1977 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1977.04450090008001
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Cibis, Gerhard W.;Krachmer, Jay A.;Phelps, Charles D.;Weingeist, Thomas A.
1977 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1977.04450090051002pmid: 302697
Abstract • We examined 61 affected members of eight families with an inherited corneal dystrophy. The corneal abnormalities varied greatly from one member of a family to another. Some patients had only a few isolated endothelial vesicles, while others in the same family had severe secondary stromal and epithelial edema. In some patients edema was present at birth or in early childhood; in others it developed later in life. The wide variation of corneal abnormalities suggests the Possibility that several conditions previously described as separate disease entities, such as grouped vesicles, Schnyder's posterior herpes, posterior polymorphous dystrophy, and congential hereditary endothelial dystrophy, are part of the clinical spectrum of expression of a single familial corneal dystrophy. Some affected family members also had ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. Broad iridocorneal adhesions were present in some of the patients with glaucoma and in others with normal intraocular pressures. Other ocular abnormalities present in a few patients include pupillary ectropion, "glass membranes" on the anterior iris surface, and bands in Descemet's membrane. The transmission in most of the families was autosomal dominant. In two families it appeared to be autosomal recessive. (Arch Ophthalmol 95:1529-1537, 1977) References 1. Koeppe L: Angeborene Dellenbildung der Hornhauthinterfläche—in—Klin Beobachtungen mit der Nernst Spaltlampe u dem Hornhautmikroskop . Albrecht von Graefe's Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol 91:375-379, 1916. 2. Schlichting H: Blasen und Dellenförmige Endotheldystrophie der Hornhaut . Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 107:425-435, 1941. 3. Theodore FH: Congenital type of endothelial dystrophy . Arch Ophthalmol 21:626-638, 1939.Crossref 4. Kiffney GT: Linear endothelial vesicles of herpes corneae posterior . Am J Ophthalmol 59:466-469, 1965. 5. Collier M: La dystrophie vésiculiforme groupée en ilots et en bandes de l'endothélium cornée . Bull Soc Fr Ophtalmol 80:95-125, 1967. 6. Klouman OF: A peculiar type of corneal endothelial dystrophy . Acta Ophthalmol 43:534-538, 1965.Crossref 7. Schnyder WF: Herpetiforme Erkrankung der Hornhautrückfläche (Herpes cornea posterior) . Monatsblätter für Augenheilk 73:385-390, 1924. 8. Kanai A, Waltman S, Polack FM, et al: Electron microscopic study of hereditary corneal edema . Invest Ophthalmol 10:89-99, 1971. 9. Maumenee AE: Congenital hereditary corneal dystrophy . Am J Ophthalmol 50:1114-1124, 1960. 10. Cibis GW, Krachmer JA, Phelps CD, et al: Iridocorneal adhesions in posterior polymorphous dystrophy . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 81:770-777, 1976. 11. Malbran E: Corneal dystrophies . Am J Ophthalmol 74:778, 1972. 12. Rubenstein RA, Silverman J: Hereditary deep dystrophy of the cornea . Arch Ophthalmol 79:123-126, 1968.Crossref 13. Boruchoff SA, Kuwabara T: Electron microscopy of posterior polymorphous degeneration . Am J Ophthalmol 72:879-887, 1971. 14. Tripathi RC, Casey TA, Wise G: Hereditary posterior polymorphous dystrophy: An ultrastructural and clinical report . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 94:211-225, 1974. 15. Levenson JE, Chandler JW, Kaufman HE: Affected asymptomatic relatives in congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy . Am J Ophthalmol 76:967-971, 1973. 16. Kanai A, Kaufman HE: Further electron microscopic study of hereditary corneal edema . Invest Ophthalmol 10:545-554, 1971. 17. Pearce WG, Tripathi RC, Morgan G: Congenital endothelial corneal dystrophy . Br J Ophthalmol 53:577-591, 1969.Crossref 18. Soukup F: Polymorphous posterior degeneration of the cornea . Cesk Oftalmol 20:181-186, 1964. 19. McGee HB, Falls HF: Hereditary polymorphous deep degeneration of the cornea . Arch Ophthalmol 50:462, 1953.Crossref 20. Chandler P: Atrophy of the stroma of the iris, endothelial dystrophy, corneal edema, and glaucoma . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 53:75-93, 1955.
1977 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1977.04450090060003pmid: 332132
Abstract • Three cases of graft rejection or primary donor failure after penetrating keratoplasty failed to respond to treatment. After cessation of therapy, these edematous corneas all cleared spontaneously in six to 17 months with the return of excellent vision. It is suggested that repeated keratoplasty be delayed up to 18 months in certain instances. (Arch Ophthalmol 95:1538-1539, 1977) References 1. LeGrand J: Late clearing of the graft in keratoplasty . Bull Soc Ophthalmol Fr pp 441-445, 1950. 2. Leigh AG: Opacification in perforating corneal grafts . Br J Ophthalmol 38:10-18, 1954.Crossref 3. Mathieu M, Pager R: Corneal transplants: A series of 34 operations . Trans Can Ophthalmol Soc 10:168-183, 1958. 4. Khododoust AA, Silverstein AM: Transplantation and rejection of individual cell layers of the cornea . Invest Ophthalmol 8:180-195, 1969. 5. Clifton EC, Hanna C: Corneal cryopreservation and the fate of corneal cells in penetrating keratoplasty . Am J Ophthalmol 78:239-250, 1974. 6. Sherrard ES: Full thickness keratoplasty in the rabbit: An unsatisfactory index of donor integrity . Exp Eye Res 18:135-142, 1974.Crossref 7. Bron AJ, Brown NAP: Endothelium of the corneal graft . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 94:863-873, 1974. 8. Mondino BJ, Brown SI: Early repeated corneal grafts . Arch Ophthalmol 94:1720-1722, 1976.Crossref
Waring, George O.;Laibson, Peter R.
