Artificial CorneasDe Voe, Arthur G.
1963 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1963.00960040695001pmid: 14026116
This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract In many fields of science we have seen that ideas have been born, attempts made to nurture and develop them, and much labor expended, only to find that the inherently sound idea is incapable of maturing into a practical, workable thing. Not infrequently this failure results from currently inadequate materials, instrumentation, or knowledge. Then, with the development of technology in apparently unrelated fields, the missing element may be provided and the original idea forthwith carried to fruition. The use of alloplastic materials of one sort or another for repairing defects in the human mechanism is an ancient idea. Specifically, corneal prosthetic devices were tried as early as 1771 and repeatedly since then. Failures were due to the inherently faulty nature of the materials used as well as to inadequate instrumentation and technology. The recent revival of interest in corneal prostheses, carried out more or less independently by several groups here
On Viewing the EclipseC., D. G.
1963 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1963.00960040696002
Abstract On July 20th a solar eclipse will be visible, weather permitting, from most of the United States and Canada. Since the day is a Saturday in a traditionally holiday month, the event can be expected to attract a record number of viewers. This will also mean a record number of retinal burns, unless adequate precautions are taken to prevent them. Previous experience indicates that the majority of these casualties will occur in children from 9 to 15 years old, and the majority of these will be boys. Ophthalmologists could play a beneficial role in disseminating information on the hazards of eclipse viewing and the means of preventing injury to the eye. Retinal burns from the sun, like those from the atomic bomb, are due to the thermal effect of the visible and near infrared rays focused on the pigment structures behind the retina, as clearly documented in classical1 and References 1. Verhoeff, F. H.; Bell, L.; and Walker, C. B.: The Pathological Effects of Radiant Energy on the Eye , Proc Amer Acad Arts Sci 51:627-818, 1916.Crossref 2. Byrnes, V. A.; Brown, D. V. L.; Rose, H. W.; and Cibis, P. A.: Chorioretinal Burns Produced by Atomic Flash , Arch Ophthal 53:351-364, 1955.Crossref 3. Eccles, J. C., and Flynn, J. A. F.: Experimental Photoretinitis , Med J Aust 1:339-342, 1944. 4. Flynn, J. A. F.: Retinal Burns After Sun's Eclipse, April, 1959 , Trans Ophthal Soc Aust 20:90-96, 1959. 5. Knoll, H.: Personal communication to the author. 6. Stair, R.: Spectral-Transmissive Properties and Use of Eye-Protective Glasses , Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards Circular, 471, 1948.
Eyelid Tumors With Reference to Lesions Confused With Squamous Cell Carcinoma: I. Incidence and Errors in DiagnosisKWITKO, MARVIN L.;BONIUK, MILTON;ZIMMERMAN, LORENZ E.
