Archives of Ophthalmology

Sloan, Louise L.;Enoch, Jay

1978 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060201001pmid: 687194

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract With imminent change to the metric system, it is important to consider suitable distances for standard measures of visual acuity to replace the 20 ft and 13, 14, or 16 in now in use. Adoption of 4 m for distance and 40 cm for near has several advantages. Snellen fractions for a 4-m reading distance can be easily converted to those of comparable visual angle for a 20-ft distance simply by multiplying the numerator and denominator by 5. Thus, 4/16 is comparable to 4 × 5/ 16 × 5 or 20/80, and both are equal to four minutes in the visual angle notation. If a standard distance of 6 m rather than 4 m were adopted, the calculation would not be as simple because the numerator and denominator must be multiplied by 3.33. When similar tests of acuity for capital letters are made at 4 m and at 40

Susanna, Remo;Drance, Stephen M.

1978 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060202002pmid: 687195

Abstract • Discriminant analysis using various factors that describe the appearance of the disc has previously separated discs associated with glaucomatous field defects from those without field defects. A prospective study of 36 patients who were classified falsely positive and 36 patients who were true-negative has shown that the incidence of subsequent field loss in the false-positive group was substantially higher than in the negative group. The implications for prediction of patients in whom visual field defects may subsequently develop are discussed. References 1. Chandler PA, Grant WM: Lectures on Glaucoma . Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1965, p 13. 2. Spaeth GL, Read RM: The practical clinical appraisal of the optic disc in glaucoma: The natural history of cup progression and some specific disc field correlations . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 78:255-274, 1974. 3. Armaly MF: The correlation between appearances of the optic cup and visual function . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 73:898-913, 1969. 4. Hitchings RA, Spaeth GL: The optic disc in glaucoma . Br J Ophthalmol 61:107-113, 1977.Crossref 5. Shin DH, Kolker AE, Kass MA, et al: Longterm epinephrine therapy of ocular hypertension . Arch Ophthalmol 94:2059-2060, 1976.Crossref 6. Hoskins HD Jr, Gelber EC: Optic disk topography and visual field defects in patients with increased intraocular pressure . Am J Ophthalmol 80:284-290, 1975. 7. Armaly MF, Sayegh RE: The cup/disk ratio: The findings of tonometry and tonography in the normal eye . Arch Ophthalmol 82:191-196, 1969.Crossref 8. Weisman RL, Asseff CF, Phelps CD, et al: Vertical elongation of the optic cup in glaucoma . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 77:151-161, 1973. 9. Gloster J: Vertical ovalness of glaucomatous cupping . Br J Ophthalmol 59:721-724, 1975.Crossref 10. Kirsh RE, Anderson DR: Identification of glaucomatous disc . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 77:143-156, 1973. 11. Schwartz B: Cupping and pallor of the optic disc . Arch Ophthalmol 89:272-277, 1973.Crossref 12. Drance SM, Begg IS: Sector haemorrhage—A probably acute ischaemic disc change in chronic simple glaucoma . Can J Ophthalmol 5:137-141, 1970. 13. Hitchings RA, Spaeth GL: The optic disc in glaucoma: I. Classification . Br J Ophthalmol 60:778-785, 1976.Crossref 14. Shaffer RN, Ridgway WL, Brown R, et al: The use of diagrams to record changes in glaucoma disks . Am J Ophthalmol 80:460-464, 1975. 15. Graham PA, Hollow FC: The Ferndale Glaucoma Survey: A Critical Review of Methods of Detecting Glaucoma , Hunt LB (ed). Edinburgh and London, E & S Livingstone Ltd, 1965. 16. Drance SM: Correlation between optic disc changes and visual field defects in chronic openangle glaucoma . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 81:224-226, 1976. 17. Armaly MF: Optic cup in normal and glaucomatous eyes . Invest Ophthalmol 9:425-429, 1970. 18. Drance SM: Correlation of optic nerve and visual field defects in simple glaucoma (Doyne Memorial Lecture, 1975. ) Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 95:288-296, 1975.

Drance, Stephen M.;Schulzer, Michael;Douglas, Gordon R.;Sweeney, Vincent P.