1977 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1977.04450090062004pmid: 901266
Abstract • We describe a method of indicating corneal pathologic conditions in the patient record by color-coded frontal and slit sketches. The practice improves biomicroscopic skill, provides an easily reviewed record of the disease's course, helps monitor observations of ophthalmologists in training, and creates a standardized method of notation. (Arch Ophthalmol 95:1540-1542, 1977) References 1. Waring GO: Slit lamp table extension. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol, to be published. 2. Waring GO: Slit-beam ruler . Am J Ophthalmol 82:802-803, 1976. 3. Mishima S, Hedbys BO: Measurement of corneal thickness with the Haag-Streit pachometer . Arch Ophthalmol 80:710-713, 1968.Crossref 4. Rosenthal ML: The technique of binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy . Highlights of Ophthalmology 9:179-257, 1966. 5. Lotmar W: Fundus drawings versus photography . Albrecht von Graefes Arch Klin Ophthalmol 197:39-50, 1975.Crossref 6. Aronson SB, Elliott JH: Ocular Inflammation . St Louis, CV Mosby Co Publishers, 1972, pp 133-207. 7. Bron AJ: A simple scheme for documenting corneal disease . Brit J Ophthalmol 57:629-634, 1973. 8. Harrison SM: Grading corneal ulcers . Ann Ophthalmol 7:537-542, 1975.
Raichand, Motilal;Goldberg, Morton F.;Nagpal, Krishan C.;Goldbaum, Michael H.;Asdourian, George K.
1977 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1977.04450090065005pmid: 561589
Abstract • With prospective observations we have documented by fluorescein angiography the development of retinal neovascularization in the eyes of patients with sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease (hemoglobin SC). In each patient, arteriolarvenular (AV) anastomoses occurred before the development of neovascular sea fans. To our knowledge, this report constitutes the first such documentation in the literature. New sea fans from AV anastomoses appeared throughout an average interval of 18 months (range, 8 to 36 months) in approximately 21% of young adutls with hemoglobin SC. Each year approximately 14% of young patients with hemoglobin SC may develop retinal neovascularization. (Arch Ophthalmol 95:1543-1552, 1977) References 1. Welch RB, Goldberg MF: Sickle cell hemoglobin and its relation to fundus abnormality . Arch Ophthalmol 75:353-362, 1966.Crossref 2. Condon PI, Serjeant GR: Ocular findings in hemoglobin SC disease in Jamaica . Am J Ophthalmol 74:921-931, 1972. 3. Condon PI, Serjeant GR: Ocular findings in homozygous sickle cell thalassemia in Jamaica . Am J Ophthalmol 73:533-542, 1972. 4. Condon PI, Serjeant GR: Ocular findings in homozygous sickle cell anemia in Jamaica . Am J Ophthalmol 74:1105-1109, 1972. 5. Nagpal K, Asdourian GK, Patrianakos D, et al: Proliferative retinopathy in sickle cell trait: Report of seven cases . Arch Intern Med 137:325-328, 1977.Crossref 6. Goldberg MF: Classification and pathogenesis of proliferative sickle retinopathy . Am J Ophthalmol 71:649-665, 1971. 7. Paton D: Conjunctival sign in sickle cell disease . Arch Ophthalmol 66:90-94, 1961.Crossref 8. Galinos SO, Rabb MF, Goldberg MF, et al: Hemoglobin sickle cell disease and iris atrophy . Am J Ophthalmol 75:421-425, 1973. 9. Nagpal KC, Patrianakos D, Asdourian GK, et al: Spontaneous regression (autoinfarction) of proliferative sickle retinopathy . Am J Ophthalmol 80:885-892, 1975. 10. Galinos SO, Asdourian GK, Woolf MD, et al: Spontaneous remodeling of the peripheral retinal vasculature in sickling disorders . Am J Ophthalmol 79:853-870, 1975. 11. Goldbaum MH, Goldberg MF, Nagpal K, et al: Quantitative photocoagulation and the treatment of proliferative sickle retinopathy , in L'Esperance F (ed): Current Diagnosis and Management of Chorioretinal Disease . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1976. 12. Acacio I, Goldberg MF: Peripapillary and macular vessel occlusions in sickle cell anemia . Am J Ophthalmol 75:861-866, 1973. 13. Stevens TS, Busse B, Lee CB, et al: Sickling hemoglobinopathies: Macular and perimacular vascular abnormalities . Arch Ophthalmol 92:455-463, 1974.Crossref 14. Michaelson IC: The mode of development of the vascular system of the retina, with some observations on its significance for certain retinal disease . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 68:137-180, 1948. 15. Condon PI, Serjeant GR: The progression of sickle cell eye disease in Jamaica . Doc Ophthalmol 31:203-210, 1975.Crossref
1977 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1977.04450090075006pmid: 71138
Abstract • The pathogenesis of optic disc edema (ODE) in raised intracranial pressure is discussed in the light of recent observations on the subject. The findings indicate that ODE is a mechanical phenomenon. The raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) in the sheath of the optic nerve produces axoplasmic flow stasis in the optic nerve head. This results in swelling of the axons, which manifests as early ODE and secondarily produces the well-known optic disc and retinal vascular changes associated with ODE. The pathogenesis of ODE seen in different conditions without raised CSFP cannot be explained by any single mechanism in spite of the occurrence of axoplasmic flow stasis in most cases, because the stasis in different situations has different mechanisms. (Arch Ophthalmol 95:1553-1565, 1977) References 1. Türck: Ein Fall von Hamorrhagie der Netzhaut beider Augen . Z Gesamte Wien Arzte 9( (pt 1) ):214-218, 1853. 2. Coccius EA: Über die Anwendung des Augenspiegels nebst Angabe eines neuen Instrumentes . Leipzig, I. Muller, 1853, p 209. 3. Graefe: Sur les excavations et les saillies de la papillie du nerf optique . Mem Soc Biol Paris 12( (pt 3) ):151-154, 1860. 4. von Graefe A: Über komplikation von Sehnervenentzündung mit Gehirnkrankheiten . Arch f Ophthalmol 7( (pt 2) ):58-71, 1860. 5. Hayreh SS: Pathogenesis of Oedema of the Optic Disc (Papilloedema), thesis. London University, 1965. 