1963 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1963.00960040699003pmid: 13927762
Abstract In the past decade new concepts in dermal pathology have developed regarding many lesions that had formerly been interpreted clinically and histologically as squamous cell carcinoma. In view of these developments, a study was undertaken to determine the relative incidence of eyelid tumors in the Registry of Ophthalmic Pathology, with particular emphasis on the ratio of basal cell to squamous cell carcinomas. In the light of our present knowledge, we also reclassified a group of lesions which had originally been diagnosed histologically as squamous cell carcinoma. This article reports the statistical results of these studies. Future articles in this series will discuss the clinicopathologic aspects of some of the lesions which have been confused with squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods In order to determine the incidence of various eyelid tumors in the Registry of Ophthalmic Pathology, 1,176 eyelid lesions received and coded in the five-year period from 1955 to References 1. Birge, H. L.: Cancer of the Eyelids , Arch. Ophthal. 19:700-708, 1938.Crossref 2. Birge, H. L.: Cancer of the Eyelids, Conjunctiva, and Cornea , Arch. Ophthal. 20:254-270, 1938.Crossref 3. del Regato, J. A.: Roentgen Therapy of Carcinoma of the Skin of the Eyelid , Radiology 52: 564-573, 1949.Crossref 4. Driver, J. R., and Cole, H. N.: Epithelioma of the Eyelids and Canthi , Amer. J. Roentgenol. 41:616-624, 1939. 5. Geschickter, C. F., and Koehler, H. P.: Ectodermal Tumors of the Skin , Amer. J. Cancer 23: 804-836, 1935.Crossref 6. Hunt, H. B.: Cancer of the Eyelid Treated by Radiation: With Consideration of Irradiation Cataract , Amer. J. Roentgenol. 57:160-180, 1947. 7. Lavorde, S.: Les Epitheliomas des Paupieres et leur Traitement par le Radium , Presse Méd. 41: 1548-1550, 1933 8. abstracted in Arch. Ophthal. 12: 451-452, 1934. 9. Martin, H. E.: Cancer of the Eyelids , Arch. Ophthal. 22:1-20, 1939.Crossref 10. O'Brien, C. S., and Braley, A. E.: Tumors of the Eyelids , J.A.M.A. 107:933-938, 1936.Crossref 11. Reese, A. B.: In discussion on O'Brien,9 J.A.M.A. 107:937, 1936. 12. Regaud, C.; Coutard, H.; Monod, O., and Richard, G.: Radiotherapie des Cancers de la Region orbito-palpebrale. Resultat et Techniques de l'Institut du Radium de Paris de 1919-1923 , Ann. Oculist. (Par.) 163:1-30, 1926. 13. Roseberg, B.: Carcinoma of the Eyelids , Amer. J. Roentgenol. 69:196-207, 1953. 14. Sharp, G. S.: Treatment of Cancer of the Eyelids , J.A.M.A. 111:1617-1622, 1938.Crossref 15. Welch, R. B., and Duke, J. R.: Lesions of the Lids: A Statistical Note , Amer. J. Ophthal. 45:415-416, 1958.
Eyelid Tumors With Reference to Lesions Confused With Squamous Cell Carcinoma: II. Inverted Follicular KeratosisBONIUK, MILTON;ZIMMERMAN, LORENZ E.
1963 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1963.00960040704004pmid: 13968810
Abstract In 1954 Helwig1 described a tumor of the skin that occurred mainly on the face. This lesion, which he called inverted follicular keratosis, usually appeared as a solitary papule or nodule projecting from the surface of the skin. He had observed some variable histologic features but described a cellular pattern in which the cells in the central cellular mass ranged from squamoid cells to cells that resembled those located just above the level of the basal cell layer. In the transition between these extremes, squamoid cells formed little clusters, for which he coined the expression "squamous eddies." Helwig indicated that the lesion was benign, although it frequently had been misinterpreted as carcinoma. We, too, have been impressed with the importance of this lesion in the differential diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of the eyelid but feel that it has definite histological features that set it apart from other epithelial tumors References 1. Helwig, E. B.: Seminar on the Skin: Neoplasms and Dermatoses. Proceedings, Twentieth Seminar of the American Society of Clinical Pathologists, International Congress of Clinical Pathology, Washington, D.C., Sept. 11, 1954 2. published by the American Society of Clinical Pathologists, 1955. 3. Lund, H. Z.: Tumors of the Skin , in Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Section I, Fascicle 2 , Washington, D.C., Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1957. 4. Kwitko, M. L.; Boniuk, M., and Zimmerman, L. E.: Eyelid Tumors: With Reference to Lesions Confused with Squamous Cell Carcinoma: I. Incidence and Errors in Diagnosis , Arch. Ophthal. , this issue, 693. 5. Boniuk, M., and Zimmerman, L. E.: Eyelid Tumors: With Reference to Lesions Confused with Squamous Cell Carcinoma: III. Keratoacanthoma, Arch. Ophthal., to be published. 6. Zelickson, A. S., and Lynch, F. W.: Electron Microscopy of Virus-like Particles in a Keratoacanthoma , J. Invest. Derm. 37:79-83, 1961.Crossref
The Ocular Manifestations of Hereditary Dystopic Lipidosis: (Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum Universale)RAHMAN, A. N.
