A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

FINE, BEN S.;TOUSIMIS, A. J.;ZIMMERMAN, LORENZ E.

1959 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.04220060003001

Abstract Throughout this issue of the Archives the reader will find the results, mainly in the form of micrographs, of morphologic studies of ocular tissues obtained with the electron microscope. The techniques employed in electron microscopy differ considerably from those of light microscopy. For the proper appreciation of these results obtained with this instrument some knowledge of the methods used in specimen preparation is required. The purpose of this presentation is to outline some of the principles, materials, and techniques of electron microscopy. The resolution of the average human eye (i.e., the closest two points or lines can be together and still be perceived as separate) is considered to fall in the range of 0.1-0.2 mm. (100μ-200μ). This inherent limitation of the eye is overcome by use of magnifying lenses which refract light to "spread" these two points apart, so that intermediate points or lines may be distinguished as separate. Glass References 1. 1 cm, 10 mm. 1 mm. 1,000 microns (μ) 1μ 1,000 millimicrons (mμ) 1 mμ 10 angstroms (A.) Range of visible light perceived by the normal human eye 4,000-7,000 A. 2. The focusing of the beam of electrons de pends both on their velocities (determined by accelerating potential) and magnetic field of the lens.

HOLMBERG, AKE

1959 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.04220060007002pmid: 14402764

Abstract A. Introduction B. Materials and Methods C. General Topography D. The Normal Structure 1. Nonpigmented epithelium a. Internal limiting membrane b. Cell membrane and β-cytomembranes c. α-Cytomembranes d. Golgi apparatus e. Mitochondria f. Nucleus g. Granules h. Ground substance 2. Pigment epithelium a. Cell membrane and β-cytomembranes b. α-Cytomembranes c. Golgi apparatus d. Mitochondria e. Nucleus f. Granules g. Ground substance h. External limiting membrane E. Alterations in Structure and Function 1. Appearance of epithelium in young rabbits 2. Apperance of epithelium after treatment with acetazolamide F. Comment G. Conclusion H. Summary A. Introduction Since the publication of the analysis of the ultrastructure of normal and acetazolamide (Diamox)-treated nonpigmented ciliary epithelium in the rabbit eye (Holmberg, 1957), the investigation has been extended to include the pigment epithelium in adult rabbit and both epithelial layers in monkey, human, and young rabbit eyes. The ultrastructure of the ciliary body capillaries and of References 1. Bargmann, W.; Knoop, A., and Schiebler, T. H.: Histologische, cytochemische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am Nephron , Ztschr. Zellforsch. u. mikroskop. Anat. 42: 386, 1955.Crossref 2. Berkaloff, M. A.: Variations de l'ultrastructure des tribes de Malphigi et leur fonctionnement chez Gryllus domesticus (Orthoptere Gryllidae) , Compt. rend. seanc. acad. sc. 248:466, 1959. 3. Binder, R., and Orth, E.: Elektronenoptische Studie an Pigmentkörnern und Zonulafasern des menschlichen Auges , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 154:266, 1953.Crossref 4. Ekholm, R., and Sjöstrand, F. S.: The Ultrastructural Organization of the Mouse Thyroid Gland , J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1:178, 1957.Crossref 5. Holmberg, Å.: Studies of the Ultrastructure of the Non-Pigmented Epithelium in the Ciliary Body , Acta ophth. 33:377, 1955.Crossref 6. Holmberg, Å.: Changes in the Ultrastructure of the Ciliary Epithelium During Inhibition of the Secretion of Aqueous Humor , in Proceedings of the Stockholm Conference on Electron Microscopy , 1956. 7. Holmberg, Å.: Ultrastructural Changes in the Ciliary Epithelium Following Inhibition of Secretion of Aqueous Humor in the Rabbit Eye, Thesis, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 1957. 8. Holmberg, Å.: Differences in the Ultrastructure of Normal Human and Rabbit Ciliary Epithelium, A.M.A. Arch. Ophth., this issue, p. 952. 9. Holmberg, Å.: The Ultrastructure of the Capillaries in the Ciliary Body, A.M.A. Arch. Ophth., this issue, p. 949. 10. Kinsey, V. E.; Jackson, B., and Terry, T. L.: Development of Secretory Function of Ciliary Body in the Rabbit Eye Evaluated from Ascorbic Acid Concentrations and Changes in Volume , Arch. Ophth. 34:415, 1945.Crossref 11. Lewis, W. H.: Pinocytosis , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 49:17, 1931. 12. Newman, S. B.; Borysko, E., and Swerdlow, M.: Ultramicrotomy by a New Method , J. Res. Nat. Bur. Standards 43:183, 1949.Crossref 13. Palade, G. E.: A Study of Fixation for Electron Microscopy , J. Exper. Med. 95:285, 1952.Crossref 14. Pappas, G. D., and Smelser, G. K.: Studies on the Ciliary Epithelium and the Zonule: I. Electron Microscope Observations on Changes Induced by Alteration of Normal Aqueous Humor Formation in the Rabbit , Am. J. Ophth. 46:299 (Nov., (Pt. 2) ), 1958. 15. Pease, D.: Infolded Basal Plasma Membrane Found in Epithelia Noted for Their Water Transport , J. Biophys. & Biochem. Cytol. 2:203 ( (Supp.) ) 1956. 16. Rhodin, J.: Correlation of Ultrastructural Organization and Function in Normal and Experimentally Changed Proximal Convoluted Tubule Cells of the Mouse Kidney, Thesis, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 1954. 17. Sebruyns, M.: Study of the Ultrastructure of the Retinal Epithelium by Means of the Electron Microscope , Am. J. Ophth. 34:989, 1951. 18. Sjöstrand, F. S.: The Ultrastructure of the Outer Segments of Rods and Cones of the Eye as Revealed by the Electron Microscope , I. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 42:15, 1953. 19. Sjöstrand, F. S.: Electron Microscopy of Cells and Tissues , in Physical Techniques in Biological Research , Vol. 3, edited by G. Oster and A. W. Pollister, New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1956, p. 241. 20. Sjöstrand, F. S., and Hanzon, V.: Ultrastructure of Golgi Apparatus of Exocrine Cells of Mouse Pancreas , Exper. Cell Res. 7:415, 1954. 21. Yamashita, T.; Cibis, P., and Becker, B.: Histochemical Studies of the Human Ciliary Body, to be published. 22. Zetterqvist, A.: The Ultrastructural Organi zation of the Columnar Absorbing Cells of the Mouse Jejunum, Thesis, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 1956.