6. Hayreh SS: Pathogenesis of oedema of the optic disc . Doc Ophthalmol 24( (pt 2) ):289-411, 1968.Crossref 7. Hedges TR: Papilledema: Its recognition and relation to increased intracranial pressure . Surv Ophthalmol 19:201-223, 1975. 8. Wirtschafter JD, Rizzo FJ, Smiley BC: Optic nerve axoplasm and papilledema . Surv Ophthalmol 20:157-189, 1975.Crossref 9. Hayreh SS: Pathogenesis of oedema of the optic disc (papilloedema): A preliminary report . Br J Ophthalmol 48:522-542, 1964.Crossref 10. Hayreh MS, Hayreh SS: Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure: I. Evolution and resolution . Arch Ophthalmol 95:1237-1244, 1977.Crossref 11. Hayreh SS, Hayreh MS: Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure: II. Early detection with fluorescein fundus angiography and stereoscopic color photography . Arch Ophthalmol 95:1245-1254, 1977.Crossref 12. Tso MOM, Hayreh SS: Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure: III. A pathologic study of experimental papilledema . Arch Ophthalmol 95:1448-1457, 1977.Crossref 13. Tso MOM, Hayreh SS: Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure: IV. Axoplasmic transport in experimental papilledema . Arch Ophthalmol 95:1458-1462, 1977.Crossref 14. Smith JL, Hoyt WF, Newton TH: Optic nerve sheath decompression for relief of chronic monocular choked disk . Am J Ophthalmol 68:633-639, 1969. 15. Davidson SI: A surgical approach to plerocephalic disc oedema . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 89:669-690, 1969. 16. Galbraith JEK, Sullivan JH: Decompression of the perioptic meninges for relief of papilledema . Am J Ophthalmol 76:687-692, 1973. 17. Billson FA, Hudson RL: Surgical treatment of chronic papilloedema in children . Br J Ophthalmol 59:92-95, 1975.Crossref 18. Hayreh SS: Occlusion of the central retinal vessels . Br J Ophthalmol 49:626-645, 1965.Crossref 19. Hayreh SS, van Heuven WAJ, Hayreh MS: Experimental central retinal vascular occlusion: I. Pathogenesis of central retinal vein occlusion Arch Ophthalmol, to be published. 20. Weigelin E: Local circulation in papilloedema , in Cant JS(ed): The Optic Nerve: Proceedings of the Second William Mackenzie Memorial Symposium , Glasgow. London, Kimpton, 1972, pp 137-141. 21. Hayreh SS, Edwards J: Ophthalmic arterial and venous pressures . Br J Ophthalmol 55:649-663, 1971.Crossref 22. Hedges TR: Intracranial pressure and papilledema . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 89:691-723, 1969. 23. Hayreh SS: Blood supply of the optic nerve head and its role in optic atrophy, glaucoma and oedema of the optic disc . Br J Ophthalmol 53:721-748, 1969.Crossref 24. Schutta HS, Hedges TR: Fine structure observations on experimental papilledema in the rhesus monkey . J Neurol Sci 12:1-14, 1971.Crossref 25. Paton L, Holmes G: The pathology of papilloedema . Brain 33:389-432, 1911.Crossref 26. Tsukahara I, Yamashita H: An electron microscopic study on the blood-optic nerve and fluid-optic nerve barrier . Albrecht von Graefe's Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol 196:239-246, 1975.Crossref 27. Rodriguez-Peralta LA: Hematic and fluid barriers in the optic nerve . J Comp Neurol 126:109-118, 1966.Crossref 28. Ernest JT, Potts AM: Pathophysiology of the distal portion of the optic nerve: I. Tissue pressure relationships . Am J Ophthalmol 66:373-380, 1968. 29. Hedges TR, Zaren HA: The relationship of optic nerve tissue pressure to intracranial and systemic arterial pressure . Am J Ophthalmol 75:90-98, 1973. 30. Weiss PA: Neuronal dynamics and axonal flow: Axonal peristalsis . Proc Natl Acad Sci 69( (pt 5) ):1309-1312, 1972.Crossref 31. Peyman GA, Apple D: Peroxidase diffusion processes in the optic nerve . Arch Ophthalmol 88:650-654, 1972.Crossref 32. Minckler DS, Tso MOM: A light microscopic, autoradiographic study of axoplasmic transport in the normal rhesus optic nerve head . Am J Ophthalmol 82:1-15, 1976. 33. Minckler DS, McLean IW, Tso MOM: Distribution of axonal and glial elements in the rhesus optic nerve head studied by electron microscopy . Am J Ophthalmol 82:179-187, 1976. 34. Minckler DS, Tso MOM: Experimental papilledema produced by cyclocryotherapy . Am J Ophthalmol 82:577-589, 1976. 35. Minckler DS, Tso MOM, Zimmerman LE: A light microscopic, autoradiographic study of axoplasmic transport in the optic nerve head during ocular hypotony, increased intraocular pressure, and papilledema . Am J Ophthalmol 82:741-757, 1976. 36. Levy NS: Functional implications of axoplasmic transport . Invest Ophthalmol 13:639-640, 1974. 37. Anderson DR, Hendrickson A: Effect of intraocular pressure on rapid axoplasmic transport in monkey optic nerve . Invest Ophthalmol 13:771-783, 1974. 38. Henderson T: The pathogenesis of choked disc . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 32:82-97, 1912. 39. Parsons JH, in discussion, Henderson T: The pathogenesis of choked disc . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 32:92-93, 1912. 40. Holmes G, in discussion, Henderson T: The Pathogenesis of choked disc . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 32:95-96, 1912. 41. Paton L, in discussion, Henderson T: The Pathogenesis of choked disc . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 32:92-93, 1912. 42. Parker WR: The relation of choked disc to intraocular tension: A clinical study of six cases . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 12:940-943, 1911. 43. Parker WR: The relation of choked disk to the tension of the eyeball . JAMA 67:1053-1058, 1916.Crossref 44. Ectors L, Begaux-van Boven C: Glaucome et papille de stase . Ophthalmologica 108:113-120, 1944.Crossref 45. Hayreh SS: Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy . New York, Springer-Verlag, 1975. 46. Wolff E, Davies F: A contribution to the pathology of papilloedema . Br J Ophthalmol 15:609-632, 1931.Crossref 47. Tso MOM, Fine BS: Electron microscopic study of human papilledema . Am J Ophthalmol 82:424-434, 1976. 48. Hayreh SS: The optic disc , in Davidson SI(ed): Aspects of Neuro-Ophthalmology . London, Butterworths, 1974, pp 45-48. 