A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

Rychener, Ralph O.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.00940090517001pmid: 13636535

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract The concept of prepaid medical care has met with marked approval as evidenced by the acceptance of ever-increasing individual insurance programs by the American people. Many of these are insurance policies by which individuals and employees are covered. Others in the nature of "fringe benefits" are enjoyed by groups, such as labor unions. A program embracing advantages of the latter to the American public was one of the last major endeavors of the late Edwin Forbes Tait, M.D., whose contributions were many in the scientific and socioeconomic fields of ophthalmology. As a lasting tribute to him comes a new pamphlet from the National Medical Foundation for Eye Care on "Eye Care and Prepayment Plans," a field in which he was especially well versed because of many years of service on the Legislative Committee of the Pennsylvania State Medical Association. In an ever-changing world, it behooves every ophthalmologist to acquaint himself

GILES, CONRAD L.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.00940090519002pmid: 13636536

Abstract There are many recordings of intraocular pressures of both normal and abnormal eyes, but a careful review of the literature reveals that the only previous recordings of tonometer tensions in the newborn were made by Brockhurst1 on 59 premature infants. This paper will analyze the results of a study involving 32 full-term infants in whom the intraocular pressure was measured with a Schiøtz impression tonometer within one hour after birth. Method of Study A total of 110 newborns were seen no more than one hour after birth, and an attempt was made to obtain a tonometer tension. In only 32 cases out of this entire group was it possible to determine a tension which was considered to be truly reflective of the newborn's intraocular pressure.Immediately after delivery the child was brought into the newborn nursery, cleaned, and wrapped in a blanket which restrained his hands. The head of References 1. Brockhurst, R. J.: The Intraocular Pressure of Premature Infants , Am. J. Ophth. 39:808, 1955. 2. Sugar, H. S.: The Glaucomas , Ed. 2, New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc. (medical book department of Harper & Brothers), 1957, p. 68. 3. Friedenwald, J. S.: Standardization of Tonometers: Decennial Report by the Committee on Standardization of Tonometers, American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, 1954, p. 154.