HOLMBERG, AKE

1959 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.04220060021003pmid: 14402765

Abstract Introduction During the analysis of the fine structure of the ciliary epithelium (Holmberg, 1957; Holmberg, 1959) in human and rabbit eyes, it was observed that the capillaries in the stroma are built up in a characteristic way, similar to that found in several secretory glands. Although the findings are not unique for the ciliary body, they add to our knowledge of the correlation between structure and function of the ciliary processes. Material and Methods In this investigation the same rabbit material has been utilized as was used for the analysis of the nonpigmented epithelium. All fixation was performed in vivo in 1% osmium solution with the animals under general anesthesia (pentobarbital [Nembutal] intravenously). After 10-15 minutes parts of the ciliary body were cut out and fixation was continued for 3-4 hours.The human material consists of three fresh eyes enucleated because of malignant melanoma in the posterior pole. Immediately after References 1. Bargmann, W., and Knoop, A.: Vergleichende elektronenmikroskopische Unt ersuch ungen der Lungenkapillaren , Ztschr. Zell forsch. u. mikr. Anat. 44:263, 1956. 2. Bargmann, W.; Knoop, A., and Thiel, A.: Elektronenmikroskopische Studie an der Neurohypophyse von Tropidonotus Natrix mit Berücksichtigung der pars intermedia , Ztschr. Zell forsch. u. mikr. Anat. 47:114, 1957.Crossref 3. Dempsey, E. W., and Peterson, R. R.: Electron Microscopic Observations on the Thyroid Glands of Normal Hypophysectomized, Cold-Exposed and Thiouracil-Treated Rats , Endocrinology 56:46, 1955.Crossref 4. Ekholm, R.: Ultrastructure of Capillaries in the Thyroid Gland , Ztschr. Zell forsch. u. mikr. Anat. 46:139, 1957.Crossref 5. Hall, B. V.: The Protoplasmic Basis of Glomerular Ultrafiltration , Am. Heart J. 54:1, 1957.Crossref 6. Holmberg, Å.: Studies of the Ultrastructure of the Nonpigmented Epithelium in the Ciliary Body , Acta ophth. 33:377, 1955.Crossref 7. Holmberg, Å.: Changes in the Ultrastructure of the Ciliary Epithelium During Inhibition of the Section of Aqueous Humor , Proc. Stockholm Conference Electron Microscopy , New York, Academic Press, 1956, P. 139. 8. Holmberg, Å.: Ultrastructural Changes in the Ciliary Epithelium Following Inhibition of Secretion of Aqueous Humor in the Rabbit Eye, Thesis, Stockholm, Karolinska Institutet, 1957. 9. Holmberg, Å.: Differences in Ultrastructure of Normal Human and Rabbit Ciliary Epithelium, A.M.A. Arch. Ophth., this issue, p. 952. 10. Monroe, B. G.: Electron Microscopy of the Thyroid Gland , Anat. Rec. 116:345, 1952.Crossref 11. Moore, D. H., and Ruska, H.: The Fine Structure of Capillaries and Arteries , J. Biophys. & Biochem. Cytol. 3:457, 1957. 12. Rhodin, J.: Electron Microscopy of the Glomerular Capillary Wall , Exp. Cell Res. 8:572, 1955. 13. Schultz, H.: Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Lunge des Siebenschläfers nach Hibernation , Ztschr. Zellforsch. u. mikr. Anat. 46: 583, 1957. 14. Trier, J. S.: The Fine Structure of the Parathyroid Gland , J. Biophys. & Biochem. Cytol. 4:13, 1958. 15. Wetstein, R.: Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am Nebennierenmark von Maus, Meerschweinchen und Katze , Ztschr. Zell forsch. u. mikr. Anal. 46:517, 1957. 16. Woodside, G. L., and Delton, A. J.: The Ultrastructure of Lung Tissue from Newborn and Embryo Mice , J. Ultrastructure. Res. 2:28, 1958. 17. Zelander, T.: The Ultrastructure of the Adrenal Cortex of the Mouse , Ztschr. Zellforsch. u. mikr. Anal. 46:710, 1957.