49. Ochs S: Fast transport of materials in mammalian nerve fibers . Science 176:252-260, 1972.Crossref 50. Fink BR, Kennedy RD, Hendrickson AE, et al: Lidocaine inhibition of rapid axonal transport . Anesthesiology 36:422-432, 1972.Crossref 51. Byers MR, Fink BR, Kennedy RD, et al: Effects of lidocaine on axonal morphology, microtubules, and rapid transport in rabbit vagus nerve in vitro . J Neurobiol 4:125-143, 1973.Crossref 52. Slemmons JM: Eclampsia without convulsions . Johns Hop Hosp Bull 18:448-455, 1907. 53. Cushing H, Bordley J: Subtemporal decompression in a case of chronic nephritis with uraemia . Am J Med Sci 136:484-504, 1908.Crossref 54. Cushing H, Bordley J: Observations on choked disk . JAMA 52:353-364, 1909. 55. Semple: The pathological aspects of cerebral decompression in choked disc and the neuroretinitis of Bright's disease . Ophthalmol Rec 18:34-38, 1909. 56. de Schweinitz GE: The relation of cerebral decompression to the relief of the ocular manifestations of increased intracranial tension . Ann Ophthalmol 20:271-284, 1911. 57. Lyttkens H: Blood pressure and lumbar puncture in 64 cases of disease of the kidneys . Nord Med Arch 50( (pt 2) , vol 3) 1918. 58. Larsson SW: Choked disc in nephritis . Acta Ophthalmol 1:193-214, 1923.Crossref 59. Rönne H, cited by Larsson SW: Choked disc in nephritis . Acta Ophthalmol 1:193-214, 1923. 60. Rönne H: Optic neuritis . Br Med J 2:866-872, 1927. 61. Blackfan KD, McKhann GF: Acute glomerular nephritis in children . JAMA 97:1052-1055, 1931.Crossref 62. Shelburne SA, Blaine D, O'Hare JP: The spinal fluid in hypertension . J Clin Invest 11:489-496, 1932.Crossref 63. Grant FC: The differential diagnosis of tumor of the brain . Arch Neurol Psychiatr 27:816-827, 1932.Crossref 64. Pickering GW: The cerebrospinal fluid pressure in arterial hypertension . J Clin Sci 1:397-413, 1934. 65. Pickering GW: The pathogenesis of malignant hypertension . Circulation 6:599-612, 1952.Crossref 66. Fishberg AM: Hypertension and Nephritis , ed 3. London, Tindall & Cox, 1934. 67. Koyanagi Y: Ueber die Entstehung der Stauungspapille bei Retinitis Nephritica . Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 95:182-192, 1935. 68. McAlpine D: The hypertensive cerebral attack . Br Med J 2:990-993, 1935.Crossref 69. Leinfelder PJ, Paul WD: Papilledema in general diseases . Arch Ophthalmol 28:983-987, 1942.Crossref 70. Sadoughi G: La stase papillaire dans les hypotensions ventriculaires . Bull Soc Ophthalmol Fr , 1950, pp 17-23. 71. Kubik CS, Perlo VP, Goodall EB: The change in eye-grounds and CSF in hypertension . J Nerv Ment Dis 114:79-81, 1951. 72. Schottslaedt MF, Sokolow M: The natural history and course of hypertension with papilledema (malignant hypertension) . Am Heart J 45:331-362, 1953.Crossref 73. Revell STR, Borges FJ, Yeager GH, et al: Sympatho-adrenal surgery in the malignant phase of essential hypertension . Ann Intern Med 41:50-69, 1954.Crossref 74. Taylor RD, Corcoran AC, Page IH: Increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure and papilledema in malignant hypertension . Arch Intern Med 93:818-824, 1954.Crossref 75. Jefferson A: Hypertensive cerebral vascular disease and intracranial tumour . Quart J Med 24:245-268, 1955. 76. van't Hoff W: Total adrenalectomy for malignant hypertension . Quart J Med 26:149-160, 1957. 77. Kincaid-Smith P, McMichael J, Murphy EA: The clinical course and pathology of hypertension with papilloedema (malignant hypertension) . Quart J Med 27:117-153, 1958. 78. Meadows SP: The swollen optic disc . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 79:121-143, 1959. 79. Leinfelder PJ: Choked disk and other types of edema of the nerve head . JAMA 144:919-921, 1950.Crossref 80. Kirby TJ, Hollenhorst RW: Asymmetric hypertensive retinal changes after ligation of the internal carotid artery . Acta XVII Cone Ophthalmol 1:335-347, 1954. 81. Glew WB: The pathogenesis of papilledema in intracranial disease . Am J Med Sci 239:221-230, 1960.Crossref 82. Ashton N: The eye in malignant hypertension . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 76:17-40, 1972. 83. Garner A, Ashton N, Tripathi R, et al: Pathogenesis of hypertensive retinopathy: An experimental study in the monkey . Br J Ophthalmol 59:3-44, 1975.Crossref 84. Hayreh SS: So-called "central retinal vein occlusion": II. Venous stasis retinopathy . Ophthalmologica 172:14-37, 1976.Crossref 85. Hayreh MS, Hayreh SS, Baumbach GL, et al: Methyl alcohol poisoning: III. Ocular toxicity. Arch Ophthalmol, to be published. 86. Baumbach G, Cancilla P, Hayreh MS, et al: Methyl alcohol poisoning: IV. Alterations of the morphological findings of the retina and optic nerve. Arch Ophthalmol, to be published. 87. Hayreh SS: Optic disc vasculitis . Br J Ophthalmol 56:652-670, 1972.Crossref 88. Rao NA, Tso MOM, Zimmerman LE: Experimental allergic optic neuritis in guinea pigs: Preliminary report . Invest Ophthalmol 16:338-342, 1977. 89. von Graefe A: Tumor orbitae et cerebri . Arch f Ophthalmol 12( (pt 2) ):100-114, 1866. 90. Allbutt TC: On the Use of the Ophthalmoscope in Diseases of the Nervous System and of the Kidneys . London, Macmillan, 1871, pp 35, 54-64, 112-178. 91. Allbutt TC: On the causation and significance of the choked disc in intracranial diseases . Br Med J 1:443-445, 1872.Crossref 92. Parsons JH: The Pathology of the Eye , vol 4. London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1908, pp 1349-1365. 93. Traquair HM, in discussion, Rönne H: Optic neuritis . Br Med J 2:886-872, 1927.Crossref 94. Walsh FB, Hoyt WF: Clinical Neuro Ophthalmology . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1969, p 567. 95. Briggs G: Ophthalmographia, sive oculi ejusque partium descriptio anatomica . Foan, Hayes, Celeberrimae, Cantab, 1676, p 28. 96. Fuchs E: Text-Book of Ophthalmology . London, Lewis, 1893, p 422. 97. Lyle TK: Some pitfalls in the diagnosis of plerocephalic oedema . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 73:87-102, 1953.