LINNÉR, ERIK

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.00940090522003pmid: N/A

Abstract The metabolism of the lens under normal and pathological conditions has been studied extensively, and various factors which produce opacities of the lens are known. The changes leading to senile cataract in human beings are not understood, however (for review of the literature see Bellows,2 Friedenwald et al.,5 and Nordmann15). The lens does not have its own blood supply and is, for its nutrition, dependent on the aqueous humor. It seems reasonable to assume that changes in flow or composition of the aqueous humor can produce changes in the normal metabolism of the lens, leading to opacities. An investigation of the rate of aqueous flow with a comparison between normal human eyes and eyes with cataract would, therefore, be of interest. Different methods for determining the rate of aqueous flow in human eyes have been developed. The tonographic method shows an uncertainty in the estimate of aqueous References 1. The suction cup is manufactured by AB Vacuum-Extractor, Drottninggaton 13, Gothenburg, Sweden. 2. Becker, B., and Middleton, W. H.: Long Term Acetazoleamide (Diamox) Administration in Therapy of Glaucomas , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 54:187, 1955.Crossref 3. Bellows, J. G.: Cataract and Anomalies of the Lens , St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1944. 4. Ericson, L.: Twenty-Four Hourly Variations of the Aqueous Flow: Examinations with Perilimbal Suction Cup , Acta Ophth. , (Supp. 50) , 1958. 5. Friedenwald, J. S.: Tonometer Calibration: An Attempt to Remove Discrepancies Found in the 1954 Calibration Scale for Schiøtz Tonometers , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 61:108, 1957. 6. Friedenwald, J. S., et. al.: Ophthalmic Pathology: An Atlas and Textbook , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1952, p. 269. 7. Grant, W. M.: Clinical Measurements of Aqueous Outflow , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 46: 113, 1951.Crossref 8. Kinsey, E. V.: Symposium on Diseases and Surgery of the Lens , edited by G. H. Haik, St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company 1957, p. 201. 9. Kronfeld, P. C.: Tonography , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 48:393, 1952.Crossref 10. Kupfer, C.; Lawrence, C., and Linnér, E.: Long-Term Administration of Acetazoleamide (Diamox) in the Treatment of Glaucoma , Am. J. Ophth. 40:673, 1955. 11. Lee, P-F., and Trotter, R. R.: Tonographic and Gonioscopic Studies Before and After Cataract Extraction , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 58:407, 1957.Crossref 12. Lindquist, T.: Klinisk prövning av Hexanicit, ett nikotinsyrepreparat med långvarig effekt , Svenska läk. 1:1, 1958. 13. Linnér, E.: The Rate of Plasma Flow Through the Ciliary Processes in Senile Cataracts Measured by Means of Ascorbic Acid , Acta Ophth. 32:213, 1954.Crossref 14. Linnér, E.: The Effect of Prednisolone on Aqueous Humor Dynamics , Acta Soc. med. Upsal. 62:186, 1957. 15. Miller, J. E.; Keskey, G. R., and Becker, B.: Cataract Extraction and Aqueous Outflow , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 58:401, 1957.Crossref 16. Nordmann, J.: Biologie du cristallin , Paris, Masson & Cie, 1954. 17. Nordmann, J.: Neuere Ansichten über die Entstehung des Stares und die Möglichkeiten einer medikamentösen Startherapie , in Augenheilkunde in Klinik und Praxis , edited by W. Rohrschneider, Stuttgart, 1958, p. 84. 18. Purcell, E. F.; Lerner, L. H., and Kinsey, V. E.: Ascorbic Acid in Aqueous Humor and Serum of Patients With and Without Cataract , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 51:1, 1954.Crossref 19. Rosengren, B.: Intraokulär tryckstegring framkallad genom circumlimbalt tryck på sclera . Nord. med. 56:1790, 1956. 20. Rosengren, B.: Rise in the Ocular Tension Produced by Circumlimbal Pressure on the Sclera , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 76:65, 1956. 21. Rosengren, B.: Intraoculare Drucksteigerung, hervorgerufen durch sklerale Saugglocke , Ber. deutsch. ophth. Gesellsch. 60:76, 1957. 22. Thorpe, H. E.: Symposium on Diseases and Surgery of the Lens , edited by G. M. Haik, St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1957, p. 201.

BROCKHURST, ROBERT J.;WOLF, ERNST;SCHEPENS, C. L.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.00940090530004pmid: 13636538

Abstract Chorioretinal burns due to exposure of the retina to direct sunlight have been recognized for many years as the cause of eclipse blindness. In 1916, Verhoeff and Bell analyzed the physical principles of this phenomenon and performed animal experiments wherein they were able to produce such burns.1 In 1949, Meyer-Schwickerath used sunlight to cause chorioretinal burns to close retinal tears.2 However, because of difficulties resulting from inclement weather and seasonal changes in the light intensity of the sun, he was prompted to devise a carbon-arc source of light, with a brightness of 100,000 to 200,000 stilb, for producing chorioretinal burns.3,4 This instrument utilizes a direct ophthalmoscopy principle in order that the operator may observe the fundus during application of the high-intensity light. Meyer-Schwickerath has used this technique successfully in the treatment of posterior fundus lesions, such as macular holes, tumors, and new-formed vessels. In addition, he has References 1. The instrument described in this paper was built by American Optical Company, Southbridge, Mass. 2. Verhoeff, F., and Bell, L.: The Pathological Effects of Radiant Energy on the Eye , Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sc. 51:630-818, 1916. 3. Meyer-Schwickerath, G.: Coagulation of the Retina with Sunlight , Ber. deutsch. ophth. Gesellsch. (1949) 55:256-259, 1950. 4. Meyer-Schwickerath, G.: Light Coagulation , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 156:2-34, 1954. 5. Meyer-Schwickerath, G.: Prophylactic Treatment of Retinal Detachment by Light Coagulation , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 76:739-750, 1956. 6. Schepens, C. L., and Bahn, G. C.: Examination of the Ora Serrata: Its Importance in Retinal Detachment , Arch. Ophth. 44:677-690, 1950. 7. Brockhurst, R. J.: Modern Indirect Ophthalmoscopy , Am. J. Ophth. 41:265-272, 1956.