HOLMBERG, AKE

1959 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.04220060024004pmid: 14402763

Abstract Introduction In a previous investigation (Holmberg, 1957), an extensive analysis of the ultrastructure of the nonpigmented epithelium in rabbit eyes was carried out. The material included both the normal structure and changes in the structure after inhibition of the secretion of aqueous humor by acetazolamide (Diamox). In order to find out the effect of acetazolamide on the structure of human ciliary epithelium, an analysis of the normal ultrastructure of this epithelium has been started. As there proved to be remarkable differences as compared to the rabbit material, a preliminary report of these differences seems to be justified. Material and Methods So far three enucleated human eyes have been examined. The eyes were enucleated because of a malignant melanoma in the posterior pole. No clinical signs of altered secretion of aqueous humor could be detected. The operations were performed under local anesthesia (retrobulbar injection of Xylocaine). Immediately after the enucleation 1% References 1. Bargmann, W.; Knoop, A., and Schiebler, T.: Histologische, cytologische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am Nephron , Ztschr. Zellforsch. u. mikr. Anat. 42:386, 1955.Crossref 2. Cibis, P. A., and Yamashita, T.: Histochemical Staining of Ciliary Body to be published. 3. Dempsey, E. W., and Wislocki, G.: Electron Microscopic Study of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Rat, Employing Silver Nitrate as a Vital Stain , j. Biophys. & Biochem. Cytol. 1:245, 1955. 4. Graumann, W., and Rohen, J.: Chemohistologische Befunde am menschlichen Auge , Ztschr. f. mikroskop-anatomische Forsch. 64:652, 1958. 5. Hall, B. V.: The Protoplasmic Basis of Glomerular Ultrafiltration , Am. Heart J. 54:1, 1957. 6. Holmberg, Å.: Studies of the Ultrastructure of the Nonpigmented Epithelium in the Ciliary Body , Acta ophth. 33:377, 1955. 7. Holmberg, Å.: Changes in Ultrastructure of the Ciliary Epithelium During Inhibition of the Secretion of Aqueous Humor. Proc. Stockholm Conference Electron Microscopy , New York, Academic Press, 1956, p. 139. 8. Holmberg, Å.: Ultrastructural Changes in the Ciliary Epithelium Following Inhibition of Secretion of Aqueous Humor in the Rabbit Eye, Thesis, Stockholm, Karolinska Institutet, 1957. 9. Newman, S.; Borysko, E., and Swerdlow, M.: Ultra-Microtomy by a New Method , J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 43:183, 1949. 10. Ottoson, B.; Sjöstrand, F. S.; Stenström, S., and Svaetichin, G.: Microelectrode Studies on the E.M.F. of the Frog Skin Related to Electron Microscopy of the Dermo-Epidermal Junction , Acta physiol. Scand. 29:611, 1953. 11. Palade, G.: A Study of Fixation for Electron Microscopy , J. Exper. Med. 95:285, 1952. 12. Pappas, G. and Smelser, G.: Studies on the Ciliary Epithelium and the Zonule , Am. J. Ophth. 46:299, ( (Pt. 2) ) 1958. 13. Rhodin, J.: Correlation of Ultrastructural Organization and Function in Normal and Experimentally Changed Proximal Convoluted Tubule Cells of Mouse Kidney, Thesis, Stockholm, Karolinska Institutet, 1954. 14. Rhodin, J.: Electron Microscopy of the Glomerular Wall , Exper. Cell Res. 8:572, 1955. 15. Sjöstrand, F. S.: The Ultrastructure of the Outer Segments of Rods and Cones of the Eye as Revealed by the Electron Microscope , J. Cell. & Comp. Physiol. 42:15, 1953. 16. Sjöstrand, F. S., and Rhodin, J.: The Ultrastructure of the Proximal Convoluted Tubules of the Mouse Kidney as Revealed by High Resolution Electron Microscopy , Exper. Cell Res. 4: 426, 1953. 17. Salzmann, M.: Anatomie und Histologie des menschlichen Augapfels im Normalzustande, seine Entwicklung und seine Altern , Leipzig and Wien, F. Deuticke, 1912. 18. Zetterqvist, H.: The Ultrastructural Organization of the Columnar Absorbing Cells of the Mouse Jejunum, Thesis, Stockholm, Karolinska Institutet, 1956.