1977 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1977.04450090088007pmid: 409382
Abstract • The pattern and pathogenesis of nonlocalizing visual disturbances, associated with optic disc edema (ODE), raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and intracranial space-taking lesions were investigated experimentally in rhesus monkeys with simulated progressive brain tumor and clinically in patients with benign intracranial hypertension. The visual disturbances occurring in one or both eyes were of three types: recurrent attacks of transient obscuration, permanent blindness, and various types of visual field defects. The studies indicate that the visual disturbances are usually due to two mechanisms. The most common is ischemia of the optic disc secondary to ODE. The other, rarer mechanism probably consists of the space-taking lesion causing downward herniation of the parahippocampal gyrus into the tentorial notch, producing compression of the lateral geniculate body and optic tract. (Arch Ophthalmol 95:1566-1579, 1977) References 1. Jackson JH: Observations on defects of sight in brain disease . R Lond Ophthalmol Hosp Rep 4:10-19, 1863. 2. Jackson JH: Observations on defects of sight in diseases of the nervous system . R Lond Ophthalmol Hasp Rep 4:389-446, 1865. 3. von Graefe A: Ueber Neuroretinitis und gewisse Fälle fulminirender Erblindung . Albrecht von Graefe's Arch Ophthalmol 12:114-149, 1866. 4. Allbutt TC: On optic neuritis as a symptom of diseases of the brain and spinal cord . Med Times Gaz 1:574-575, 1868. 5. Benedikt M: Elektrotherapie . Wien, Tendler, 1868, p 249. 6. Jackson JH: On the routine use of the ophthalmoscope in cases of cerebral disease . Med Times Gaz 1:627-629, 1871. 7. Gowers WR: Changes in the optic nerve—optic neuritis or papillitis , in A Manual and Atlas of Medical Ophthalmoscopy . London, J & A Churchill Ltd, 1879, pp 40-83. 8. Jackson JH: Lecture on optic neuritis from intracranial disease . Med Times Gaz 2:241-243, 341-342, 581, 1871. 9. Hayreh SS: Pathogenesis of oedema of the optic disc (papilloedema): A preliminary report . Br J Ophthalmol 48:522-543, 1964.Crossref 10. Hayreh SS: Pathogenesis of Oedema of the Optic Disc (Papilloedema), thesis. London University, 1965. 11. Hayreh SS: Pathogenesis of oedema of the optic disc . Doc Ophthalmol 24:289-411, 1968.Crossref 12. Hayreh MS, Hayreh SS: Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure: I. Its evolution and resolution . Arch Ophthalmol 95:1237-1244, 1977.Crossref 13. Hayreh SS, Hayreh MS: Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure: II. Early detection with fluorescein fundus angiography and stereoscopic color photography . Arch Ophthalmol 95:1245-1254, 1977.Crossref 14. Paton L: Optic neuritis in cerebral tumours . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 28:112-144, 1908. 15. Berens C: The fundus changes and the blood pressure in the retinal arteries in increased intracranial pressure . Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 8:263-309, 1929. 16. West S: Sequel of a case of optic neuritis, with numerous sudden, short attacks of complete blindness . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 3:136-138, 1883. 17. Paton L: Optic neuritis in cerebral tumours and its subsidence after operation . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 25:129-162, 1905. 18. de Schweinitz GE: The relation of cerebral decompression to the relief of the ocular manifestations of increased intracranial tension . Ann Ophthalmol 20:271-284, 1911. 19. Lyle TK: Some pitfalls in the diagnosis of plerocephalic oedema . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 73:87-102, 1953. 20. Cogan DG: Blackouts not obviously due to carotid occlusion . Arch Ophthalmol 66:180-187, 1961.Crossref 21. Walsh FB, Hoyt WF: Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology , ed 3. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1969, pp 575-576, 2404. 22. Jefferson A: Hypertensive cerebral vascular disease and intracranial tumour . Q J Med 24:245-268, 1955. 23. Meadows SP: The swollen optic disc . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 79:121-143, 1959. 24. Edwards CH, Paterson JH: A review of the symptoms and signs of acoustic neurofibromata . Brain 74:144-190, 1951.Crossref 25. Uhthoff W: Ophthalmic experiences and considerations on the surgery of cerebral tumours and tower skull . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 34:XLVII-CXXIII, 1914. 26. Knapp H: The channel by which, in cases of neuroretinitis, the exudation proceeds from the brain into the eye . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1:118-120, 1870. 27. Von Szily A: Von dem blinden Fleck ausgehendes Ringskotom (sog. Bjerrumsches Zeichen) bei zerebraler Stauungspapille . Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 51:196-205, 1913. 28. Rönne H: Uber das Vorkommen von Nervenfaserndefekten im Gesichtsfelde und besonders über den nasalen Gesichtsfeldsprung . Arch Augenheilkd 74:180-207, 1913. 29. Löhlein W: Über Gesichtsfelduntersuchungen bei Glaukom und ihren differentialdiagnostischen wert . Arch Augenheilkd 76:165-176, 1914. 30. Simmons DR: Cerebral Edema Associated With Brain Tumors and Abscesses, thesis. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1947. 