von NOORDEN, GUNTER K.;BURIAN, HERMANN M.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.00940090535005pmid: 13636539

Abstract In 1921, a study was reported by Ammann,1 in which the visual acuity of office patients was measured under ordinary conditions and with dark glasses, which, as the author stated, were of sufficient density to decrease the visual acuity for several lines on a reading chart. He found that the ratio between normal visual acuity and visual acuity with filter was as 1:0.3 to 1:0.5 in a group of normal patients. A group of amblyopic patients was examined in a similar manner, and the astonishing observation was made by Ammann that these eyes were not infrequently able to read the same line on the chart with and without filter. Our recent electro-ophthalmographic observations2 about the extraordinary capacities of eyes with squint amblyopia under reduced illumination stimulated us to do a similar study, not only because Ammann's work has to our knowledge never been repeated or confirmed but also References 1. Ammann, E.: Einige Beobachtungen bei den Funktionsprüfungen in der Sprechstunde: "Zentrales" Sehen. —Sehen der Glaukomatösen. —Sehen der Amblyopen , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 66:564-573, 1921. 2. von Noorden, G. K., and Burian, H. M.: An Electro-Ophthalmographic Study of the Behavior of the Fixation of Amblyopic Eyes in Light- and Dark-Adapted State: A Preliminary Report , Am. J. Ophth. 46:68-77 (No. (1) , Pt. 2) 1958. 3. Wald, G., and Burian, H. M.: The Dissociation of Form and Light Perception in Strabismic Amblyopia , Am. J. Ophth. 27:950-963, 1944.

PRIJOT, E.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.00940090538006pmid: 13636540

Abstract Using Friedenwald's tonometric tables, Grant was able to measure the resistance* to outflow of aqueous humor in 1950. This new clinical method was conventionally referred to as tonography. It has acquired considerable practical importance in investigating the hydrodynamics of the aqueous humor. One of the criticisms that may be leveled at tonography is the use of Friedenwald's coefficient of ocular rigidity. According to the formula published by Grant, in 1950, the resistance to outflow can be calculated by means of the equation where R=the resistance to outflow of aqueous humor Pt1=the initial tonometric pressure, i. e., the pressure prevalent in the eye due to the weight of the tonometer at the beginning of tonography Pt2=the tonometric pressure at completion of tonography K=the coefficient of ocular rigidity according to Friedenwald Vc1=the volume of the corneal indentation at the beginning of tonography Vc2 References 1. The resistance to the outflow of aqueous humor equals the reverse of the facility of outflow: R=1 2. Designed by L. Sanson, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, University of Liège. 3. Friedenwald, J. S.: Contribution to the Theory and Practice of Tonometry , Am. J. Ophth. 20: 985, 1937. 4. —Calibration of Tonometers: Decennial Report by the Committee on Standardization of Tonometers, American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, 1954. 5. — Tonometer Calibration: An Attempt to Remove Discrepancies Found in the 1954 Calibration Scale for Schiøtz Tonometers , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 61:108, 1957. 6. Gloster, J.; Perkins, E. S., and Pommier, M. L.: Extensibility of Strips of Sclera and Cornea , Brit. J. Ophth. 41:103, 1957.Crossref 7. Goldmann, H.: Un nouveau tonomètre à aplanation , Bull. et mèm. Soc. franç. opht. 67:474, 1954. 8. Goldmann Aplanation Tonometry , in Glaucoma: Transactions of the Second Conference, Dec. 3, 4, and 5, 1956 , Princeton, N. J., edited by F. W. Newell, Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, 1957. 9. —Personal communication to the author, 1958. 10. Grant, W. M.: Tonographic Method of Measuring the Facility and Rate of Aqueous Flow in Human Eyes , Arch. Ophth. 44:204, 1950.Crossref 11. Leydhecker, W.: Probleme beider Diagnose and Therapie des Glaukoms , Docum. Ophth. 10: 174, 1956.Crossref 12. Linnér, E.; Rickenbach, C., and Werner, H.: Comparative Measurements of Pressure in Aqueous Veins and Conjunctival Veins Using Different Methods , Acta ophth. 28:469, 1950.Crossref 13. Macri, F. J.; Wanko, T.; Grimes, P. A., and Von Sallmann, L.: The Elasticity of the Eye , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 58:513, 1957.Crossref 14. Moses, R. A.: Constant-Pressure Tonography , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 59:527, 1958.Crossref 15. Perkins, E. S., and Closter, J.: Distensibility of the Eye , Brit. J. Ophth. 41:93, 1957.Crossref 16. —and Closter, J.: Further Studies on the Distensibility of the Eye , Brit. J. Ophth. 41: 475, 1957.Crossref 17. Prijot, E.: Une nouvelle Méthode de tonographie , Ophthalmologica , 136:266, 1958.Crossref 18. Prijot La Rigidité de l'oeil humain , Acta ophth. , 36:865, 1958.Crossref 19. Stepanik, J.: Der episclerale Venendrück im Liegen und in Stehen , Ophthalmologica 132:98, 1956.Crossref 20. Toda, T.: Ocular Rigidity of Normal Rabbits , Acta Soc. ophth. japon 60:285, 1956. 21. Van Beuningen, E. G., and Fischer, F. W.: Die Isotonographie. 22. —and Fischer, F. W.: Personal communication to the author, 1958.