HOLMBERG, AKE

1959 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.04220060028005

Abstract Many aspects of the anatomy and histology of the normal trabecular meshwork are comparatively well known from light microscopy. Unsolved problems exist, however, such as the exact structure of the outermost layer of the meshwork and the existence of extracellular material in the intertrabecular spaces. This preliminary report considers these two problems, and indicates the potentialities of electron microscopy for assessing the detailed structure and topography of the trabecular meshwork. Material and Methods The material used in this investigation consists of three human and four monkey eyes. The human eyes were enucleated because of malignant melanoma of the posterior pole. In no cases were there any clinical signs of impaired outflow. All human material was fixed within 1-2 minutes after enucleation, and the monkey eyes were fixed in vivo before enucleation. The fixation procedure was the same, which is routinely used for electron microscopy. Sectioning was performed on a Porter-Blum References 1. Ashton, N.; Brini, A., and Smith, R.: Anatomical Studies of the Trabecular Meshwork of Normal Human Eye , Brit. J. Ophth. 40:257, 1956.Crossref 2. Bárány, E., and Scotchbrook, S.: Influence of Testicular Hyaluronidase on the Resistance to Flow Through the Angle of the Anterior Chamber , Acta physiol. scandinav. 30:240, 1953.Crossref 3. Bárány, E.: In Vitro Studies of the Resistance to Flow Through the Angle of the Anterior Chamber , Acta Soc. med. upsal. 59:260, 1954. 4. Bárány, E., and Woodin, A.: Hyaluronic Acid and Hyaluronidase in the Aqueous Humor and the Angle of the Anterior Chamber , Acta physiol. scandinav. 33:257, 1955.Crossref 5. Bárány, E.: The Action of Different Kinds of Hyaluronidase on the Resistance to Flow Through the Angle of the Anterior Chamber , Acta ophth. 34:397, 1956. 6. Bárány, E.: Pore Size and Passage of Particulate Matter Through the Trabecular Meshwork, to be published. 7. Brini, A.: Mise en évidence, a l'aide de techniques histochimiques, d'une substance sensible à l'hyaluronidase dans le trabéculum de l'oeil humain , Bull. Soc. opht. France 2:256, 1956. 8. Flocks, M.: The Anatomy of the Trabecular Meshwork as Seen in Tangential Section , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth , 56:708, 1956.Crossref 9. Francois, J.; Neetens, A., and Collette, J. M.: Microradiographic Study of the Inner Wall of Schlemm's Canal , Am. J. Ophth. 40:491, 1955. 10. Garron, L. K.; Feeney, M.; Hogan, M., and McEwen, W.: Electron Microscopic Studies of the Human Eye: I. Preliminary Investigations of the Trabeculas , Am. J. Ophth. 40:27, 1958. 11. Huggert, A.: Pore Size of the Filtering Angle of the Eye , Acta ophth. 33:271, 1955.Crossref 12. Huggert, A.: Holmberg, Å., and Esklund, A.: Further Studies Concerning Pore Size in the Filtration Angle of the Eye , Acta ophth. 33:429, 1955.Crossref 13. Karg, S.; Garron, L. K.; Feeney, M., and McEwen, W.: Perfusion of Human Eyes with Latex Microspheres , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 61:68, 1959.Crossref 14. McEwen, W. K.: Application of Poiseuille's Law to Aqueous Outflow , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 60:290, 1958.Crossref 15. Rohen, J., and Unger, H.: Feinbau und Reaktionsmöglichkeiten des Trabekelwerkes im menschlichen Auge , Anat. Anz. 104:287, 1957. 16. Speakman, J.: The Development and Structure of the Normal Trabecular Meshwork , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 52:72, 1959. 17. Theobald, G. D.: Schlemm's Canal: Its Anastomoses and Anatomic Relations , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 32:574, 1934. 18. Theobald, G. D.: Further Studies on the Canal of Schlemm: Its Anastomoses and Anatomic Relations , Am. J. Ophth. 39:65 (April, (Pt. 2) ) 1955. 19. Unger, H.: Zur Gestalt des Filterwerkes der Kammerbucht , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 158: 509, 1957.Crossref 20. Vrabec, F.: The Amorphous Substance in the Trabecular Meshwork , Brit. J. Ophth. 41:20, 1957.Crossref 21. Zimmerman, L. E.: Demonstration of Hyaluronidase-Sensitive Acid Mucopolysaccharide in Trabecula and Iris in Routine Paraffin Sections of Adult Human Eyes: A Preliminary Report , Am. J. Ophth. 44:1, 1957.

