic disc . Acta Ophthalmol 1958;36:435-443.Crossref 18. Pfaffenbach DD, Walsh FB: Central pit of the optic disk . Am J Ophthalmol 1972;73:102-106. 19. Brown GC, Shields JA, Goldberg RE: Congenital pits of the optic nerve head: II. Clinical studies in humans . Ophthalmology 1980;87:51-65.Crossref

Abadi, Richard V.;Dickinson, Christine M.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020708008pmid: 6639425

Abstract • The clinical diagnosis of albinism can often be uncertain, particularly when one is confronted with blond patients with congenital nystagmus. Monochromatic fundus photography was carried out on 31 patients with congenital nystagmus to examine three retinal features: the macular pigment, foveal vasculature, and the retinal pigment epithelium. All subjects who were later classified as albinos did not exhibit any signs of macular pigmentation. Our results imply that monochromatic fundus photography can be a useful aid in the diagnosis of albinism. References 1. Witkop CJ Jr: Albinism , in Harris H, Hirschhorn K (eds): Advances of Human Genetics . New York, Plenum Press, 1971, vol 2. 2. Witkop CJ Jr, Quevedo WC Jr, Fitzpatrick TB: Albinism , in Stanbury JB, Wyngaarden JB, Fredricksen DS (eds): Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease , ed 4. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1978, pp 283-316. 3. Francois J: Albinism . Ophthalmologica 1979; 178:19-31.Crossref 4. Jay B, Carroll W: Albinism: Recent advances . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1980; 100:467-471. 5. Taylor WOG: Visual disabilities of oculocutaneous albinism and their alleviation: Edridge-Green Lecture . Trans Ophthal Soc UK 1978; 98:423-445. 6. Kugelman TP, van Scott EJ: Tyrosinase activity in melanocytes of human albinos . J Invest Dermatol 1961;37:73-76.Crossref 7. King RA, Witkop CJ Jr: Hairbulb tyrosinase activity in oculocutaneous albinism . Nature 1976;263:69-71.Crossref 8. Witkop CJ Jr: Depigmentations of the general and oral tissues and their genetic foundations . Ala J Med Sci 1979;16:331-343. 9. Nettleship E: Note on some varieties of albinism . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1906;26:244-250. 10. Usher CH: Case of congenital nystagmus with microscopical examination of the eyeballs . R Lond Ophthalmic Hosp Rep 1912;18:440-447. 11. Usher CH: Histological examination of an adult human albino's eyeball with a note on mesoblastic pigmentation in foetal eyes . Biometrika 1920;13:45-56. 12. Fulton AB, Albert DM, Craft JL: Human albinism: Light and electron microscopy study . Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:305-310.Crossref 13. O'Donnell FE Jr, Hambrick W Jr, Green WR, et al: X-linked ocular albinism: An oculocutaneous macromelanosomal disorder . Arch Ophthalmol 1976;94:1883-1892.Crossref 14. O'Donnell FE Jr, King RA, Green WR, et al: Autosomal recessively inherited ocular albinism: A new form of ocular albinism affecting females as severely as males . Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:1621-1625.Crossref 15. Behrendt T, Wilson LA: Spectral reflectance photography of the retina . Am J Ophthalmol 1965;59:1079-1088. 16. Potts AM: Monochromatic ophthalmoscopy . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1965;63:276-293. 17. Cullen AP: Fundus examination with restricted spectrum light . Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1971;48:803-810.Crossref 18. Delori FC, Gragoudas ES: Examination of the ocular fundus with monochromatic light . Ann Ophthalmol 1976;8:703-709. 