ARONSON, SAMUEL B.;SHAW, RICHARD

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.00940090543007pmid: 13636541

Abstract Bilateral crystal-like deposits in the clear cornea or in the cornea and conjunctiva have received renewed attention in recent years, since it has become known that this clinical picture can denote such serious systemic diseases as cystinosis and multiple myeloma. Whereas adequate information is available on appearance, composition, and diagnostic value of such crystals in these ocular tissues of children with cystinosis, the nature and significance of similar deposits in patients with multiple myeloma awaits clarification. The uncertainty of the medical diagnosis in earlier case reports, the small number of pertinent observations, and the lack of histological identification of the crystals indicate that further studies on patients with multiple myeloma are warranted. The patient described in this paper shares some of the features of the few previous cases and, thus, strengthens the diagnostic merit of the biomicroscopically visible signs. This patient also exhibits some changes which have not been recorded References 1. The phase microphotographs were taken by Dr. George Brecher, Chief, Hematology Service, Clinical Pathology Department of the Clinical Center. 2. A report on the unusual jaundice has been submitted to another journal by Drs. Richard Shaw and Lennard Gold. 3. Bürki, E.: Über Hornhautveränderungen bei einem Fall von multiplem Myelom (Plasmocytom) , Ophthalmologica 135:565-572, 1958.Crossref 4. Bürki, E., and Rohner, M.: Ein seltener Fall von kristalliner Hornhautdegeneration , Ophthalmologica 129:211-217, 1955.Crossref 5. Meesmann, A.: Über eine eigenartige Hornhautdegeneration (Ablagerung der Bence-Jones schen Einweisskörper in der Hornhaut), Ber. deutsch. ophth. Gesellsch. Togal 134, page 311. 6. Palazon Godinez, A.: Krystallniederschläge in der Cornea , An Hosp. Jose y Adela 4:235, 1933 (spanisch) 7. abstracted Zentrabl. ges. Ophthal. 32:165, 1935. 8. Blobner, F.: Kristallinische Degeneration der Bindehaut und Hornhaut , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 100:588-593, 1938. 9. Palm, E.: A Case of Crystal Deposits in the Cornea: Precipitation of a Spontaneously Crystallizing Plasma Globulin , Acta ophth. 25: 165-174, 1947.Crossref 10. Markoff, N.: Über Kristallbildung in der Hornhaut bei Urethantherapie des Myeloms , Schweiz. med. Wchnschr. 78:987-988, 1948. 11. Sikl, H.: A Case of Diffuse Plasmocytosis with Deposition of Protein Crystals in the Kidneys , J. Path. & Bact. 51:149-162, 1940.