1963 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1963.00960040714005pmid: 13990468
Abstract Introduction Angiokeratoma corporis diffusion universale was first reported as a dermatological entity.1,2 The term hereditary dystopic lipidosis was recently proposed by Rahman and co-workers3 to denote the systemic nature of the disease. The pathology of the disease has been well recognized by a number of investigators.4,5 A recent publication defines the disease, elucidates its inheritance, and illustrates many of its clinical and pathogical features.3 Like many other inborn errors of lipid metabolism, the disease begins early in life. Unlike other lipidosis the cellular storage is unique in distribution. The lipid accumulates in the myocardium, smooth muscles of the blood vessel walls, epithelial cells of kidney and cornea, and neurons of the myenteric plexuses and sympathetic ganglia. In the central nervous system the intermediolateral cell columns of the thoracic cord, dorsal autonomic nuclei of vagi, supraoptic, paraventricular and preoptic nuclei of hypothalamus, amygdala and substantia nigra are References 1. Anderson, W.: A Case of Angiokeratoma , Brit J Derm 10:113, 1898.Crossref 2. Fabry, J.: Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Purpura haemorrhagica nodularis (Purpura papulosa hemorrhagica Hebrae) , Arch Derm Syph 43:187, 1898.Crossref 3. Rahman, A. N.; Simeone, F. A.; Hackel, D. B.; Hall, P. W., III; Hirsch, E. Z.; and Harris, J. W.: Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum Universale (Hereditary Dystropic Lipidosis) , Trans Ass Amer Physicians 74:366, 1961. 4. Pompen, A. W. M.; Ruiter, M.; and Wyers, H. J. G.: Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (Universale) Fabry, as a Sign of an Unknown Internal Disease: Two Autopsy Reports , Acta Med Scand 128:234, 1947.Crossref 5. Scriba, K.: Zur Pathogene des Angiokeratoma Corporis diffusum Fabry mit Cardiovasorenalem Symptomenkomplex , Verh Deutsch Ges Path 34: 221, 1951. 6. Rahman, A. N.: The Pathological Basis of Neurophysiological Dysfunctions in Hereditary Dystopic Lipidosis (Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum Universale) , Clin Res 10:393, 1962. 7. Rahman, A. N., and Lindenberg, R.: The Neuropathology of Hereditary Dystopic Lipidosis (Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum Universale), in preparation. 8. Weicksel, J.: Angiomatosis, bzw. Angiokeratosis universalis (eine sehr seltene Haut- und Gefässkrankheit) , Deutsch Med Wschr 51:898, 1925.Crossref 9. Koch, H.: Augenveränderungen beim Angiokeratoma universale Fabry , Ber Deutsch Ophthal Ges 55:357, 1949. 10. Hornbostel, H.: Das Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum universale mit Kardiovaso-renalem Symptomenkomplex als neuartige Thesaurismoseform , Helv Med Acta 19:388, 1952. 11. Fessas, P.; Wintrobe, M. M.; and Cartwright, G. E.: Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum Universale (Fabry) , Arch Intern Med 95:469, 1955.Crossref 12. Curry, H. B., and Fleisher, T. L.: Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum—A Case Report , JAMA 175:864, 1961.Crossref 13. Wise, D.; Wallace, H. J.; and Jellinek, E. H.: Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum: A Clinical Study of 8 Affected Families , Quart J Med 31:177, 1962. 14. Wallace, H. J.: Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum , Brit J Derm 70:354, 1958.Crossref 15. Ruiter, M.: Histological Investigation of the Skin in Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum in Particular with Regard to the Associated Disturbance of Phosphatid Metabolism , Dermatologica 109:273, 1954.Crossref
Fast-Acting Applanation Tonometers: I. The Probable Explanation of the Second Order Effects and the Discrepancy Between Fast- and Slow-Acting Tonometers as Illustrated with a New Electronic TonometerSCHULZ, HAROLD P.;HILTON, GEORGE F.;McEWEN, W. K.