31. Duke-Elder S, Scott GI: Neuro-Ophthalmology , in Duke-Elder S (ed): System of Ophthalmology , vol 12. St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1971, p 60. 32. Bouchut E, cited by Parinaud H: De la Névrite Optique dan les Affections Cérébrales . Ann Ocul 82:5-47, 1879. 33. Allbutt TC: On the Use of the Ophthalmoscope in Diseases of the Nervous System and of the Kidneys . London, MacMillan, 1871, pp 35, 54, 64, 112-178. 34. Boettcher A: On the changes in the retina and labyrinth in a case of fibrosarcoma of the auditory nerve . Arch Ophthalmol Otol 3:134-172, 1873. 35. Leber T: Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Neuritis des Schnerven . Albrecht von Graefe's Arch Ophthalmol 14:333-378, 1868. 36. Leber T: Die Krankheiten der Netzhaut und des Sehnerven . Graefe-Saemisch Handbuch d ges Augenheilkunde . Leipzig, Engelmann, 1877, ed 1, vol 5, kap VIII, p 778. 37. Rosenbach J: Ein Fall von Neuroretinitis bei Tumor cerebri . Albrecht von Graefe's Arch Ophthalmol 18:31-52, 1872.Crossref 38. Paton L: A clinical study of optic neuritis in its relationship to intracranial tumours . Brain 32:65-91, 1909.Crossref 39. de Schweinitz GE, Holloway TB: The operative treatment of papilloedema (choked disk), with special reference to decompressing trephining . Trans Coll Physicians Philadelphia 30:140-166, 1908. 40. Hird RB: Optic neuritis in relation to intracranial growth and its treatment . Birmingham Med Rev , (April) 1910, pp 159-174. 41. Halstead AE: Choked disc , in Wood CA (ed): The American Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Ophthalmology , vol 3. Chicago, Cleveland Press, 1914, pp 2076-2091. 42. Kennedy F, in discussion, Horrax G, Haight C: A study of the recession of choked disks following operations for brain tumor Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 8:474-481, 1929. 43. Holmes G: The prognosis in papilloedema . Br J Ophthalmol 21:337-342, 1937.Crossref 44. Stuck RM, Reeves DL: Dangerous effects of Thorotrast used intracranially . Arch Neurol Psychiatr 40:86-115, 1938.Crossref 45. Huber A: Eye Symptoms in Brain Tumors . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1961, pp 236, 248. 46. Brain WR: A clinical study of increased intracranial pressure in 60 cases of cerebral tumour . Brain 48:105-125, 1925.Crossref 47. Türck L: Über compression und Ursprung des Sehnerven . Z Gess Aertzte Wien 8:299-304, 1852. 48. Collier J: The false localising signs of intracranial tumour . Brain 27:490-508, 1904.Crossref 49. Krüdener H: Zur pathologie der Stauungspapille und ihrer Veränderung nack der Trepanation . Albrecht von Graefe's Arch Ophthalmol 65:69-98, 1907.Crossref 50. Meyer A: Herniation of the brain . Arch Neurol Psychiatr 4:387-400, 1920.Crossref 51. Moore MT, Stern K: Vascular lesions in the brain-stem and occipital lobe occurring in association with brain tumours . Brain 61:70-98, 1938.Crossref 52. Reid WL, Cone WV: The mechanism of fixed dilatation of the pupil resulting from ipsilateral cerebral compression . JAMA 112:2030-2034, 1939.Crossref 53. Allison RS, Morison JE: Cerebral vascular lesions and the tentorial pressure cone . J Neurol Psychiatr 4:1-10, 1941.Crossref 54. Evans JP, Scheinker IM: Histologic studies of the brain following head trauma: III. Posttraumatic infarction of cerebral arteries with consideration of the associated clinical picture . Arch Neurol Psychiatr 50:258-278, 1943.Crossref 55. Reid WL: Cerebral herniation through the incisura tentorii: A clinical, pathological and experimental study . Surgery 8:756-770, 1940. 56. Lindenberg R: Compression of brain arteries as pathogenetic factor for tissue necroses and their areas of predilection . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 14:223-243, 1955.Crossref 57. Harms C: Zur Ätiologie der momentanen obscurationen bei Stauungspapille . Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges Heidel 33:253-260, 1906. 58. Gunn RM: Discussion on optic neuritis in cerebral tumours and its subsidence after operation . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 25:160-161, 1905. 59. Behr C: Die Stauungspapille im experimentum crucis hominis . Z Augenheilkd 71:275-283, 1930. 60. Ulrich R: On choked disc and oedema of the optic nerve trunk . Arch Ophthalmol 18:53-70, 1889. 61. Ulrich R: On choked disc and consecutive atrophy of the optic nerve . Arch Ophthalmol 18:71-85, 1889. 62. Zimmerman LE: Histology and general pathology of the optic nerve . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 60:14-30, 1956. 63. Tso MOM, Hayreh SS: Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure: III. A pathologic study . Arch Ophthalmol 95:1448-1457, 1977.Crossref 64. Tso MOM, Hayreh SS: Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure: IV. Axoplasmic transport in experimental papilledema . Arch Ophthalmol 95:1458-1462, 1977.Crossref 65. Hayreh SS: Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy . New York, Springer-Verlag, 1975, pp 7, 22, 117-119. 66. Ethelberg S, Jensen VA: Obscurations and further time-related paroxysmal disorders in intracranial tumors . Arch Neurol Psychiatr 68:130-149, 1952.Crossref 67. Quigley HA, Anderson DR: Experimental descending optic nerve degeneration: Ultrastructural and axonal transport studies in primates. Read before the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Lexington, Ky, Nov 12-13, 1976.