1978 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060205003pmid: 687196

Abstract • Thirty-three ocular, systemic, and laboratory variables were used in a discriminant analysis to separate 219 patients suffering from chronic openangle glaucoma from 100 people who did not have the disease. The analysis used seven of the variables to separate 93% of the patients correctly. Without intraocular pressure, a 90% separation was obtained. References 1. Perkins ES: Bedford survey . Br J Ophthalmol 57:179-185, 1973.Crossref 2. Wilensky JT, Podos SM, Becker B: Prognostic indicators in ocular hypertension . Arch Ophthalmol 91:200-202, 1974.Crossref 3. Kitazawa Y, Horie T, Aoki Sm, et al: Untreated ocular hypertension: A long-term prospective study . Arch Ophthalmol 95:1180-1184, 1977.Crossref 4. Shin DH, Becker B, Waltman SR, et al: The prevalence of HLA-B12 and HLA-B7 antigens in primary open-angle glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol 95:224-225, 1977.Crossref 5. Becker B, Shin DH: Response to topical epinephrine: A practical prognostic test in patients with ocular hypertension . Arch Ophthalmol 94:2057-2058, 1976.Crossref 6. Drance SM, Faiclough M, Butler DM, et al: The importance of disc hemorrhage in the prognosis of chronic open-angle glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol 95:226-228, 1977.Crossref 7. Cornfield J: Joint dependence of risk of coronary heart disease on serum cholesterol and systolic blood pressure: A discriminant function analysis . Proc Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 21:58-62, 1962. 8. Drance SM: Correlation of optic nerve and visual field defects in simple glaucoma. (Doyne Memorial Lecture, 1975 .) Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 95:288-296, 1975.

Radius, Ronald L.

1978 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060208004pmid: 687197

Abstract • Threshold isopters for five standard test stimuli of the Goldmann perimeter were determined in 148 eyes of 74 patients with varying degrees of cataractous lens changes. Threshold sensitivity was correlated with visual acuity levels to quantitate the extent of isopter depression for these test stimuli. Composite threshold patterns for each stimulus at each of seven different acuity levels were determined. References 1. Harrington DO: The Visual Fields . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1964, pp 163-165. 2. Kolker AE, Hetherington J: Becker and Shaffer's Diagnosis and Therapy of the Glaucomas . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1976,pp 163-166. 3. Drance SM: Visual field defects in glaucoma , in Symposium on Glaucoma: Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1975, pp 190-209. 4. Bigger JF, Becker B: Cataracts and openangle glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 71:335-340, 1971. 5. Rönne R: Zur Theorie und Technik der Bjerrumischen Gesichtfelduntersuchung . Arch Augenheilkd 78:284-301, 1915. 6. Armaly MF: Ocular pressure and visual fields . Arch Ophthalmol 81:25-40, 1969.Crossref 7. Drance SM, Berry V, Hughes A: Studies in reproducibility of visual field areas in normal and glaucomatous subjects . Can J Ophthalmol 1:14-23, 1966. 8. Drance SM, Berry V, Hughes A: Studies on the effects of age on the central and peripheral isopters of the visual field in normal subjects . Am J Ophthalmol 63:1667-1672, 1967. 9. Drance SM, Berry V, Hughes A: The effects of age on the central isopter of the normal visual field . Can J Ophthalmol 2:79-82, 1967. 10. Aulhorn E, Harms H: Frühe Gesichtsteldaustalle beim Glaukom , in Leydhecker W (ed): Transactions of the International Congress of Ophthalmology, Munich, 1966 . Tutzing Glaucoma Symposium. Basel, S Karger AG, 1967.

Barr, Charles C.;Sipperley, Jack O.;Nicholson, Don H.