1963 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1963.00960040723006
Abstract Introduction In 1885 Imbert1 (also cf. Prijot2), set forth the basic theory of applanation tonometry. Two factors stood in the way of a practical solution to the problem: (1) The force against the area of applanation must be large enough to be measured, but the area must not be so large as to raise appreciably the intraocular pressure. (2) The bending force of the cornea and the surface tension of the tears must be obviated or corrected. Goldmann3,4 devised a practical solution to the problem by choosing an area of applanation which would satisfy Condition 1 above and at the same time would balance out the opposing forces of Condition 2. Mackay and Marg5 approached the solution by employing a sensitive transducer and feedback mechanism to provide a small area of applanation and allowing the bending force of the cornea and surface tension of the tears References 1. Through the courtesy of the Cancer Research Institute. I.B.M. 1620 computer supported in part by USPHS Grant RG 8808. 2. Personal communication, Biotronics, Inc. 3. Imbert, A.: Théorie des ophtalmotonomètres , Arch. Ophthal. (Par.) 5:358-363, 1885. 4. Prijot, E.: Contribution a l'étude de la tonometrie et de la tonographie en ophtalmologie, 's-Gravenhage, Dr. W. Junk, 1961, p. 9. 5. Goldmann, H.: Un nouveau tonomètre à aplanation , Bull. Mem. Soc. Franc. Ophtal 67:474-478, 1954 6. Glaucoma, Transactions of the 2d Conference, Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation, 1956, pp. 167-220. 7. Goldmann, H.: The Rate of Flow of the Aqueous Humor , in Glaucoma, A Symposium , Council of International Organizations of Medical Sciences, Oxford, Blackwell, 1955, pp. 105-125. 8. Mackay, R. S., and Marg, E.: Fast, Automatic, Electronic Tonometers Based on an Exact Theory , Acta Ophthal. (Kbh.) 37:495-507, 1959.Crossref 9. Marg, E.; Mackay, R. S., and Oechsli, R.: Trough Height, Pressure, and Flattening in Tonometry , Vision Res. 1:379-385, 1962.Crossref 10. Newell, D. E.; Rubin, M. L., and Horn, C. H.: A Pressure-Sensitive Crystal Oscillator , Amer. J. Ophthal. 52:984-988, 1961. 11. Moses, R. A.; Marg, E., and Oechsli, R.: Evaluation of the Basic Validity and Clinical Usefulness of the Mackay-Marg Tonometer , Invest. Ophthal. 1:78-85, 1962. 12. St. Helen, R., and McEwen, W. K.: Rheology of the Human Sclera , Amer. J. Ophthal. 52:539-548, 1961.
Contusion Rupture of the ScleraRIFFENBURGH, RALPH S.