BARSKY, DAVID

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.00940090549008pmid: N/A

Abstract The complications of corneal infections are very easily forgotten now that antibiotics and corticosteroids are a common therapeutic regimen. It is well, therefore, to reemphasize that so-called antibiotic-resistant corneal infections may be due to fungi. Although the reported cases are relatively few, an increasing number have appeared in the recent literature. Reports by Ley and Sanders1; Roberts2; Schardt, Unsworth, and Hayes3; Ziobrowski,4 and Veirs and Davis5 have illustrated the difficulties in management of fungus infections. Six enucleated eyes received in the Pathology Department of the Kresge Eye Institute since September, 1955, proved to have fungi demonstrable in corneal abscesses on histologic examination. In only one instance was clinical evidence of fungus infection obtained prior to enucleation. The six cases are herein reported as follows: Report of Cases Case 1. —This 59-year-old white man gave a history of getting sawdust and bark in his left eye References 1. Ley, A. P., and Sanders, T. E.: Fungus Keratitis: Report of 3 Cases , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 56:257-264 ( (Aug.) ) 1956.Crossref 2. Roberts, S. S.: Nystatin in Monilia Keratoconjunctivitis , Am. J. Ophth. 44:108-109 ( (July) ) 1957. 3. Schardt, W. M.; Unsworth, A. C., and Hayes, C. B.: Corneal Ulcer Due to Nocardia Asteroids , Am. J. Ophth. 42:303-305 ( (Aug.) ) 1956. 4. Ziobrowski, S.: Case of Complicated Mycosis of the Cornea , Klin. oczna 25:59-62, 1955. 5. Veirs, E. R., and Davis, C. T.: Fungus Infections of the Eye and the Orbit , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 59:172-176 ( (Feb.) ) 1958.Crossref 6. Sigtenhorst, M. L., and Gingrich, W. D.: Bacteriologic Studies of Keratitis , South. M. J. 50:346-350 ( (March) ) 1957.Crossref 7. Mikami, R., and Stemmerman, G. N.: Keratomycosis Caused by Fusarium Oxysporum , Am. J. Clin. Path. 29:257-262 ( (March) ) 1958. 8. Ley, A. P.: Experimental Fungus Infections of the Cornea: A Preliminary Report , Am. J. Ophth. 42:59-71 (Oct., (Pt. 2) ) 1956. 9. Mitsui, Y., and Hanabusa, J.: Corneal Infections After Cortisone , Brit. J. Ophth. 39:244-250, 1955.Crossref 10. Haggerty, T. E., and Zimmerman, L. E.: Mycotic Keratitis , South. M. J. 51:153-159 ( (Feb.) ) 1958.Crossref 11. Fine, B. S.: Personal communication to the author. 12. Mangiaracine, A. B., and Liebman, S. D.: Fungus Keratitis (Aspergillus Fumigatus): Treatment with Nystatin (Mycostatin) , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 58:695-698 ( (Nov.) ) 1957.Crossref 13. Sternberg, T. H.; Wright, E. T., and Oura, M.: A New Antifungal Antibiotic, Amphotericin B, Antibiotics Ann., pp. 566-573, 1955-1956. 14. Steinberg, B. A.; Jambor, W. P., and Suydam, L. O.: Amphotericins A and B: Two New Antifungal Antibiotics Possessing High Activity Against Deep-Seated and Superficial Mycoses, Antibiotics Ann., pp. 574-578, 1955-1956.