PAPPAS, GEORGE D.;SMELSER, GEORGE K.;BRANDT, PHILIP W.

1959 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.04220060031006pmid: 14430319

Abstract The two layers of cells forming the epithelium of the processes of the ciliary body are characterized by extensive elaborations of their membranes. The elaboration of the membranes of the cell layer facing the posterior chamber is of two types: (a) infoldings of the free surface facing the Posterior chamber and (b) interdigitations of the margins between adjacent cells (Pappas and Smelser1 and Holmberg2). Similar elaborations of cell membranes have been found in cells of other tissues engaged in secretion (Pease3). It was reported previously that the experimental alteration of normal aqueous humor secretion by various agents produces changes in the fine structure of the cells. The most obvious changes noted were an increase in the number of vesicles in the cytoplasm and the concomitant disappearance of the infoldings and interdigitations.1 Thus the loss of the infoldings and interdigitations of the ciliary epithelial cells is a References 1. Prof. Seymour P. Halbert supplied this preparation. 2. Pappas, G. D., and Smelser, G. K.: Studies on die Ciliary Epithelium and the Zonule: I. Electron Microscope Observations on Changes Induced by Alteration of Normal Aqueous Humor Formation in the Rabbit , Am. J. Ophth. 46:299 (Nov., (Pt. 2) ) 1958. 3. Holmberg, Å.: Ultrastructural Changes in the Ciliary Epithelium Following Inhibition of Secretion of Aqueous Humour in the Rabbit Eye, Thesis, Stockholm, 1957. 4. Pease, D. C.: Infolded Basal Plasma Membranes Found in Epithelia Noted for Their Water Transport , J. Biophys. & Biochem. Cytol. 2:203 ( (Supp.) ) 1956. 5. Bennett, H. S.; Luft, J. H., and Hampton, J. C.: Morphological Classifications of Vertebrate Blood Capillaries , Am. J. Physiol. 196:381, 1959. 6. Brandt, P. W.: A Study of the Mechanism of Pinocytosis , Exper. Cell Res. 15:300, 1958. 7. Langham, M. E.: Aqueous Humor and Control of Intra-Ocular Pressure , Physiol. Rev. 38: 215, 1958. 8. Kinsey, V. E.: A Unified Concept of Aqueous Humor Dynamics and the Maintenance of Intraocular Pressure: An Elaboration of the Secretion-Diffusion Theory , Arch. Ophth. 44:215, 1950. 9. Palm, E.: The Passage of Radioactive Sodium from the Blood to the Ciliary Body and Aqueous Humour: An Attempt to Locate the Barrier Between the Blood and the Aqueous Humour , Acta ophth. 29:269, 1951. 10. Wislocki, G. B., and Ladman, A. J.: The Fine Structure of the Mammalian Choroid Plexus , in The Ciba Foundation Symposium on the Cerebrospinal Fluid: Production, Circulation, and Absorption , edited by G. Wolstenholme and C. M. O'Connor, Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1958, p. 55. 11. Wissig, S. L.: An Electron Microscopic Study of the Permeability of Capillaries in Muscle , Anat. Rec. 130:467, 1958. 12. Hampton, J. C.: An Electron Microscope Study of the Hepatic Uptake and Excretion of Submicroscopic Particles Injected into the Blood Stream and into the Bile Duct , Acta anat. 32: 262, 1958. 13. Seidel, E.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Quelle und den Verlauf der intraokularen Saftströmung , von Graefe's Arch. Ophth. 95:1, 1918. 14. Davson, H.: Physiology of the Ocular and Cerebrospinal Fluids , Boston, Little, Brown & Company, 1956. 15. Davson, H.: A Comparative Study of the Aqueous Humour and Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Rabbit , J. Physiol. 129:111, 1953. 16. von Sallmann, L., and Dillon, B.: The Effect of Di-Isopropyl Fluorophosphate on the Capillaries of the Anterior Segment of the Eye in Rabbits , Am. J. Ophth. 30: 1244, 1947. 17. Kinsey, V. E.; Jackson, B., and Terry, T. L.: Development of Secretory Function of Ciliary Body in the Rabbit Eye Evaluated from Ascorbic Acid Concentrations and Changes in Volume , Arch. Ophth. 34:415, 1945.

GARRON, L. K.;FEENEY, M. L.