19. Delori FC, Gragoudas ES, Francisco R, et al: Monochromatic ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography: I. The normal fundus . Arch Ophthalmol 1977;95:861-868.Crossref 20. Ducrey NM, Delori FC: Monochromatic ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography: II. The pathological fundus . Arch Ophthalmol 1979; 97:288-293.Crossref 21. Bird AC, Weale RA: On the retinal vasculature of the human fovea . Exp Eye Res 1974; 19:409-417.Crossref 22. Gregor Z: The perifoveal vasculature in albinism . Br J Ophthalmol 1978;62:554-557.Crossref 23. Falls HF: Sex-linked ocular albinism displaying typical fundus changes in the female heterozygote . Am J Ophthalmol 1951;34:41-50. 24. Ohrt V: Ocular albinism with changes typical of carriers . Br J Ophthalmol 1956;40:721-729.Crossref 25. Goodman G, Ripps H, Siegel IM: Sexlinked ocular disorders: Trait expressivity in males and carrier females . Arch Ophthalmol 1965;73:387-398.Crossref 26. King RA, Witkop CJ: Hairbulb tyrosinase activity in oculocutaneous albinism . Nature 1976; 263:69-71.Crossref 27. Wald G: Human vision and the spectrum . Science 1945;101:653-658.Crossref 28. Haidinger W: Über das direkte Erkennen des polarisierten Lichts . Phys Leipzig 1844;63:29-39.Crossref 29. Shute CCD: Haidinger's brushes and predominant orientation of collagen in corneal stroma . Nature 1974;250:163-164.Crossref 30. Cogan DG: Some ocular phenomena produced with polarized light . Arch Ophthalmol 1941;25:391-400.Crossref 31. Hochheimer BF: Polarised light retinal photography of a monkey eye . Vision Res 1978;18:19-23.Crossref 32. DeVries H, Spoor A, Jielof R: Properties of the eye with respect to polarised light . Physica 1953;19:419-432.Crossref 33. Naylor EJ, Stanworth A: Retinal pigment and the Haidinger effect . J Physiol 1954;124:543-552. 34. Bone RA: The role of macular pigment in the detection of polarised light . Vision Res 1980; 20:213-220.Crossref 35. Wald G: Human vision and the spectrum . Science 1945;101:653-658.Crossref 36. Wald G: The photochemistry of vision . Doc Ophthalmol 1949;3:49-134. 37. Stabell U, Stabell B: Variation in density of macular pigmentation and in short-wave cone sensitivity and eccentricity . J Opt Soc Am 1980; 70:706-711.Crossref 38. Ruddock KH: Evidence for macular pigmentation from colour matching data . Vision Res 1963;3:417-429.Crossref 39. Bone RA: Computer-enhanced resolution as an aid to identifying the macular pigment . Vision Res 1976;16:1191-1192.Crossref 40. Walls GL, Judd HD: The intra-ocular colour filters of vertebrates . Br J Ophthalmol 19;17:641-675, 705-725.Crossref 41. Rodieck RW: The Vertebrate Retina: Principles of Structure and Function . San Francisco, WH Freeman & Co Publishers, 1973, pp 246-247. 42. Reading VM, Weale RA: Macular pigment and chromatic aberration . J Opt Soc Am 1974; 64:231-234.Crossref 43. Charman WN, Jennings JAM: The optical quality of the monochromatic retinal image as a function of focus . Br J Physiol Opt 1976;31:119-134. 44. Wirtschafter JD, Denslow GR, Shine IB, et al: Quantification of iris translucency in albinism . Arch Ophthalmol 1973;90:274-277.Crossref 45. Jay B, Carruthers B, Treplin MCW, et al: Human albinism . Birth Defects 1976;12:415-426. 46. Bergsma DR, Kaiser-Kupfer M: A new form of albinism . Am J Ophthalmol 1974;77:837-844. 47. Fitzpatrick TB, Kimbow K, Donaldson DD: Dominant oculocutaneous albinism , abstracted. Br J Dermatol 1974;91( (suppl 10) ):23.Crossref 48. Zinn KM, Benjamin-Henkind JV: Anatomy of the human pigment epithelium , in Zinn KM, Marmor MF (eds): The Retinal Pigment Epithelium . Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1979, chap 1. 49. Yanoff M: Macular pathology , in Yannuzzi LA, Gitter KA, Schatz H (eds): The Macula: A Comprehensive Text and Atlas . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1979, chap 1. 50. Fitzpatrick TB, Quevedo WC: Albinism , in Stanbury JB, Wyngaarden JB, Fredricksen DS (eds): The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease , ed 3. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1972, pp 326-337.