1978 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060214005pmid: 687198

Abstract • We reviewed 38 cases of small choroidal melanomas on file in the Eye Pathology Laboratory of Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami. Clinical and histopathological features of these cases were noted, and clinical follow-up information was obtained for 36 (95%) of the patients. Two tumor deaths occurred among the 18 patients that had a possible follow-up period of six years or more, yielding a tumor death rate of 11%. Retrospective analysis of clinical records and photographs permitted us to correlate the presence or absence of documented tumor growth with the degree of mitotic activity. References 1. Jensen O: Malignant melanoma of the human uvea: Recent follow-up of cases in Denmark, 1943-1952 . Acta Ophthalmol 48:113-128, 1970. 2. Davidorf FH, Lang JR: Natural history of malignant melanoma of the choroid: Small vs large tumors . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 79:310-320, 1975. 3. Warren RM: Prognosis of malignant melanomas of the choroid and ciliary body , in Blodi FC (ed): Current Concepts in Ophthalmology . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1974, vol 4, pp 158-167. 4. McLean IW, Foster WD, Zimmerman LE: Prognostic factors in small malignant melanomas of the choroid and ciliary body . Arch Ophthalmol 95:48-58, 1977.Crossref 5. Shammas HF, Blodi FC: Prognostic factors in choroidal and ciliary body melanomas . Arch Ophthalmol 99:63-69, 1977.Crossref 6. Curtin VT, Cavender JC: Natural course of selective malignant neoplasm of the choroid and ciliary body . Mod Probl Ophthalmol 12:523-527, 1974. 7. Gass JDM: Problems in differential diagnosis of choroidal nevi and malignant melanomas . Am J Ophthalmol 83:299-323, 1977. 8. Char DH, Hogan MJ: Management of small elevated pigmented choroidal lesions . Br J Ophthalmol 61:54-58, 1977.Crossref 9. Flocks M, Gerende JH, Zimmerman LE: The size and shape of malignant melanomas of the choroid and ciliary body in relation to the prognosis and histologic characteristics: A statistical study of 210 tumors . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 59:740-758, 1955. 10. Paul EV, Parnell L, Fraker M: Prognosis of malignant melanomas of the choroid and ciliary body . Int Ophthalmol Clin 2:387-402, 1962.Crossref 11. Callender GR: Malignant melanotic tumors of the eye: A study of histologic types in 111 cases . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 36:131-142, 1931. 12. Donders PC: Malignant melanoma of the choroid . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 93:745-751, 1973. 13. Meissner WA, Diamandopoulos GT: Neoplasia , in Anderson WAD (ed): Pathology , ed 7. St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1977, vol 1, pp 640-691.

Gragoudas, Evangelos S.;Goitein, Michael;Koehler, Andreas;Constable, Ian J.;Wagner, Miles S.;Verhey, Lynn;Tepper, Joel;Suit, Herman D.;Brockhurst, Robert J.;Schneider, Robert J.;Johnson, Kristen N.