Gold, Daniel;Feiner, Leonard;Henkind, Paul
1977 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1977.04450090102008pmid: 901267
Abstract • Four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed an unusual form of occlusive retinal arterial disease. The most prominent clinical features of this disorder were deposition of yellow-white material in retinal arterial walls and evidence of multifocal retinal arterial occlusion. Fluorescein angiographic findings included nonperfusion of the obstructed arteries and the retinal capillary beds fed by them, and fluorescein leakage at the sites of involvement of the retinal arteries. This ocular complication of SLE is presumably a manifestation of the widespread systemic vascular problems seen in this disorder. It may be more common in patients with lupus involving the CNS. (Arch Ophthalmol 95:1580-1585, 1977) References 1. Gold DH, Morris DA, Henkind P: Ocular findings in systemic lupus erythematosus . Br J Ophthalmol 56:800, 1972.Crossref 2. Spaeth GL: Corneal staining in systemic lupus erythematosus . N Engl J Med 276:1168, 1967.Crossref 3. Johnson RT, Richardson EP: The neurological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus . Medicine 47:337, 1968.Crossref 4. Brandt KD, Lessell S, Cohen AS: Cerebral disorders of vision in systemic lupus erythematosus . Ann Intern Med 83:163, 1975.Crossref 5. Goldstein I, Wexler D: Retinal vascular disease in a case of acute lupus erythematosus disseminatus . Arch Ophthalmol 8:853, 1932.Crossref 6. Klauder JV, Ellis VM: Effective treatment of lupus erythematosus and exudative retinitis with a gold compound . Arch Ophthalmol 21:893, 1939. 7. Koch FLP, McGuire WP: Intraocular manifestations of acute disseminated lupus erythamatosus . Am J Ophthalmol 29:1243, 1946. 8. Cordes FC, Aiken SD: Ocular changes in acture disseminated lupus erythematosus . Am J Ophthalmol 30:1541, 1947. 9. Pfaffenbach DD, Hollenhorst RW: Micro-angiopathy of retinal arterioles . JAMA 225:480, 1973.Crossref 10. Hammami H, Streiff EB: Altérations vasculaires rétiniennes dans un cas de lupus érythémateux disséminé . Ophthalmologica 166:16, 1973.Crossref 11. Roshdy MH: Unusual ocular picture of systemic lupus erythematosus . Bull Ophthalmol Soc Eygpt 67:367, 1974. 12. Bishko F: Retinopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report and review of the literature . Arthritis Rheum 15:57, 1972.Crossref 13. Henkind P: Fundus lesions in connective tissue diseases . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 94:785, 1974. 14. Shikano S, Shimizu K: Atlas of Fluorescence Fundus Angiography . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1968, p 151. 15. Shimizu K: Harada's, Behcet's, Vogt-Koyanagi syndromes—are they clinical entities? Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 77:281, 1973. 16. Herson RN, Sampson R: The ocular manifestations of polyarteritis nodosa . Q J Med 18:123, 1949. 17. Shimizu K: Fluorescein Microangiography of the Ocular Fundus . Tokyo, Igaku Shoin Ltd, 1973, p 45. 18. Savir H, Kurz O: Fluorescein angiography in syphilitic retinal vasculitis . Ann Ophthalmol 8:713, 1976. 19. Jampol LM, Isenberg SJ, Goldberg MF: Occlusive retinal arteriolitis with neovascularization . Am J Ophthalmol 81:583, 1976. 20. Cogan DG: Retinal and papillary vasculitis , in Cant JS (ed): The Ocular Circulation in Health and Disease . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1969, p 249. 21. Karel I, Votočková J, Peleška M: Fluorescence angiography in unusual forms of idiopathic retinal vasculitis . Ophthalmologica 168:446, 1974.Crossref 22. Griffin AO, Bodian M: Segmental retinal periarteritis . Am J Ophthalmol 47:544, 1959. 23. Orzalesi N, Ricciardi L: Segmental retinal periarteritis . Am J Ophthalmol 72:55, 1971. 24. Muncaster CB, Allen HE: Bilateral uveitis and periarteritis as a focal reaction to the tuberculin test . Arch Ophthalmol 21:509, 1939.Crossref 25. Lyster NC, Rosborough JF: Periarteriolitis and uveitis following tuberculin injection: Report of a bilateral case . Am J Ophthalmol 60:135, 1965. 26. Klein BA: Retinal lesions associated with uveal disease . Am J Ophthalmol 42:831, 1956. 27. Wise GN: Uveitis with secondary arteriosclerosis . Am J Ophthalmol 51:797, 1961. 28. Cruickshank B: The basic pattern of tissue damage and pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus , in DuBois E (ed): Lupus Erythematosus , ed 2. Los Angeles, Universtiy of Southern California Press, 1974, p 12.
Scott, William E.;Nankin, Sheldon J.
1977 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1977.04450090108009pmid: 901268
Abstract • The clinical features of eight patients with inferior oblique palsy are described and the differential diagnosis discussed. Six of the eight patients were treated by unilateral superior oblique tenotomy; the conditions of all six improved postoperatively. (Arch Ophthalmol 95:1586-1593, 1977) References 1. Burian HM, von Noorden GK: Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1974. 2. White JW, Brown HW: Occurrence of vertical anomalies associated with convergent and divergent anomalies . Arch Ophthalmol 21:999-1009, 1939.Crossref 3. Brown HW: Congenital structural muscle anomalies , in Allen JH (ed): Strabismus Ophthalmic Symposium . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1950, pp 205-236. 4. Parks MM: Isolated cyclovertical muscle palsy . Arch Ophthalmol 60:1027-1035, 1958.Crossref 5. Parks MM: The monofixation syndrome , in Symposium on Strabismus . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1971. 6. Duke-Elder S, Wybar K: System of Ophthalmology . Henry Kimpton, London, vol 6, 1973. 7. McNeer K, Jampolsky A: An evaluation of underacting inferior oblique muscles , in Newell F (ed): Clinical Studies in Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Amblyopia . Acton, Mass, Publishing Sciences Group Inc, 1975, pp 185-191. 8. Scott AB: The superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome , in Orthoptics: Past, Present, Future . New York, Symposia Specialists, 1976. 9. Brown HW: True and simulated superior oblique tendon sheath syndromes . Doc Ophthalmol 34:123-136, 1973.Crossref 10. Parks MM, Helveston EM: Direct visualization of the superior oblique tendon . Arch Ophthalmol 84:491-494, 1970.Crossref
Farnsworth, Patricia N.;Burke, Patricia;Dotto, Myles E.;Cinotti, Alfonse A.