Laing, Ronald A.;Neubauer, Lorenz;Leibowitz, Howard M.;Oak, Setsuko S.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020714009pmid: 6639426

Abstract • In the rabbit, cells coalesce to repair a damaged corneal endothelial layer. Clinical specular microscopy showed that this phenomenon also occurs in human beings. The resulting endothelial cells are large, irregularly shaped, and multinucleated. They are quite different in their specular microscopic appearance from corneal endothelial cells seemingly undergoing mitosis, which was observed in a successful penetrating keratoplasty and which represents another apparent mode of repair. Additional evidence for coalescence of endothelial cells is derived from evaluation of histograms of cell size v age that have been published previously. References 1. Laing RA, Sandstrom MM, Leibowitz HM: In vivo photomicrography of the corneal endothelium . Arch Ophthalmol 1975;93:143-145.Crossref 2. Laing RA, Sandstrom MM, Berrospi AR, et al: Changes in corneal endothelium as a function of age . Exp Eye Res 1976;22:587-594.Crossref 3. Capella JA: Regeneration of endothelium in diseased and injured corneae . Am J Ophthalmol 1972;74:810-817. 4. Laing RA, Sandstrom MM, Berrospi AR, et al: The human corneal endothelium in keratoconus . Arch Ophthalmol 1979;97:1867-1869.Crossref 5. Laing RA, Leibowitz HM, Oak SS, et al: Endothelial mosaic in Fuchs' dystrophy . Arch Ophthalmol 1981;99:80-83.Crossref 6. Neubauer L: Endothelbefunde bei Erkrankungen des vorderen Augenabschnittes . Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges 1980;77:497-501. 7. Sherrard ES: The corneal endothelium in vivo: Its response to mild trauma . Exp Eye Res 1976;22:347-357.Crossref 8. Bourne WM, Kaufman HE: Endothelial damage associated with intraocular lenses . Am J Ophthalmol 1976;81:482-485. 9. Laing RA, Sandstrom M, Berrospi AR, et al: Morphological changes in corneal endothelial cells after penetrating keratoplasty . Am J Ophthalmol 1976;82:459-464. 10. Doughman DJ, van Horn D, Rodman WP, et al: Human corneal endothelial layer repair during organ culture . Arch Ophthalmol 1976;94:1791-1796.Crossref 11. Waring GO III, Bourne WM, Edelhauser HF, et al: The corneal endothelium: Normal and pathologic structure and function . Ophthalmology 1982;89:531-590.Crossref 12. Van Horn DL, Hyndiuk RA: Endothelial wound repair in primate cornea . Exp Eye Res 1975;21:113-124.Crossref 13. Mishima S: Clinical investigations on the corneal endothelium . Am J Ophthalmol 1982;93:1-29. 14. Kraff MC, Sanders DR, Lieberman HL: Monitoring for continuing endothelial cell loss with cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation . Ophthalmology 1982;89:30-34.Crossref 15. Stark WJ, Maumenee AE, Dangel ME, et al: Intraocular lenses: Experience at the Wilmer Institute . Ophthalmology 1982;89:104-108.Crossref 16. Chi HH, Kelman CD: Effects of freezing on ocular tissues: I. Clinical and histological study of corneal endothelium . Am J Ophthalmol 1966;61-630-641. 17. Laflamme MY: Valeur comparee de deux techniques de conservation corneenne par greffes de cornee chez le lapin . Can J Ophthalmol 1977;12:128-132. 18. Faure JP, Kim YZ, Graf B: Formation of giant cells in the corneal endothelium during its regeneration after destruction by freezing . Exp Eye Res 1971;12:6-12.Crossref 19. Silverstein AM, Khodadoust AA, Prendergast RA: Desquamation of corneal endothelial cells . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982;22:351-358.