1978 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060217006pmid: 99132

Abstract • Choroidal malignant melanomas in nine patients were treated with proton beam irradiation at the Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory, Cambridge, Mass. Each patient received five proton beam treatments in eight to ten days, totaling 4,730 to 8,570 rads at the tumor. No complications occurred during the treatment or followup period, which, at the time of this writing, ranges from one to 24 months, with an average of 12 months. No further growth of the tumor has been observed in any patient. Different signs of tumor regression have been noted. Resolution of the serous retinal detachments that accompanied some tumors is the earliest finding. Pigment changes over the surface of the tumor and adjacent pigment epithelium is a usual initial tumor response. Fluorescein angiography initially showed decreased leakage of dye; later, destruction of the tumor's vasculature and elimination of fluorescein leakage became evident. Only large choroidal vessels remained patent. Ultrasonography revealed decreased height of the tumors postirradiation, and the radioactive phosphorus (32P) uptake test, repeated in one patient, turned negative on postirradiation measurements. References 1. Gragoudas ES, Goitein M, Koehler AM, et al: Proton irradiation of small choroidal malignant melanomas . Am J Ophthalmol 83:665-673, 1977. 2. Koehler AM, Schneider RJ, Sisterson JM: Range modulators for protons and heavy ions . Nucl Instrum Meth 131:437-440, 1975.Crossref 3. Koehler AM: Dosimetry of proton beams using small silicon diodes . Radiat Res 7:53-63, 1967.Crossref 4. McLean IW, Foster WD, Zimmerman LE: Prognostic factors in small malignant melanomas of choroid and ciliary body . Arch Ophthalmol 95:48-58, 1977.Crossref 5. Ferry AP: Lesions mistaken for malignant melanoma of the posterior uvea: A clinicopathologic analysis of 100 cases with ophthalmoscopically visible lesions . Arch Ophthalmol 72:463-469, 1964.Crossref 6. Shields JA, Zimmerman LE: Lesions simulating malignant melanoma of the posterior uvea . Arch Ophthalmol 89:466-471, 1973.Crossref 7. Shammas HF, Blodi FC: Prognostic factors in choroidal and ciliary body melanomas . Arch Ophthalmol 95:63-69, 1977.Crossref 8. Gass JDM: Problems in the differential diagnosis of choroidal nevi and malignant melanomas . Am J Ophthalmol 83:299-323, 1977. 9. Curtin VT, Cavender JC: Natural course of selected malignant malanomas of the choroid and ciliary body . Mod Probl Ophthalmol 12:523-527, 1974. 10. Char DH, Hogan MJ: Management of small elevated pigmented choroidal lesions . Br J Ophthalmol 61:54-58, 1977.Crossref 11. Stanford GB, Reese AB: Malignant cells in the blood of eye patients . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 75:102-109, 1971. 12. Chisholm JF Jr: A long term follow-up on malignant melanomas of the choroid based on the Terry and John series . Am J Ophthalmol 36:61-73, 1953. 13. Mayer WD, Beitman MR: Melanosarcoma of the choroid with a long period of survival . Arch Ophthalmol 59:895-898, 1958.Crossref 14. Vannas S: On the prognosis of malignant tumors of the choroid . Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 135:678-690, 1959. 15. Weve HJM: Bowman lecture: On diathermy in ophthalmic practice . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 59:43-80, 1939. 16. Dunphy EB: Management of intraocular malignancy . Am J Ophthalmol 44:313-322, 1957. 17. Davidorf FH, Newman GH, Havener WH, et al: Conservative management of malignant melanoma: II. Transscleral diathermy as a method of treatment for malignant melanomas of the choroid . Arch Ophthalmol 83:273-280, 1970.Crossref 18. Meyer-Schwickerath G: The preservation of vision by treatment of intraocular tumors with light coagulation . Arch Ophthalmol 66:458-466, 1961.Crossref 19. Vogel MH: Treatment of malignant choroidal melanomas with photocoagulation: Evaluation of 10-year follow-up data . Am J Ophthalmol 74:1-11, 1972. 20. Stallard HB: Pigmental tumours of the eye. Surgical aspects . Proc R Soc Med 54:463-467, 1961. 21. Peyman GA, Apple DJ: Local excision of choroidal malignant melanoma: Full-thickness eye wall resection . Arch Ophthalmol 92:216-218, 1974.Crossref 22. Stallard HB: Malignant melanoblastoma of the choroid . Bibl Ophthalmol 75:16-38, 1968. 23. Long RS, Galin MA, Rotman M: Conservative treatment of intra-ocular melanomas . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 75:84-93, 1971. 24. Newman GH, Davidorf FH, Havener WH, et al: Conservative management of malignant melanoma: I. Irradiation as a method of treatment for malignant melanoma of the choroid . Arch Ophthalmol 83:21-26, 1970.Crossref 25. Lommatzsch P: Treatment of choroidal melanomas with 106Ru-106Rh beta-ray applicators . Surv Ophthalmol 19:85-100, 1974. 26. Lommatzsch PK: Experiences in the treatment of malignant melanoma of the choroid with 106Ru-106Rh beta-ray applicators . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 93:119-132, 1973 27. Davidorf FH, Makley TA, Lang JR: Radiotherapy of malignant melanoma of the choroid . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 81:849-861, 1976. 28. Stallard HB: Radiotherapy for malignant melanoma of the choroid . Br J Ophthalmol 50:147-155, 1966.Crossref 29. Lund OE: Changes in choroidal tumors after light coagulation (and diathermy coagulation): A histologic investigation of 43 cases . Arch Ophthalmol 75:458-466, 1966.Crossref 30. Hepler RS, Allen RA, Straatsma BR: Photocoagulation of choroidal melanomas: Early and late histopathologic consequences . Arch Ophthalmol 79:177-181, 1968.Crossref 31. Francois J, Hanssens M, DeLaey JJ: Recurrence of malignant melanoma of the choroid seven and eight years after light coagulation . Ophthalmologica 162:188-192, 1971.Crossref 32. Lincoff H, McLean J, Long R: The cryosurgical treatment of intraocular tumors . Am J Ophthalmol 63:389-399, 1967. 33. Bedford MA, Bedotto C, Macfaul PA: Radiation retinopathy after the application of a cobalt plaque: Report of three cases . Br J Ophthalmol 54:505-509, 1970.Crossref 34. Macfaul PA, Bedford MA: Ocular complications after therapeutic irradiation . Br J Ophthalmol 54:237-247, 1970.Crossref 35. Hayreh SS: Post-radiation retinopathy: A fluorescence fundus angiographic study . Br J Ophthalmol 54:705-714, 1970.Crossref 36. Shields JA, McDonald PR: Improvements in the diagnosis of posterior uveal melanomas . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 71:193-211, 1973. 37. Robertson MS, Williams JR, Schmidt RA, et al: Radiological studies of a high-energy modulated proton beam utilizing cultured mammalian cells . Cancer 35:1664-1677, 1975.Crossref 38. Tepper J, Verhey L, Goitein M, et al: In vivo determinations of RBE in a high energy modulated proton beam using normal tissue reactions and fractionated dose schedules . Int J Radiol Oncol Biol Phys 2:1115-1122, 1977.Crossref 39. Constable IJ, Goitein M, Koehler AM, et al: Small-field irradiation of monkey eyes with protons and photons . Radiat Res 65:304-314, 1976.Crossref 40. Suit HD, Goitein M: Dose-limiting tissues in relation to types and location of tumours: Implications for efforts to improve radiation dose distributions . Eur J Cancer 10:217-224, 1974.Crossref 41. Goitein M, Busse J: Immobilization error: Some theoretical considerations . Radiology 117:407-412, 1975.Crossref 42. Fletcher GH: Textbook of Radiotherapy , ed 2. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger Publishers, 1973, pp 98-105. 43. Von Essen CF: Roentgen therapy of skin and lip carcinoma: Factors influencing success and failure . Am J Roentgenol 83:556-570, 1960. 44. Barranco SC, Romsdahl MM, Humphrey RM: The radiation response of human malignant melanoma cells grown in vitro . Cancer Res 31:830-833, 1971. 45. Dewey DL: The radiosensitivity of melanoma cells in culture . Br J Radiol 44:816-817, 1971.Crossref 46. Habermalz HJ, Fischer JJ: Radiation therapy of malignant melanoma: Experience with high individual treatment doses . Cancer 38:2258-2262, 1976.Crossref 47. Tannock IF, Hayashi S: The proliferation of capillary endothelial cells . Cancer Res 32:77-82, 1972. 48. Gillette EL, Maurer GD, Severin GA: Endothelial repair of radiation damage following beta irradiation . Radiology 116:175-177, 1975.Crossref 49. Bedford MA: The use and abuse of cobalt plaques in the treatment of choroidal malignant melanomata . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 93:139-143, 1973. 50. Char DH, Lonn LI, Margolis LW: Complications of cobalt plaque therapy of choroidal melanomas . Am J Ophthalmol 84:536-541, 1977.

