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Archives of Ophthalmology

Subject:
Ophthalmology
Publisher:
American Medical Association
American Medical Association
ISSN:
0003-9950
Scimago Journal Rank:
203
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Viruses, Names, and Ophthalmology

Kaufman, H.

1961 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010613001pmid: 14454439

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract Like the old woman who lived in the shoe, we find ourselves giving sustenance to an apparently innumerable array of viruses whose recently affixed names are strange and whose behavior is as unpredictable as that of any younger generation. As Dr. John Enders recently commented in citing the multiplicity of these agents, "At this point I'm sure you are tempted, as I am, to cry out in anguish, like Macbeth upon seeing the vision of Banquo's endless descendents 'Will the line stretch out to the crack of doom?' " But these virile bits of organic matter are fascinating, and equally interesting is the scientist's attempt to cope with and catalogue them. Let us now survey some of the problems contributed by these more recently explored miseries of man and begin (promiscuously) at the bottom. Although the enteric or enteroviruses may be isolated from many sites of the gastrointestinal tract, as well
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Photosensitization and Cataracts

C., D.G.

1961 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010614002

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract Photosensitization is the induction of a biologically reactive state by wave lengths of light that are ordinarily innocuous. The tissue reaction to ultraviolet radiation longer than 320 mμ is basically similar in the photosensitized state to that of the abiotic range but is modified by the greater penetration of the longer wave length radiation and therefore potentially more hazardous. Elsewhere in this issue is a report of cataract induction in mice photosensitized to ordinarily harmless radiation by repeated injections of 8-methoxypsoralen. The implications of this for human beings are thought-provoking. The ultraviolet light was in the range to which all of us, save those in the most smogged out communities, are daily exposed. The sensitizing agent, one of the furocoumarine family, is currently used topically and systemically for vitiligo and for tanning of the skin. The case for human cataractogenesis, however, is far from proved. The amount of psoralen given
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Norrie's Disease: Congenital Bilateral Pseudotumor of the Retina with Recessive X-Chromosomal Inheritance; Preliminary Report

ANDERSEN, S. RY;WARBURG, METTE

1961 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010616003pmid: 13861187

Abstract At the Royal Institutes for the Blind in Denmark 7 cases of congenital bilateral pseudotumor of the retina have been observed in 4 generations of the same family; the first case was diagnosed in 1860. The disease is transmitted by X-chromosomal inheritance through females to males. All the affected patients were totally blind from birth, and the uniform clinical picture in all the cases was characteristic. Five later developed severe deafness, and 4 were mentally deficient. No other malformations were observed in this family whose members have been followed through 7 generations. The pedigree of the family, which comes from the small isolated island of Bornholm in the Baltic, is shown in Figure 1. Report of Case The subject is an 8-month-old Danish boy (marked p in Fig. 1), patient of Dr. K. Dreisler.His mother had negative serological reactions for syphilis and toxoplasmosis. The pregnancy and delivery were References 1. After we submitted this paper for publication we found a paper by Ash (1922)11 in which he describes a family with hereditary microphthalmia in 11 members in 3 generations. In 1940 a histopathological examination was reported by Whitnall and Norman11a dealing with both eyes from one of these cases. The similarity to our case is striking. 2. Heine, L.: Über das familiäre Auftreten von Pseudoglioma congenitum bei zwei Brüdern, etc. Z. Augenheilk. 56:155, 1925. 3. Wilson, R.: Congenital Blindness:? Bilateral Pseudoglioma , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 29:1433, 1936. 4. Wilson, W. M. G.: Congenital Blindness (Pseudoglioma) Occurring as a Sex-Linked Developmental Anomaly , Canad. M.A.J. 60:580, 1949. 5. Pajtáš, J.: Cas de pseudogliome familial héréditaire dans trois générations (retinitis exudativa Coats) , Ophthalmologica 120:411, 1950.Crossref 6. Arruga, L. H.: Une rareté clinique: Décollement de la rétine héréditaire et binoculaire , Bull. Soc. Franc. Ophtal. 63:160, 1950. 7. von Winning, C. H. O. M.: Retrolental Fibroplasia and Other Forms of Pseudoglioma, Thesis, `S-Gravenhage, Trio, 1952. 8. Dahlberg-Parrow, R.: Congenital Sex-Linked Pseudoglioma and Grave Mental Deficiency , Acta Ophthal. (Kbh.) 34:250, 1956.Crossref 9. Taylor, P. J.; Coates, T., and Newhouse, M. L.: Episkopi Blindness: Hereditary Blindness in a Greek Cypriot Family , Brit. J. Ophthal. 43:340, 1959.Crossref 10. Norrie, G.: Causes of Blindness in Children: Twenty-Five Years' Experience of Danish Institutes for the Blind , Acta Ophthal. (Kbh.) 5:357, 1927.Crossref 11. Norrie, G.: Nogle blindhedsaarsager: en oversigt (in Danish) , Hospitalstidende 76:147, 1933. 12. Ash, W. M.; Lond, B. S., and Vict, D. P. H.: Hereditary Microphthalmia , Brit. Med. J. 1:558, 1922.Crossref 13. Whitnall, S. E., and Norman, R. M.: Microphthalmia and the Visual Pathways , Brit. J. Ophthal. 24:229, 1940.Crossref 14. Reese, A. B., and Blodi, F. C.: Retinal Dysplasia , Amer. J. Ophthal. 33:23, 1950. 15. Sorsby, A.; Klein, M.; Gann, J. H., and Siggins, G.: Unusual Retinal Detachment, Possibly Sex-Linked , Brit. J. Ophthal. 35:1, 1951.Crossref
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Relationship of Consensual Changes in Intraocular Pressure to Arterial Blood Pressure