1959 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.04220060038007pmid: 13855820

Abstract Salzmann,1 in 1912, published his classic text on the anatomy and histology of the eyeball, summarizing existing knowledge and describing the results of his own investigations. Little has been added to his description of the trabecular meshwork until recent years. The trabecular meshwork has been considered to be composed of a uveal and a corneoscleral portion. The uveal meshwork borders the anterior chamber and its netlike fibers extend in an arc from the surface of the corneoscleral meshwork to the root of the iris. The meshwork is loose with large and irregular openings; the fibers appear rounded in cross section. The corneoscleral meshwork comprises the major portion of the trabeculae. The trabecular meshwork roughly is ring-shaped and in cross section is somewhat triangular, the apex being at the end of Descemet's membrane and the base of the triangle extending along a line between the scleral spur and the sclera References 1. Salzmann, M.: The Anatomy and Histology of the Human Eyeball , translated by E.V.L. Brown, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1912. 2. Theobald, G. D.: Schlemm's Canal: Its Anastomoses and Anatomic Relations , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 32:574-595, 1934. 3. Theobald, G. D.: Further Studies on the Canal of Schlemm: Its Anastomoses and Anatomic Relations , Am. J. Ophth. 39:65-89 (April, (Pt. 2) ) 1955. 4. Karg, S. J.; Garron, L. K.; Feeney, M. L., and McEwen, W. K.: Perfusion of Human Eyes with Latex Microspheres , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 61:68-71, 1959.Crossref 5. Rochon-Duvigneaud: Recherches anatomique sur l'angle de la chambre anterieure et le canal de Schlemm , Arch. opht. 12:732-744, 1892. 6. Asayama, J.: Zur anatomie des ligamentum pectinatum , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 53:113-128, 1901.Crossref 7. Ashton, N.; Brini, A., and Smith, R.: Anatomical Studies of the Trabecular Meshwork of the Normal Human Eye , Brit. J. Ophth. 40:257-282, 1956.Crossref 8. Redslob, E., cited by Ashton, N.: Traite d'ophtalmologie , Paris, Masson & Cie, 1939, Vol. 1, p. 556. 9. Ashton, N.: Bull. Soc. belge d'opht. No. (88) , 1948, p. 3. 10. Wolff, E.: The Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit , Ed. 4, London, H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd., 1954, p. 44. 11. Garron, L. K.; Feeney, M. L.; Hogan, M. J., and McEwen, W. K.: Electron Microscopic Studies of the Human Eye, I. Preliminary Investigations of the Trabeculas , Am. J. Ophth. 46: 27-35 (July, (Pt. 2) ) 1958. 12. Jennings, B. M.; Farquhar, M. G., and Moon, H. D.: Staining Methods for Osmium-Methacrylate Sections, Am. J. Path., to be published. 13. Flocks, Milton: The Anatomy of the Trabecular Meshwork as Seen in Tangential Section , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 56:708-718, 1956.Crossref 14. Astbury, W. T.: Adventures in Molecular Biology , in Harvey Lectures, Series 46, 1950-1951 , Springfield, Ill., Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1952, p. 36. 15. Jakus, M. A.: Studies on the Cornea, II. The Fine Structure of Descemet's Membrane , J. Biophys. & Biochem. Cytol. Supp. 4 ( (Pt. 2) ), pp. 243-252, 1956. 16. Garron, L. K.: Glaucoma, edited by F. W. Newell, Transactions Fourth Conference, New York, Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, 1959, to be published. 17. Speakman, John: Endothelial Cell Vacuolation in the Cornea , Brit. J. Ophth. 43:139-146, 1959. 18. Holmberg, Å.: Glaucoma, edited by F. W. Newell, Transactions Fourth Conference, New York, Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, 1959, to be published.

TOUSIMIS, A. J.;FINE, BEN S.

1959 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.04220060046008pmid: 13839059

Abstract The fine structure of the iris (rhesus monkey and man) has been studied by electron microscopic examination of ultrathin sections.1 The results reported were in general agreement with those based on classical histologic methods2,3 and revealed in greater detail the structure of the cells, blood vessels and nerves of the stroma, the muscles, and the cells of the pigment epithelium. Such sections (about 0.025μ in thickness) are most suitable for the study of cellular structures, i.e., the structures composed of an abundance of macromolecular aggregates (microparticles, membranestructures, and filaments), but they provide very little information about components in low concentration. A good example of such components is found in the intercellular substances of the loose iris stroma. The technique of ultrathin sectioning has revealed the presence of collagen fibrils between the stroma cells, but their distribution and orientation with regard to other tissue components was not clear. To References 1. Tousimis, A. J., and Fine, Ben S.: Ultrastructure of the Iris: An Electron Microscopic Study, Am. J. Ophth., to be published. 2. Salzmann, M.: The Anatomy and Histology of the Human Eyeball in the Normal State, Its Development and Senescence , (translation by Dr. E. V. L. Brown), Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1912. 3. Wolff, E.: The Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit , Ed. 4, London, H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd., 1954. 4. Porter, K., and Blum, J.: A Study in Microtomy for Electron Microscopy , Anat. Rec. 117: 685, 1953.Crossref 5. Bradley, D. E.: Evaporated Carbon Films for Use in Electron Microscopy, Brit , J. Appl. Phys. 5:65, 1954. 6. Zimmerman, L. E.: Demonstration of Hyaluronidase-Sensitive Acid Mucopolysaccharide in Trabecula and Iris in Routine Paraffin Sections of Adult Human Eyes; A Preliminary Report , Am. J. Ophth. 44:1, 1957.