Raichand, Motilal;Dizon, Rutheva V.;Nagpal, Krishan C.;Goldberg, Morton F.;Rabb, Maurice F.;Goldbaum, Michael H.

1978 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060226007pmid: 687199

Abstract • We report on four patients with sickle cell hemoglobin (SC) disease in whom macular holes developed. A major factor contributing to the formation of the holes was macular stretching, caused by simultaneous nasal traction from epipapillary fibroglial tissue and temporal traction from peripheral fibrovascular and fibroglial tissue. Another possible factor was macular ischemia. References 1. Goldberg MF: Classification and pathogenesis of proliferative sickle retinopathy . Am J Ophthalmol 71:649-655, 1971. 2. Condon PI, Serjeant GR: Ocular findings in homozygous sickle cell anemia in Jamaica . Am J Ophthalmol 73:533-543, 1972. 3. Knapp JW: Isolated macular infarction in sickle cell (SS) disease . Am J Ophthalmol 73:857-859, 1972. 4. Stevens TS, Busse B, Lee C-B, et al: Sickling hemoglobinopathies: Macular and perimacular vascular abnormalities . Arch Ophthalmol 92:455-463, 1974.Crossref 5. Asdourian GK, Nagpal KC, Busse B, et al: Macular and perimacular vascular remodelling in sickling haemoglobinopathies . Br J Ophthalmol 60:431-453, 1976.Crossref 6. Acacio I, Goldberg MF: Peripapillary and macular vessel occlusion in sickle cell anemia . Am J Ophthalmol 75:861-866, 1973. 7. Chopdar A: Multiple major retinal vascular occlusions in sickle hemoglobin C disease . Br J Ophthalmol 59:493-496, 1975.Crossref 8. Paton D: The conjunctival sign of sickle-cell disease: Further observations . Arch Ophthalmol 68:627-632, 1962.Crossref 9. Galinos S, Asdourian GK, Woolf MB, et al: Hemoglobin SC disease and iris atrophy . Am J Ophthalmol 75:421-425, 1973. 10. Welch RB, Goldberg MF: Sickle-cell hemoglobin and its relation to fundus abnormality . Arch Ophthalmol 75:353-362, 1966.Crossref 11. Goldberg MF: Treatment of proliferative sickle retinopathy . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 75:532-556, 1971. 12. Asdourian GK, Nagpal KC, Goldbaum MH, et al: Evolution of the retinal black sunburst in sickling hemoglobinopathies . Br J Ophthalmol 59:710-715, 1975.Crossref 13. Kearney WF: Sickle cell ophthalmology . NY State J Med 65:2677-2681, 1965. 14. Munro S, Walker S: Ocular complications in sickle cell hemoglobin C disease . Br J Ophthalmol 44:1-24, 1960.Crossref 15. Allen AW, Gass JDM: Contraction of a peripheral epiretinal membrane simulating a macular hole . Am J Ophthalmol 82:684-691, 1976. 16. Gass JDM: Stereoscopic Atlas of Macular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1977, pp 334-401. 17. Aaberg TM: Macular holes: A review . Surv Ophthalmol 15:13a-162, 1970. 18. Francois J, Cambie EJ: Complications of photocoagulation therapy, diabetic retinopathy , in L'Esperance FA Jr (ed): Current Diagnosis and Management of Chorioretinal Diseases . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1977, pp 387-390. 19. Yoshioka H: Clinical study on the macular hole: II. Macular holes following blunt trauma . Folia Ophthalmol Jpn 19:491-497, 1968. 20. Gass JDM, Norton EWD: Follow-up study of cystoid macular edema following cataract extraction . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 73:665-682, 1969. 21. Welch RB, Maumenee AE, Wahlen HE: Peripheral posterior segment inflammation, vitreous opacities, and edema of the posterior pole: Pars planitis . Arch Ophthalmol 64:540-549, 1960.Crossref 22. Kerr LM, Little HL: Foveomacular retinitis . Arch Ophthalmol 76:498-504, 1966.Crossref 23. Williamson FA: Two cases of thrombosis of the retinal vein, one showing a hole, the other a star at the macula . Br J Ophthalmol 6:67-73, 1922.Crossref 24. Yoshioka H: Clinical studies on macular hole: III. On the pathogenesis of senile macular hole . Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 72:575-584, 1968.