DRANCE, S. M.;Carr, F. O.

1961 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010621004pmid: 13887730

Abstract A fall in intraocular pressure in the contralateral undisturbed eye as a result of massage and trauma has been known since 1878 when Pagestecher1 described his observations. The term "ophthalmotonic consensual reaction" appears to have been coined by Weekers2 in 1924. The consensual fall in intraocular pressure accompanying tonography is well annotated,3-6,11 and its importance lies in the fact that the change in ocular dynamics which must occur to produce it may lend itself to study and analysis of the neurovascular reflexes subservient to the homeostatic mechanisms maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The literature suggests that the consensual fall occurs in most people and is of the order of 1-4 mm. Hg.3 The exact mechanism is not clearly worked out, but in animals Prijot and Stone4 found a decrease in flow of aqueous humor in the presence of unchanged facility of outflow, scleral rigidity, and constant References 1. Pagestecher, H.: Über die Massage des Auges und deren Anvendung bei verschiedenen Augenerkrankugen , Zbl. Prakt. Augenheilk 2:281, 1878. 2. Weekers, L.: Modifications experimentales de l'ophthalmotonus: Réactions ophthalmotoniques consensuelles , Arch. Ophthal. (Par.) 41:641, 1924. 3. Rosen, D. A.: Aqueous Humor Flow , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 57:361, 1957.Crossref 4. Prijot, E. L., and Stone, H. H.: On the Ophthalmotonic Consensual Reaction and Its Relationship to Aqueous Humor Dynamics , Amer. J. Ophthal. 42:50, 1956. 5. Tarkkanen, A. H. A., and Becker, B.: Aqueous Humor Dynamics , Amer. I. Ophthal. 46:499, 1958. 6. Stocker, F. W.: On Changes in Intraocular Pressure After Application of the Tonometer , Amer. J. Ophthal. 45:192, 1958. 7. Perkins, E. S.: Consensual Changes in Intraocular Pressure Under Experimental Conditions , in Transactions of the Third Conference on Glaucoma , New York, Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation, 1959, p. 143. 8. Adler, F. H.: Quoted by Perkins, E. S.7 9. Kirsch, R. E.; Samet, P.; Kugel, V., and Axelrod, S.: Electrocardiographic Changes During Ocular Surgery and Their Prevention by Retrobulbar Injection , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 58: 348, 1957.Crossref 10. Palm, E., and Stromblad, R.: Respiratory and Circulatory Responses to Manipulations of the Eye , Acta Ophthal. 32:615, 1954. 11. Kornbluth, W., and Linnér, E.: Experimental Tonography in Rabbits: Effect of Unilateral Ligation of Common Carotid Artery on Aqueous Humor Dynamics As Studied by Means of Tonography and Fluorescein Appearance Time , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 54:717, 1955.Crossref 12. Linnér, E.: Changeability Test of Aqueous Outflow Resistance , Brit. J. Ophthal. 42:38, 1958.Crossref
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Cataracts in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases Treated with Corticosteroids: Further Observations

OGLESBY, RICHARD B.;BLACK, ROGER L.;von SALLMANN, LUDWIG;BUNIM, JOSEPH J.