1963 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1963.00960040728007pmid: 13973835
Abstract Ruptures of the sclera posterior to the insertion of the extraocular muscles are not infrequent, and a series of 41 such cases studied pathologically has been collected. This type of rupture has a rather typical clinical picture which is commonly overlooked, probably due in part to the frequent statements in the literature that ruptures in this location are most unusual.1,2,15 With a sharply focused blow, ruptures of the eye usually occur at the site of impact, the direct rupture. If the force is more diffuse, the rupture will be indirect and will occur in the weakest area of the scleral tunic, as the force is distributed according to hydraulic law (Fig. 1). Most authorities give the usual site of the indirect rupture as the area of sclera near the limbus which is weakened by the canal of Schlemm and the perforating vessels. The cases with ruptures elsewhere have often References 1. Duke-Elder, S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1954, Vol. 6, pp. 5873-5884. 2. Fuchs, A.: Spontaneous Internal Scleral Ruptures , Amer. J. Ophthal. 46:855, 1958. 3. Graves, O. M.: Deep Anterior Chamber Following Trauma , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 52:460, 1954.Crossref 4. Gruber, E.: Complete Avulsion of the Optic Nerve , Amer. J. Ophthal. 48:528, 1959. 5. Krasnov, M. L.; Tokareva, B. A., and Sharts, S. E.: Subconjunctival Injuries of the Sclera , Vestn. Oftal. 4:23, 1957. 6. Lehman, R. H., and Grossmann, E. E.: Traumatic Luxation of the Lens , Arch. Ophthal. 62:616, 1959.Crossref 7. Moncreiff, W. F., and Scheribel, K. J.: Penetrating Injuries of the Eye , Amer. J. Ophthal. 28:1212, 1945. 8. Montross, H. E.: Extensive Scleral Perforation with Complete Recovery , Calif. Med. 89:288, 1958. 9. Müller, L.: Über Ruptur der Corneo-scleralkapsel durch stumpfe Verletzung , Leipzig, 1895. 10. Oksala, A., and Lehtinen, A.: Diagnostics of Rupture of the Sclera by Means of Ultrasound , Acta. Ophthal. (Kbh.) 36:37, 1958.Crossref 11. Ostradovec, J.: Skleralni Ruptury , Sborn. Lek. 6:234, 1959. 12. Rones, B., and Wilder, H. C.: Ocular Injuries in Soldiers , Amer. J. Ophthal. 30:1143, 1947. 13. Stanton-Cook, L.: Injury Simulating Congenital Anomaly , Brit. J. Ophthal. 37:188, 1953.Crossref 14. Tillema, A.: Atypical, Indirect, Incomplete Rupture of the Sclera , Brit. J. Ophthal. 20:193, 1936.Crossref 15. Wurdemann, H. V.: Injuries of the Eye , Ed. 2, St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1932, p. 470.
Exudative Chorioretinopathy Associated with Systemic DiseaseHERM, ROBERT J.;SEELER, ALBERT O.;MacMAHON, H. EDWARD
1963 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1963.00960040733008pmid: 13953957
Abstract Disciform degeneration of the retina is generally considered to be a local ocular abnormality. The following case is unique in that it demonstrates exacerbations and remissions of an exudative macular lesion resembling juvenile disciform degeneration of the macula associated with the exacerbations and remissions of a pathologically proven vascular disorder in tissues remote from the eye. Report of Case A university administrative officer, now age 46, was first seen by an ophthalmologist eight years ago with a history of blurred vision of the left eye. At that time he was described as having "typical findings of central serous retinopathy" O.S. with a visual acuity of 20/20 in each eye. Dental examination and x-rays of the teeth, general physical examination, urinalysis, and chest x-ray were all negative. Over the next two weeks this process gradually disappeared. Six months later he had a recurrence of blurred vision O.S. At this time he
Vaccinial Keratitis Treated with IDUJACK, M. K.;SORENSON, R. W.