1977 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1977.04450090123010pmid: 901269
Abstract • The surface ultrastructure of the posterior of the Marfan's syndrome lens was studied by scanning electron microscopy. All aspects of the architecture and construction of the capsule, the zonules and their insertions, the epithelium, and the lens fibers showed a sharp deviation from normal. The capsular fibrils were abnormally large and grossly granular. The zonular fibrils, similar in size and granularity to those of the capsule, contained numerous large aggregates and showed a lack of parallel orientation. The epithelial cells displayed a coarser than normal surface granularity and a lack of regularity of form and orientation. The cortical and nuclear lens fibers displayed a relatively normal surface pattern but showed poorly defined borders and interdigitating processes. (Arch Ophthalmol 95:1601-1606, 1977) References 1. McKusick HM: The Marfan Syndrome: Heritable Disorder of Connective Tissue . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1972, pp 61-223. 2. Cross HE: Ectopia lentis in systemic heritable disorders . Birth Defects 10:113-119, 1974. 3. Cohen AI: The electron microscopy of the normal human lens . Invest Ophthalmol 4:433-446, 1965. 4. Kuwabara T: The maturation of the cell: A morphologic study . Exp Eye Res 20:427-443, 1975.Crossref 5. Bornfeld N, Spitznas M, Breipohl W, et al: Scanning electron microscopy of the zonule of Zinn . Albrecht von Graefes Arch Klin Ophthalmol 192:117-129, 1974.Crossref 6. Davanger M: The suspensory apparatus of the lens. The surface of the ciliary body: A scanning electron microscopic study . Acta Ophthalmol 53:19-33, 1975.Crossref 7. Erckenbrecht JF, Rohen J.: Scanning electron microscopy of the zonula apparatus of higher primates: A further approach to a new theory of accommodation . Albrecht von Graefes Arch Klin Ophthalmol 193:19-32, 1975.Crossref 8. Farnsworth PN, Mauriello JA, Burke-Gadomski P, et al: Surface ultrastructure of the human lens capsule and zonular attachments . Invest Ophthalmol 15:36-40, 1976. 9. Farnsworth PN, Burke-Gadomski P, Kulyk T, et al: Surface ultrastructure of the epithelial cells of the mature human lens . Exp Eye Res 22:615-624, 1976.Crossref 10. Hanna C, Potts JL: Fibrillar nature of the lens capsule . Ophthalmic Res 4:164-174, 1972.Crossref 11. Harding C, Harding D, Peters V, et al: Epithelial cell surfaces and the basement membrane in the ocular lens, studied with scanning electron microscope . Exp Eye Res 16:1-7, 1973.Crossref 12. Porte A, Brini A, Stoeckel ME: Fine structure of the lens epithelium . Ann Ophthalmol 7:623-634, 1975. 13. Seland J: Ultrastructural changes in the normal human lens capsule from birth to old age . Acta Ophthalmol 52:688-706, 1974.Crossref 14. Allen R, Straatsma B, Apt L, et al: Ocular manifestations of the Marfan syndrome . Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 71:18-38, 1967. 15. Cross HE, Jensen AD: Ocular manifestations in the Marfan syndrome and homocystinuria . Am J Ophthalmol 75:405-420, 1975. 16. Wachtel JG: The ocular pathology of Marfan's syndrome: Including a clinicopathological correlation and an explanation of ectopia lentis . Arch Ophthalmol 76:512-522, 1966.Crossref 17. Farnsworth PN, Fu SCJ, Burke P, et al: Ultrastructure of rat lens fibers . Invest Ophthalmol 13:274-279, 1974. 18. Young RW, Ocumpaugh DE: Autoradiographic studies on the growth and development of the lens capsule in the rat . Invest Ophthalmol 5:585-593, 1966. 19. Anderson DR: Scanning electron microscopy of zonulolysis by alpha chymotrypsin . Am J Ophthalmol 71:619-625, 1971. 20. Olsen BR, Alper R, Kefalides MA: Structural characterization of a soluble fraction from lens capsule basement membrane . Eur J Biochem 38:220-228, 1973.Crossref 21. Kefalides MA, Denduchis B: Structural components of epithelial and endothelial basement membranes . Biochemistry 8:4613-4621, 1969.Crossref 22. Dische Z, Murty VL: Preparation and purification of a structural sialofucoglycoprotein from the bovine lens capsule . Exp Eye Res 16:151-166, 1973.Crossref 23. Dische Z, Murty VL: An insoluble structural glycoprotein a major constituent of the zonula Zinni . Invest Ophthalmol 13:991-995, 1974. 24. Gallop PM, Blumenfeld OO, Seifter S: Structure and metabolism of connective tissue protein . Ann Rev Biochem 41:618-675, 1972.Crossref 25. Bailey AJ, Robins SP, Balian G: Biological significance of the intermolecular crosslinks of collagen . Nature 251:105-109, 1974.Crossref 26. Stengel K, Miyata T, Rubin A: Collagen as a biomaterial . Ann Rev Biophys Bioeng 3:231-253, 1974.Crossref 27. Bornstein P: The biosynthesis of collagen . Ann Rev Biophys Bioeng 3:567-603, 1974.
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