1961 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010627005pmid: 14481309

Abstract A previous communication by the authors related the development of posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) to long-term high dose corticosteroid therapy,1 and a subsequent paper2 discussed the appearance and differential diagnosis of these cataracts. This report includes additional patients with the same complication and follow-up data on patients previously and presently reported. Methods and Material Collection of data and examination were carried out as outlined in previous papers. The diagnosis was established in all cases by biomicroscopy; patients with other ocular pathology which might be related to PSC were omitted from the series.This series consists of 95 patients. Twentythree of these had rheumatoid arthritis not treated with corticosteroids and thus served as controls; none of the controls developed PSC. Seventy-two patients, 28 of whom have not been reported previously, were treated with corticosteroids; of these 72 patients, 30 developed PSC (Table 2). Medical diagnoses of the corticosteroid treated References 1. Black, R. L.; Oglesby, R. B.; von Sallmann, L., and Bunim, J. J.: Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts Induced by Corticosteroids in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis , J.A.M.A. 174:166, 1960.Crossref 2. Oglesby, R. B.; Black, R. L.; von Sallmann, L., and Bunim, J. J.: Cataracts in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treated with Corticosteroids , Arch. Ophthal. 66:519, 1961.Crossref 3. von Sallmann, L.: Unpublished observations. 4. Gordon, D. M.; Kammerer, W. H., and Freyberg, R. H.: Examination for Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts , J.A.M.A. 175:127, 1961.Crossref 5. Abrahamson, I. A., Jr., and Abrahamson, I. A., Sr.: Cataracta Complicata and Corticosteroids , Eye Ear Nose Throat 40:266, 1961. 6. Pfahl, S. B.; Makley, T. A.; McCoy, F. N., and Rothermich, N. O.: The Relationship of Steroid Therapy and Cataracts in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis , Amer. J. Ophthal. 51:710, 1960. 7. von Sallmann, L.; Caravaggio, L. L.; Collins, E. M., and Weaver, K.: Examination of Lenses of Steroid-Treated Rats , Amer. J. Ophthal. 50:1147, 1960. 8. Solis, G. R.: Personal communication to the authors. 9. Young, C.: Personal communication to the authors. 10. Dushay, F.: Personal communication to the authors. 11. Thornton, N.: Personal communication to the authors.
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Data on the Natural History of Retinal Detachment: I. Age and Sex Relationships

SCHEPENS, C. L.;MARDEN, D.

1961 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010633006pmid: 14498243