Goldbaum, Michael H.;Jampol, Lee M.;Goldberg, Morton F.

1978 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060231008pmid: 687200

Abstract • The disc sign is the presence of dark red spots on the optic disc of patients with a sickling hemoglobinopathy. The dark spots appear to be plugs of deoxygenated erythrocytes in small surface disc vessels. The occlusions, which are transient and do not produce clinically detectable visual impairment, were seen most often in patients with homozygous sickle cell anemia and may be the result of clogging of small vessels by irreversibly sickled erythrocytes. References 1. Serjeant GR: The Clinical Features of Sickle Cell Disease . New York, American Elsevier Publishing Co Inc, 1974. 2. Paton D: The conjunctival sign of sickle cell disease . Arch Ophthalmol 66:90-94, 1961.Crossref 3. Goodman G, von Sallmann L, Holland MG: Ocular manifestations of sickle-cell disease . Arch Ophthalmol 58:655-682, 1957.Crossref 4. Serjeant GR, Serjeant BE, Condon PI: The conjunctival sign in sickle cell anemia . JAMA 219:1428-1431, 1972.Crossref 5. Nagpal KC, Asdourian GK, Goldbaum MH, et al: The conjunctival sign, hemoglobin S, and irreversibly sickled erythrocytes . Arch Ophthalmol 95:808-811, 1977.Crossref 6. Condon PI, Serjeant GR, Ikeda H: Unusual chorioretinal degeneration in sickle cell disease: Possible sequelae of posterior ciliary vessel occlusion . Br J Ophthalmol 57:81-88, 1973.Crossref 7. Dizon R, Jampol L, Goldberg M: Acute posterior ciliary artery occlusion in sickle cell disease . Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci (April (suppl) ):160-161, 1978. 8. Galinos S, Rabb MF, Goldberg MF, et al: Hemoglobin SC disease and iris atrophy . Am J Ophthalmol 75:421-425, 1973. 9. Welch RB, Goldberg MF: Sickle-cell hemoglobin and its relation to fundus abnormality . Arch Ophthalmol 75:353-362, 1966.Crossref 10. Galinos SO, Asdourian GK, Woolfe MB, et al: Spontaneous remodeling of the peripheral retinal vasculature in sickling disorders . Am J Ophthalmol 79:853-870, 1975. 11. Stevens TS, Busse B, Lee C-B, et al: Sickling hemoglobinopathies: Macular and perimacular vascular abnormalities . Arch Ophthalmol 92:455-463, 1974.Crossref 12. Asdourian GK, Nagpal KC, Busse B, et al: Macular and perimacular vascular remodelling in sickling haemoglobinopathies . Br J Ophthalmol 60:431-453, 1976.Crossref 13. Henkind P: Radial peripapillary capillaries of the retina: I. Anatomy: human and comparative . Br J Ophthalmol 51:115-123, 1967.Crossref 14. Goldbaum MH: Retinal depression sign: A newly observed sign indicating a small retinal infarct. Am J Ophthalmol, to be published. 15. Condon PI, Serjeant GR: Ocular findings in homozygous sickle cell anemia in Jamaica . Am J Ophthalmol 73:533-543, 1972. 16. Condon PI, Serjeant GR: Ocular findings in hemoglobin SC disease in Jamaica . Am J Ophthalmol 74:921-931, 1972. 17. Condon PI, Serjeant GR: Ocular findings in sickle cell thalassemia in Jamaica . Am J Ophthalmol 74:1105-1109, 1972.