Sieving, Paul A.;Fishman, Gerald A.;Alexander, Kenneth R.;Goldberg, Morton F.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020718010pmid: 6639427

Abstract • There is electrophysiologic evidence that photoreceptors have normal visual pigment density (outer segment length) at a stage of ocular siderosis when the photoreceptor membrane function is defective. The early receptor potentials (ERPs) from two patients showed normal amplitudes, although the electroretinograms (ERGs) had reduced a- and b-waves for both cone and rod ERG responses. Since the ERP is generated by photolysis of visual pigment and requires orientation of the pigment molecules by outer segment disc membranes, the normal ERP amplitudes suggest that the photoreceptor outer segments have normal photopigment density, are of normal length, and are properly oriented. However, the transduction mechanism that converts visual pigment photolysis into membrane electrical potentials (the ERG a wave) is defective at this stage of ocular siderosis. References 1. Karpe G: Das Elecktroretinogram bei siderosis bulbi . Bibl Ophthalmol 1957;48:182-190. 2. Knave B: Electroretinography in eyes with retained intraocular metallic foreign bodies . Acta Ophthalmol 1969;100( (suppl) ):4-63. 3. Duke-Elder S, MacFaul PA: Injuries: I. Mechanical injuries , in Duke-Elder S (ed): System of Ophthalmology . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1972, pp 525-544. 4. Brown KT, Watanabe K, Murakami M: The early and late receptor potentials of monkey cones and rods . Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 1965;30:457-482.Crossref 5. Carr RE, Siegel IM: Action spectrum of the human early receptor potential . Nature 1970;225:88-89.Crossref 6. Sieving PA, Fishman GA: Regeneration of the human early receptor potential (ERP) following prolonged and flash bleaches . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981;20( (suppl) ):260. 7. Yonemura D, Kawasaki K: The early receptor potential in the human electroretinogram . Jpn J Physiol 1967;17:235-244.Crossref 8. Sieving PA, Fishman GA, Maggiano JM: Corneal wick electrode for recording bright flash electroretinograms and early receptor potentials . Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:899-900.Crossref 9. Sieving PA: In Vivo Determination of Visual Pigment Regeneration in Humans by Measurements of the Early Receptor Potential (ERP), thesis. University of Illinois at the Medical Center, Chicago, 1981. 10. Osterberg G: Topography of the layers of rods and cones in the human retina . Acta Ophthalmol 1935;13( (suppl 6) ):11-102. 11. Sieving PA, Fishman GA: Rod contribution to the human early receptor potential (ERP) estimated from monochromats' data . Doc Ophthalmol Pro Ser 1982;31:95-102. 12. Cone RA, Brown PK: Dependence of the early receptor potential on the orientation of rhodopsin . Science 1967;156:536. 13. Pak WL: Some properties of the early electrical response in the vertebrate retina . Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 1965;30:493-499.Crossref 14. Brindley GS, Gardner-Medwin AR: The origin of the early receptor potential of the retina . J Physiol 1966;182:185-194. 15. Young RW: The daily rhythm of shedding and degradation of rod and cone outer segment membranes in the chick retina . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1978;17:105-116. 16. Szamier RB, Berson EL, Klein R, et al: Sex-linked retinitis pigmentosa: Ultrastructure of photoreceptors and pigment epithelium . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1979;18:145-160. 17. Cibis PA, Brown EB, Hong SM: Ocular effects of systemic siderosis . Am J Ophthalmol 1957;44:158-172. 18. Berson EL, Watson G, Grasse KL, et al: Retinal degeneration in cats fed casein: IV. The early receptor potential . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981;21:345-350. 19. Frank RN, Goldsmith TH: Effects of cardiac glycosides on electrical activity in the isolated retina of the frog . J Gen Physiol 1967;50:1585-1606.Crossref 20. Fitzke FW, Massof RW: Absolute cone thresholds derived from the Ferry-Porter law . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1980;20( (suppl) ):212. 21. Appel I, Barishak YR: Histopathological changes in siderosis bulbi . Ophthalmologica 1978;176:205-210.Crossref