Abstract It is universally recognized that retinal breaks play an essential role in the causation of idiopathic retinal detachment; therefore, the term rhegmatogenous * retinal detachment has been coined to denote a detachment resulting from a retinal break. The exact conditions which bring about retinal breaks are still unclear, and it must be admitted that their pathogenesis is largely a matter of speculation. There are 2 approaches which seem to offer interesting possibilities to the problems of retinal detachment. First, it is hoped that our increasing knowledge of the metabolism of the vitreous body will permit a study of the biochemistry of retinal detachment on the molecular level. This would provide a clear understanding of the biochemical mechanisms which culminate in the production of retinal breaks and subsequent retinal detachment. It may eventually be determined that a whole group of chronic conditions are related to the type of metabolic dysfunction which causes References 1. Rhegmatogenous comes from the Greek [unk][unk]γμα, which means "break" or "solution of continuity," and γ[unk]νος which means "origin." 2. Schepens, C. L.: Progress in Detachment Surgery , Trans. Amer. Acad. Ophthal. 55:607, 1951. 3. Schepens, C. L.: Diagnosis and Prognostic Factors as Found in Preoperative Examination , Trans. Amer. Acad. Ophthal. 56:398, 1952. 4. Schepens, C. L.: Subclinical Retinal Detachments , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 47:593, 1952.Crossref 5. Schepens, C. L.: Décollement de la rétine , Acta XVIII Conc. Ophthal. Belgica , 1958, p. 1019. 6. Rutnin, U.: Personal communication to the authors. 7. Okun, E.: Gross and Microscopic Pathology in Autopsy Eyes: Part III. Retinal Breaks Without Detachment , Amer. J. Ophthal. 51:369, 1961. 8. Yater, W. M.; Traum, A. H.; Brown, W. G.; Fitzgerald, R. P.; Geisler, M. A., and Wilcox, B. B.: Coronary Artery Disease in Men 18 to 39 Years of Age , Amer. Heart J. 36:334; 481; 683, 1948.Crossref 9. Bagley, C. H.: Retinal Detachment , Amer. J. Ophthal. 31:285, 1948. 10. Dollfus, M. A., and Raeymaeckers, G.: La galvano-cautérisation à pointe fine dans le traitement du décollement de la rétine , Ann. Oculist. (Par.) 193:385, 1960. 11. Jeandelize, P.; Baudot, R., and Gault, A.: Résultat du traitement du décollement rétinien par la diathermo-coagulation , Bull. Soc. Franc. Ophtal. 49:269, 1936. 12. Robertson, R. W.: Statistical Study of Retinal Detachment , Trans. Canad. Ophthal. Soc. 5:122, 1952. 13. de Roetth, A.: Bilateral Detachment of the Retina , Arch. Ophthal. 22:809, 1939.Crossref 14. Shapland, C. D.: Retinal Detachment Techniques , Trans. Ophthal. Soc. U.K. 80:677, 1960. 15. Amsler, M., and Schiff-Wertheimer, S.: Le décollement de la rétine , in Traité d'ophthalmologie , Vol. 5, edited by P. Bailliart and co-workers, Paris, Masson & Cie, 1939, pp. 559-576. 16. Weve, H. J. M., and Van Manen, J. G.: Technique et résultats du traitement diathermique du décollement de la rétine en 1935 , Bull. Soc. Franç. Ophtal. 99:281, 1936. 17. Arruga, H.: Etiologia y patogenia del desprendimiento de la retina , Acta XIV Concil. Ophtal. Hispania 2:1-191, 1933. 18. Binkhorst, P. G.: Statistische Betrachtungen über Netzhautablösung , Ophthalmologica 99:367, 1940.Crossref 19. Stallard, H. B.: Some Observations on the Causes and Treatment of Simple Detachment of the Retina , Brit. J. Ophthal. 14:1, 1930.Crossref 20. Bartels: Statistik der Fälle von Netzhautabloesung , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilk. 96:687, 1936. 21. Dunnington, J. H., and Macnie, J. P.: Detachment of the Retina , Arch. Ophthal. 18:532, 1937.Crossref 22. Shapland, C. D.: Retinal Detachment and its Treatment by Surgical Methods , Brit. J. Ophthal. 18:1, 1934.Crossref 23. Gonin, J.: Le décollement de la rétine , Lausanne, Switzerland, Payot and Company, 1934, pp. 80, 100, 119. 24. Rinzler, S. H.: The Clinical Aspects of Arteriosclerosis , Springfield, Ill., Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1957, pp. 3-4; 34-37. 25. Boas, E. P., and Epstein, F. H.: Prevalence of Manifest Atherosclerosis in a Working Population , A.M.A. Arch. Intern. Med. 94:94, 1954.Crossref 26. Ackerman, R. F.; Dry, T. J., and Edwards, J. E.: Relationship of Various Factors to the Degree of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Women , Circulation 1:1345, 1950.Crossref 27. Jones, H. B., et al.: Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis , Amer. J. Med. 11:358, 1951.Crossref
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Congenital Ocular Motor Apraxia in Females

CAMPBELL, W. L.;ZELLER, ROBERT

1961 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010645007pmid: 13876069