Gitter, Kurt A.;Rothschild, Henry;Waltman, Dennis D.;Scott, Benson;Azar, Paul

1978 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060235009pmid: 687201

Abstract • Nine family members with hereditary retinal neovascularization showed wide variability in the extent of the clinical disorder and a slow progression of the disease process. Clinical and angiographic evaluation of these patients at various stages of their disease, and analysis of their histories points to a progressive peripheral retinal vascular disorder with secondary vitreous changes. The condition is characterized by retinal arteriolar ischemia, new vessel formation at the retinal periphery, and hemorrhage with retinal detachment. References 1. Criswick VG, Schepens CL: Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy . Am J Ophthalmol 68:578, 1969. 2. Gow J, Oliver GL: Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy: An expanded view . Arch Ophthalmol 86:150-155, 1971.Crossref 3. Canny CLB, Oliver GL: Fluorescein angiographic findings in familial exudative vitreoretinopathy . Arch Ophthalmol 94:1114-1120, 1976.Crossref 4. Welch RB, Goldberg MF: Sickle-cell hemoglobin and its relation to fundus abnormality . Arch Ophthalmol 75:353-362, 1966.Crossref 5. Goldberg MF: Natural history of untreated proliferative sickle retinopathy . Arch Ophthalmol 85:428-435, 1971.Crossref 6. Galinas SO, Asourian GK, Woolf MD, et al: Spontaneous remodeling of the peripheral retinal vasculature in sickling disorders . Am J Ophthalmol 78:853, 1975. 7. Goldberg MF, Charache S, Acacco I: Ophthalmologic manifestations of sickle cell thalassemia . Arch Intern Med 128:33, 1971.Crossref 8. Lieb WA, Geerates WJ, Guerry D: Sickle cell retinopathy . Acta Ophthalmol , (suppl 48) , 1959. 9. Von Hippel E: Ueber eine Sehr Seltene Erkrangung der Netzhaut . Arch Ophthalmol 59:83, 1904. 10. Lindau A: Zur Frage Angiomatosis Retinae Und Ihrer Hirnkomplikationeri . Acta Ophthalmol 4:193, 1927.Crossref 11. Watzke RC, Stevens TS, Carney RG Jr: Retinal vascular changes of incontinentia pigmenti . Arch Ophthalmol 94:743-746, 1976.Crossref 12. Wagner H: Ein Bisher Unbekanntes Erbeieiden des Auges: (Degeneratio Hyaloideoretinalis Hereditarial) . Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 100:840, 1938. 13. Hirose T, Lee KY, Schepens CL: Snowflake degeneration in hereditary vitreoretinal degeneration . Am J Ophthalmol 77:143, 1974. 14. Terry TL: Extreme prematurity and fibroplastic overgrowth of persistent vascular sheath behind each crystalline lens: Preliminary report . Am J Ophthalmol 25:203, 1942. 15. Patz A: Oxygen studies in retrolental fibroplasia: IV. Clinical and experimental observations. The First Edward L. Holmes Memorial Lecture . Am J Ophthalmol 38:291, 1954. 16. Asdourian GK, Goldberg MF, Busse BJ: Peripheral retinal neovascularization in sarcoidosis . Arch Ophthalmol 93:787-791, 1975.Crossref 17. Madigan JD, Gragoudas ES, Schwartz PL, et al: Peripheral retinal neovascularization in sarcoidosis and sickle cell anemia . Am J Ophthalmol 83:387, 1977. 18. Brockhurst RJ, Schepens CL, Okamura ID: Uveitis: II. 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Czarnecki, Jan S. C.;Thompson, H. Stanley