WANKO, THEODOR;von SALLMANN, LUDWIG;GAVIN, MARY ANN

1959 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.04220060049009pmid: 13842842

Abstract Introduction The ultrastructure of the normal lens epithelium has only recently been described.1 On the basis of this report it was possible to investigate the cytopathology of this cell layer in various forms of experimental cataracts with the electron microscope. It is of particular interest to follow the effects of ionizing radiations, since it has been shown that injury to the epithelium is an important pathogenetic factor in the development of radiation cataract.2-6 Previous light microscopic studies on whole mounts of lens epithelium have provided quantitative data on incipient radiation damage to the cell nucleus and established the time sequence of such changes on a cellular level.4-6In the present work, changes of the fine structures of the lens epithelial cells induced by an ionizing radiation are described at selected time intervals and correlated With results of light microscopic examinations. Material and Methods Both eyes of eight References 1. Wanko, T., and Gavin, M. A.: The Fine Structure of the Lens Epithelium: An Electron Microscopic Study , A.M.A. Arch Ophth. 60:868-879, 1958.Crossref 2. Poppe, E.: Experimental Investigations of Effect of Roentgen Rays on the Epithelium of the Crystalline Lens , Acta radiol. 23:354-367, 1942.Crossref 3. Cogan, D. G., and Donaldson, D. D.: Experimental Radiation Cataracts: I. Cataracts in the Rabbit Following Single X-Ray Exposure , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 45:508-522, 1951.Crossref 4. von Sallmann, L.: Experimental Studies on Early Lens Changes After Roentgen Irradiation: III. Effect of X-Radiation on Mitotic Activity and Nuclear Fragmentation of Lens Epithelium in Normal and Cysteine-Treated Rabbits , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 47:305-320, 1952.Crossref 5. von Sallmann, L.; Tobias, C. A.; Anger, H. O.; Welch, C.; Kimura, S. F.; Munoz, C. M., and Drungis, A.: Effects of High-Energy Particles, X-Rays, and Aging on Lens Epithelium , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 54:489-514, 1955.Crossref 6. von Sallmann, L.: The Lens Epithelium in the Pathogenesis of Cataract: The XIII Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture , Am. J. Ophth. 44:159-170, 1957. 7. Howard, A.: Whole Mounts of Rabbit Lens Epithelium for Cytological Studies , Stain Technol. 27:313-315, 1952. 8. von Sallmann, L.; Caravaggio, L.; Munoz, C. M., and Drungis, A.: Species Differences in the Radiosensitivity of the Lens , Am. J. Ophth. 43:693-704, 1957. 9. De Robertis, E., and Sabatini, D.: Mitochondrial Changes in the Adrenocortex of Normal Hamsters ,. 1. Biophys. & Biochem. Cytol. 4:667-668, 1958. 10. Wanko, T., and Gavin, M. A.: Electron Microscope Study of Lens Fibers , J. Biophys. & Biochem. Cytol. 6:97-102, 1959. 11. Glauser, O.: Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Rattenlebern nach Roentgenbestrahlung , Schweiz. Ztschr. allg. Path. 19:150-161, 1956. 12. Okada, S., and Peachey, L. D.: Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Desoxyribonuclease: II. Activity of Isolated Mitochondria , J. Biophys. & Biochem. Cytol. 3:239-248, 1957. 13. Braun, H.: Ueber Strukturveränderungen der Lebermitochondrien nach Roentgenbestrahlung , Naturwissenschaften 45:18-19, 1958. 14. Scherer, E., and Vogell, W.: Elektronenoptische Untersuchungen zur Strahlenwirkung auf Leber, Milz and Niere , Strahlentherapie 106:202-211, 1958. 15. Resnik, R. A.; Wanko, T., and Gavin, M. A.: Observations on a Cytoplasmic Component in Lens Fibers, to be published. 16. Ross, M. H.; Pappas, G. D.; Lanman, J. T., and Lind, J.: Electron Microscope Observations on the Endoplasmic Reticulum in the Human Fetal Adrenal , J. Biophys. & Biochem. Cytol. 4:659-661, 1958.

SCHLEZINGER, N. S.;FAIRFAX, W. A.