Abstract Only 8 cases of congenital ocular motor apraxia have been reported. All have been described as occurring in males.' The distinguishing features of this syndrome include: (1) absent or defective voluntary horizontal eye movements with retention of normal random versions; (2) characteristic jerking movements of the head to break fixation; (3) absent or defective quick phase of the optokinetic response with; (4) controversion of eyes when the head is turned on the vertical axis; (5) reading difficulties. Acquired forms of this syndrome were described as early as 1908 by Wilson, and in 1909 by Balint; however, recognition of the congenital variety dates back only to 1952, when Cogan reported 4 cases in males.2 There have been at least 10 acquired cases reported3 and 8 of the congenital variety.1,4 Cogan has knowledge of other unreported cases.5 Thus, the condition may not be rare, but only relatively unrecognized. References 1. Altrocchi, P. H., and Menkes, J. H.: Congenital Ocular Motor Apraxia , Brain 83:579, 1960.Crossref 2. Cogan, D. G.: A Type of Congenital Ocular Motor Apraxia Presenting Jerky Head Movements , Trans. Amer. Acad. Ophthal. 56:853, 1952. 3. Hécaen, H., and de Ajuriaguerra, J. De: Balint's Syndrome (Psychic Paralysis of Visual Fixation) and Its Minor Forms , Brain 77:373, 1954.Crossref 4. Cogan, D. G., and Adams, R. D.: Letter to the Editor: Balint's Syndrome and Ocular Motor Apraxia , A.M.A. Ophthal. 53:758, 1955.Crossref 5. Cogan, D. G.: Personal correspondence, Feb., 1961. 6. Cogan, D. G.: Neurology of the Ocular Muscles , Ed. 2, Springfield, Ill., Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1956, Chap. 5 .
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Effect of Polymyxin B Sulfate on Pseudomonas Corneal Ulcers

McMEEL, J. WALLACE;WOOD, RONALD M.;SENTERFIT, LAWRENCE B.

1961 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010648008

Abstract Treatment of Pseudomonas corneal ulcers has been disappointing with encouraging results appearing in the literature only within the past 5 years. Morelli's1 review of the literature up to 1922 shows a story of almost unanimous failure, with 23 enucleations, 14 leukomas, and 1 nebula. Moorman's2 review of 24 cases from 1922 until 1939 showed 12 eyes enucleated, 9 with vision 20/200 or less, and only 3 with vision better that 20/200; whereas 25 cases from 1939 until 1955 treated with sulfa compounds or antibiotics other than polymyxin B sulfate resulted in 10 enucleations, 9 eyes with 20/200 vision or less, and 6 eyes with vision better that 20/200. Of 11 cases treated by Moorman with polymyxin B or E sulfate. one eye was enucleated, 7 had vision 20/200 or less, and 3 had vision better than 20/200. There were 8 cases of corneal ulcer due to Pseudomonas reported References 1. Morelli, E.: Contributo allo studio del cheratoipopion da bacillo piocianico , Arch. Ottol. 29:285, 1922. 2. Moorman, L. T., and Harbert, F.: Treatment of Pseudomonas Corneal Ulcers , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 53:345, 1955.Crossref 3. Wiggins, R. L.: Experimental Studies on the Eye with Polymyxin B , Amer. J. Ophthal. 35:83, 1952. 4. Williams, R. K.; Hench, M. E., and Guerry, D.: Pyocyaneus Ulcer , Amer. J. Ophthal. 37: 583, 1954. 5. Gurd, D. P.: Treatment of Corneal Infections Due to Pseudomonas Pyocyaneus with Polymyxin B Sulphate Oinment , Brit. J. Ophthal. 40:159, 1956.Crossref 6. Goodman, L. S., and Gilman, A.: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , Ed. 2, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1955.
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Spirochetal Infection of the Canaliculus

CHATTERJEE, B. M.;CHATTERJEE, S.;BARUA, D.

1961 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010651009pmid: 13878424