1963 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1963.00960040736009pmid: 13957183
Abstract Vaccination against smallpox with a live attenuated virus has resulted in a variety of statistically minor but clinically unusual complications including reported cases of encephalitis, acute renal failure, glomerulonephritis, thrombocytopenic purpura, and vaccinial keratitis.1 The keratitis is considered a serious ocular complication2 in spite of reports which allude to its benignity when treated with a number of therapeutic agents including cortisone.3 Presented here is a single case of keratitis immediately associated with generalized vaccinia, thought to clinically represent vaccinial keratitis which was treated with 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IDU).* Realizing that a single case might stand as apocryphal concerning the efficacy of treatment, we still feel that the unusual circumstances of the corneal disease and the course of the illness after IDU treatment are of significant interest. Vaccinia is a laboratory virus evolved from cowpox or variola virus which is modified by animal passage through calves or rabbits and irreversibly References 1. Supplied by Smith, Kline & French Laboratories, 1500 Spring Garden St., Philadelphia. 2. Lieberman, A. D., and Emanuel, B.: Post Vaccinial Eruption , Ann. Allergy 20:325-329, 1962. 3. Emanuel, R.: A Post Vaccinial Ocular Syndrome , Amer. J. Ophthal. 31:1443-1452, 1948. 4. Sedan, J.; Ourgaud, A. G., and Guillot, P.: The Ocular Accidents of Smallpox Vaccination , Ann. Oculist. (Par.) 186:34-61, 1953. 5. Parish, H. J., and Cannon, P. A.: Antisera, Toxoids, Vaccines and Tuberculin in Prophylaxis and Treatment , Edinburgh and London, E. S. Livingstone, Ltd., 1961, p. 181. 6. Kaufman, H. E., et al.: IDU Therapy of Herpes Simplex , Arch. Ophthal. 67:583-591, 1962.Crossref 7. Herrman, E. C., Jr., and Gabliks, J.: Plaque-Inhibitor Test for Detection of Specific Inhibitors of DNA Containing Viruses , Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 107:142, 1961.Crossref 8. Duke-Elder, Sir W. S.: Vaccinia , in Text-Book of Ophthalmology , St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1946, Vol 2, p. 1907. 9. Sudarsky, R. D.: Post Vaccinial Disciform Keratitis , Amer. J. Ophthal. 44:810-812, 1957. 10. Speakman, J. S., and Ormsby, H. L.: Studies of Immunity in Vaccinia Keratitis in Rabbits , Amer. J. Ophthal. 40:194-199, 1955. 11. Hogan, J. J., and Zimmerman, L. E.: Ophthalmic Pathology , Edition 2, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1962, p. 38.
Hereditary High Myopia With Retinal Detachment: A Family StudyGILLESPIE, FREDERICK;COVELLI, BENITO
1963 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1963.00960040739010pmid: 13947898
Abstract The main causes of retinal detachment are degeneration of the retina and degeneration of the vitreous. These degenerative conditions of the retina and vitreous may be the result of myopia, which is the most common cause, or of senescence. Vascular disease also can cause retinal or vitreous degeneration, and some cases of retinal degeneration are idiopathic in nature. It has been well demonstrated, however, that retinal detachment or at least a predisposition to retinal detachment can be hereditary. Nordlöw1 observed retinal detachment with disinsertion in monozygotic twins who were high myopes. Fransçois2 has observed discordance in a pair of dizygotic male twins. There have been several families having retinal detachment associated with high myopia reported in the literature, and there have been several pedigrees of retinal detachment without myopia. In addition, several pedigrees of retinal detachment due to congenital cystic degeneration of the retina or retinoschisis of the References 1. Nordlöw, W.: Fall von spontaner Netzhautablösung bei eineiigen Zwillingen , Acta Ophthal (Kbh) 16:579, 1938.Crossref 2. François, J.: Heredity in Ophthalmology , St Louis: The C. V. Mosby Co., 1961. 3. Weve, H.: Ablatio Falciformis Congenita (Retinal Fold) , Brit J Ophthal 22:456, 1938.Crossref 4. Vogt, A.: Die operative Therapie und die Pathogenese der Netzhautablösung, Vererbung der Netzhautablösung , Stuttgart: F. Enke, 1936 5. Die Vererbung der Altersmerkmale des Menschlichen Auges , in Handbuch der Erbiologie des Menschen , Berlin: Julius Springer, 1940. 6. Richner, H.: Vererbung der Netzhautablösung , Graefe Arch Ophthal 135:49, 1936.Crossref 7. Friedman, B.: Familial Retinal Degeneration Leading to Detachment and Cataract Formation , Arch Ophthal 22:271, 1939.Crossref