1959 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.04220060057010pmid: 14442895

Abstract Although the neuromuscular disorder known as myasthenia gravis was first described in the seventeenth century,1 it was not until two centuries later that Erb2 and Goldflam3 firmly established the clinical features of this disease. During the next half century, references in the literature dealt mainly with the clinical and pathological aspects of the disease, and this information is well summarized by Keschner and Strauss.4 Relatively little progress was made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis until the advent of the theory of chemical mediation of nerve impulses at synaptic junctions. With the recognition of the importance of acetylcholine in the transmission of the nerve impulse at the motor end plate in striated muscles, there rapidly developed intense interest in both physiologic and pathophysiologic aspects of this mechanism. This interest has been maintained and has led to many significant advances in our knowledge with References 1. Willis, T.: Two Discourses Concerning the Soul of Brutes , translated by S. Pordage, London, 1683 2. Viets, H. R.: Historical Review of Myasthenia Gravis from 1672 to 1900 , J.A.M.A. 153:1273, 1953.Crossref 3. Erb, W.: Zur Casuistik der bulbaren Lähmungen. (3) Ueber einen neuen, wahrscheinlich bulbaren Symptomencomplex , Arch. Psychiat. 9:336-350, 1879. 4. Goldflam, S.: Ueber einen scheinbar heilbaren bulbarparalytischen Symptomencomplex mit Betheiligung der Extremitäten , Deutsche Ztschr. Nervenh. 4:312-352, 1893.Crossref 5. Keschner, M., and Strauss, I.: Myasthenia Gravis , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 17:337, 1927. 6. Nastuk, W. L.: Symposium on Nyasthenia Gravis; Neuromuscular Transmission; Fundamental Aspects of the Normal Process , Am. J. Med. 19:661, 1955. 7. Churchill-Davidson, H. C., and Richardson, A. T.: Symposium on Myasthenia Gravis; Neuromuscular Transmission in Myasthenia Gravis , Am. J. Med. 19:691, 1955. 8. Johns, R. J.; Grob, D., and Harvey, A. M.: Symposium on Myasthenia Gravis; Electromyographic Changes in Myasthenia Gravis , Am. J. Med. 19:679, 1955. 9. Walker, M. B.: Case Showing the Effect of Prostigmin on Myasthenia Gravis , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 28:759, 1935. 10. Viets, H. R., and Schwab, R. S.: Prostigmin in the Diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis , New England J. Med. 213:1280, 1935. 11. Viets, H. R., and Schwab, R. S.: Problems in the Diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis: A 20 Year Report of the Neostigmine Test , Tr. Am. Neurol. A. 80:36, 1955. 12. Osserman, K. E., and Kaplan, L. I.: Rapid Diagnostic Test for Myasthenia Gravis: Increased Muscle Strength, Without Fasciculations, After Intravenous Administration of Edrophonium (Tensilon) Chloride , J.A.M.A. 150:265, 1952. 13. Osserman, K. E., and Teng, P.: Studies in Myasthenia Gravis: Further Progress with Tensilon, a Rapid Diagnostic Test , J.A.M.A. 160:153, 1956. 14. Moore, M. T.: Monocular Myasthenia Gravis , Arch. Ophth. 26:619, 1941. 15. Winton, S. S.: Monocular Myasthenia Gravis , J.A.M.A. 122:1180, 1943. 16. Grob, D.: Course and Management of Myasthenia Gravis , J.A.M.A. 153:529, 1953. 17. Eaton, L. M.; Clagett, O. T., and Blastron, J. A.: Thymus and its Relationship to Diseases of Nervous System: Study of 374 Cases of Myasthenia Gravis and Comparison of 87 Patients Undergoing Thymectomy with 225 Controls , A. Res. Nerv. & Ment. Dis. Proc. (1952) 32:107, 1953. 18. Schwab, R. S., and Leland, C. C.: Sex and Age in Myasthenia Gravis as Critical Factors in Incidence and Remission , J.A.M.A. 153:1270, 1953. 19. Ferguson, F. R.; Hutchinson, E. C., and Liversedge, L. A.: Myasthenia Gravis; Results of Medical Management , Lancet 2:636, 1955. 20. MacLean, B., and Wilson, J. A.: See-Saw Relationship Between Hyperthyroidism and Myasthenia Gravis , Lancet 1:950, 1954. 21. Walsh, F. B.: Myasthenia Gravis and Its Ocular Signs: A Review , Am. J. Ophth. 28:13, 1945. 22. Kane, C. A.: Symposium on Myasthenia Gravis; Effect of Certain Endocrine Glands on Myasthenia Gravis , Am. J. Med. 19:729, 1955.Crossref 23. Schlezinger, N. S.: Symposium on Myasthenia Gravis; Pregnancy in Myasthenia Gravis and Neonatal Myasthenia Gravis , Am. J. Med. 19:718, 1955.Crossref 24. Osserman, K. E.; Kosovsky, N., and Spurt, H., in discussion on Pregnancy in Myasthenia Gravis , Am. J. Med. 19:720, 1955.Crossref