Abstract The inflammation of the canaliculus, although a rare disease, constitutes a clinical entity in the form of suppurative canaliculitis also known as blennorrhea of the canaliculus; the organisms found to be responsible have been staphylococci, gonococci, pneumococci, Bacillus pyocyaneus, diplobacillus, sarcinae, and Micrococcus tetragenus (Duke-Elder, 1952). A purulent inflammation of nonspecific origin has also been described by Elschnig (1909), Hoitasch (1922), Wiltschke (1924), Stock (1924), Theobald (1926), Morana (1929), and Herrenschwand (1931). Since its original description by von Graefe (1854-1855), fungus infection of the canaliculi has also become well recognized. But spirochaetal infection of the canaliculus leading to suppurative canaliculitis is an extreme rarity and perhaps has not been reported up till now. Report of Case A Hindu female, aged 50 years, attended the eye outpatient department of the S.S.K.M. Hospital on Sept. 13, 1960, with a history that about 4 months ago her right eye started watering. Two months References 1. Dubos, R. J.: Bacterial and Mycotic Infections of Man , Ed. 3, New York, Pitman Publishing Corp., 1958, p. 541. 2. Duke-Elder, S.: Text Book of Ophthalmology , Vol. 5, London, Henry Kimpton, 1952, p. 5294. 3. Ellermann, V.: Zur Kenntnis der Spindelbazillen , Z. Hyg. Infekt.-Kr. 56:453, 1907.Crossref 4. Elschnig, A.: Blennorrhoe der Tränenröhrchen , Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk. 47:232, 1909. 5. Friedenwald, J. S., and others: Ophthalmic Pathology: An Atlas and Text Book , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1952, p. 225. 6. Von Graefe, A.: Mittheilungen von Krankheitsfällen und Notizen vermischten Inhalts. Konkretionen im unteren Thränenröhrchen durch Pilzbildung , Graefe Arch Ophthal. 1:284, 1854. 7. von Graefe, A.: Ein Fall von Pilzbildung im unteren Thränenröhrchen , Graefe Arch Ophthal. 2:224, 1855. 8. Herrenschwand, F.: Isolierte Tränenröhrchenentzündung (Dacryocanaliculitis) , Wien Klin Wschr. 44:871, 1931. 9. Hoitasch, S.: Blennorrhöe der Tränenröhrchen , Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk. 68:605, 1922. 10. Morana, C.: Canaliculite da micrococco tetrageno , Boll Oculist 8:1337, 1929. 11. Stock, W.: Die Pathologie der Tränenorgane , in Graefe-Saemische Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde , Vol. 9, Berlin, Julius Springer, 1924, chap. 15, p. 77. 12. Theobald, P.: Dacryocanaliculitis cystica; Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Blennorrhöe der Tränenröhrchen , Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk. 77:649, 1926.
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Keratoplasty: Past, Present, and Future

DeVOE, ARTHUR GERARD

1961 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010654010pmid: 13885892

Abstract Introduction It is proposed in this paper briefly to review the surgical procedure of keratoplasty, rapidly to note the stages of development, to comment on its present status, its possibilities, and its limitations, and to point out in what directions we may expect future progress with suggestions as to how we should best apply our efforts to attain these desired ends.Until recent years the efforts of the surgeon or specialist working in the field of tissue transplantation have been preoccupied with instrumentation, technique, and clinical observation of the patient. This is not to be decried, since it is quite obvious that mechanical improvement in corneal grafting techniques and instrumentation is largely responsible for the present high level of achievement in this area. When, however, we come to interpretation of clinical problems, as for example, "graft sickness," speculation has run wild and there has been relatively little serious or scientific References 1. Thomas, C. I.: The Cornea , Springfield, Ill., Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1955, p. 1001. 2. Sellerbeck: Über Keratoplastik , Arch. f. Ophthal. 24:1, 1878. 3. Burnet, F. M.: The New Approach to Immunology , New Engl. J. Med. 264:24, 1961.Crossref 4. Algire, G. H.: Diffusion Chamber Techniques for Studies of Cellular Immunity , Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 69:663, 1957.Crossref 5. Peer, L. A.: Transplantation of Tissues , Vol. 2, Baltimore, The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1959, p. 36. 6. Medawar, P. B.: in Peer, L. A.: Transplantation of Tissues , Vol. 2, Baltimore, The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1959, p. 56. 7. Weaver, J. M.; Algire, G. H., and Prehn, R. T.: The Growth of Cells in Vivo in Diffusion Chamber , J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 15:1737, 1955. 8. Billingham, R. E.; Brent, L., and Medawar, P. B.: Quantitative Studies on Tissue Transplantation Immunity: III. Actively Acquired Tolerance , Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. B. (Lond.) 239:357, 1956.Crossref 9. Fine, M.: Personal communication to the author. 10. McPherson, S. D., Jr.: The Use of Absorbable Sutures in Surgery of the Cornea , Trans. Amer. Ophthal. Soc. 57:700, 1959. 11. Paufique, L.; Sourdille, G. P., and Offret, G.: Les greffes de la cornée kératoplasties , Paris, Masson & Cie, 1948. 12. Dohlman, C. H., and Sweebe, F. C.: Personal communication to the author. 13. Wise, G. N.: Ocular Periarteritis Nodosa , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 48:1, 1952.Crossref
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