1978 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060240010pmid: 687202

Abstract • Fourteen patients with aberrant regeneration of the third cranial nerve were examined using self-developing photographs, motion pictures, and pupillography. These pupillary phenomena were noted: (1) sector contractions of the iris sphincter in response to light, (2) sector contractions of the iris sphincter associated with eye movements, and (3) an abnormal pupillary unrest. The observations strongly support the concept that after injury, fibers regenerate and sprout collateral branches that finally reach muscles of the oculomotor group other than those originally innervated. References 1. Gowers WR: The movements of the eyelids . Med Chir Tr 62:429-440, 1879. 2. Fuchs E: Association von Lidbewegung mit seitlichen Bewegungen des Auges . Beitr Augenheilkd 2:12, 1893. 3. Bielschowsky A: Lectures on motor anomalies of the eyes: II. Paralysis of individual eye muscles . Arch Ophthalmol 13:33-59, 1935.Crossref 4. Bender MB: The nerve supply to the orbicularis muscle and the physiology of movements of the upper eyelid: With particular reference to the pseudo-Graefe phenomenon . Arch Ophthalmol 15:21-30, 1936.Crossref 5. Bender MB, Fulton JF: Functional recovery in ocular muscles of a chimpanzee after section of oculomotor nerve . J Neurophysiol 1:144-150, 1938. 6. Bender MB, Fulton JF: Factors in functional recovery following section of the oculomotor nerve in monkeys . J Neurol Psychiatry 2:285-292, 1939.Crossref 7. Wartenberg R: Associated movements in the oculomotor and facial muscles . Arch Neurol Psychiatry 55:439-488, 1946.Crossref 8. Walsh FB: Third nerve regeneration: A clinical evaluation . Br J Ophthalmol 41:577-598, 1957.Crossref 9. Ford FR, Walsh FB, King A: Clinical observations on the pupillary phenomena resulting from regeneration of the third nerve with special reference to the Argyll Robertson pupil . Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 68:309-318, 1941. 10. Ramon y Cajal S: Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System . New York, Oxford University Press, 1928. 11. Bender MB: Synkinetic pupillary phenomena and the Argyll-Robertson pupil . Arch Neurol Psychiatry 53:418-422, 1945.Crossref 12. Ford FR, Woodhall B: Phenomena due to misdirection of regenerating fibers of cranial, spinal and autonomic nerves: Clinical observations . Arch Surg 36:480-496, 1938.Crossref 13. Levin PM: Intracranial aneurysms . Arch Neurol Psychiatry 67:771-786, 1952.Crossref 14. Breinin GM: Electromyography—A tool in ocular and neurologic diagnosis: II. Muscle palsies . Arch Ophthalmol 57:165-175, 1957.Crossref 15. Holland G: Elektromyographische Untersuchungen bei Fehlleitung regenerierender Nervenfasern nach Okulomotoriusparese . Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 144:686-696, 1964. 16. Lyle DG: Experimental oculomotor nerve regeneration . Am J Ophthalmol 61:1239-1243, 1966. 17. Ohno S, Mukuno K: Studies on synkinetic pupillary phenomena resulting from aberrant regeneration of the third nerve . Jap J Clin Ophthalmol 27:229-239, 1973. 18. Johnston AC, Pratt-Johnson JA: The ocular sequelae of third cranial nerve palsy . Can Med Assoc J 89:871-873, 1963. 19. Hepler RS, Cantu RC: Aneurysms and third nerve palsies: Ocular status of survivors . Arch Ophthalmol 77:604-608, 1967.Crossref 20. Grayson MC, Soni SR, Spooner VA: Analysis of the recovery of third nerve function after direct surgical intervention for posterior communicating aneurysms . Br J Ophthalmol 58:118-125, 1974.Crossref 21. Soni SR: Aneurysms of the posterior communicating artery and oculomotor paresis . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 37:475-484, 1974.Crossref 22. Schatz NJ, Savino PJ, Corbett JJ: Primary aberrant oculomotor regeneration: A sign of intracavernous meningioma . Arch Neurol 34:29-32, 1977.Crossref 23. Behrens M: Failure of the light reaction . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol 85:827-831, 1977. 24. Thompson HS, Franceschetti AT, Thompson PM: Hippus: History of the word . Am J Ophthalmol 71:1116-1120, 1971.