COGAN, DAVID G.;KUWABARA, TOICHIRO

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.00940090555009pmid: N/A

Abstract Arcus senilis is a name applied to an opacity of the peripheral cornea occurring in persons of middle age or older. Generally separated from the limbus by a clear interval, it has a mat-white or yellow-white color and only when very dense does it contain scintillating crystals. The entire thickness of the corneal stroma may be involved but less extensively in the midstroma, and so the distribution of the opacity is usually that of an hour-glass. The most extensive involvement is that adjacent to the posterior surface (Descemet's membrane). While present to some extent in all persons past middle age, an arcus is also present occasionally in young persons (arcus juvenalis) and is particularly common in persons with familial hypercholesteremia and xanthomatosis.1-6 Its association with hypercholesteremia from other causes (myxedema, diabetes, lipid nephrosis) has been suggested but is equivocal.7-9 The opacity of the cornea occurring in the hypercholesteremic References 1. Arning, E., and Lippmann, A.: Essentielle Cholesterinämie mit Xanthombildung , Ztschr. klin. Med. 89:107-119, 1920. 2. Joël, E.: Der Arcus corneæ bei Jungendlichen: Beitrag zur Frage der Hypercholesterinämie und der Lipoidablagerungen , Klin. Wchnschr. 3:269-272, 1924.Crossref 3. Klatskin, G.: Familial Xanthomatosis and Arcus Senilis , Internat. Clin. 3:13-39, 1941. 4. Boas, E. P.: Arcus Senilis and Arteriosclerosis , J. Mt. Sinai Hosp. New York 12:79-83, 1945. 5. Forius, H.: Arcus Senilis Corneae: Its Clinical Development and Relationship to Serum Lipids, Proteins and Lipoproteins , Acta ophth. , (Supp. 42) , 1954. 6. Adlersberg, D., and Parets, A. D.: Genetic Studies of 201 Persons with Hereditary Hypercholesteremia , J. Clin. Invest. 28:767, 1949. 7. Bürger, M., and Schlomka, G.: Beiträge zur physiologischen Chemie des Alterns der Gewebe: Untersuchungen an der Rinderhornhaut , Ztschr. ges. exper. Med. 61:465-475, 1928.Crossref 8. Friedenwald, J.: The Eye Problems in Ageing , in Cowdry's Problems of Ageing: Biological and Medical Aspects , Ed. 3, edited by A. I. Lansing, Baltimore, The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1952, p. 246. 9. Waite, J. H., and Beetham, W. P.: The Visual Mechanism in Diabetes Mellitus , New England J. Med. 212:367-379, 1935.Crossref 10. Babel, J.: Les Surcharges graisseuses de la cornée , Arch. ophth. 10:5-21, 1950. 11. Cogan, D. G., and Kuwabara, T.: Fat Deposition in the Cornea and Lipogenesis , Acta XVII Conc. Ophth. (1954) 1:523-535, 1955. 12. Attias, G.: Über Altersveränderungen des menschlichen Auges , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 81:405-485, 1912.Crossref 13. Rohrschneider, W.: Über den Arcus lipoides corneæ senilis, seine Entstehung und seine Beziehungen zu Verfettungszuständen anderer Organe, insbesondere zur Atherosklerose , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 74:93-110, 1925. 14. Takayasu, M.: Beiträge zur pathologische Anatomie des Arcus senilis , Arch. Augenh. 43: 154-162, 1901. 15. Parsons, J. H.: Arcus Senilis , Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp. Rep. 15:141-155, 1903. 16. Vossius, A.: Lehrbuch der Augenheilkunde , Ed. 4, Leipzig & Wien, F. Deuticke, 1908, p. 422. 17. Fuchs, E.: Zur Anatomie der Pinguecula , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 37:143-191 ( (Pt. 3) ) 1891.Crossref 18. Fuchs, E.: Über Randsklerose und Randatrophie der Hornhaut , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 52:317-329, 1901.Crossref 19. Schieck, F.: Randeschwür über einem Arcus senilis als trophische Störung , in Kurzes Handbuch der Ophthalmologie , Vol. 4, edited by F. Schieck and A. Brückner, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1931, p. 345. 20. Cogan, D. G., and Kuwabara, T.: Lipogenesis by Cells of Cornea , A. M. A. Arch. Path. 59:453-456, 1955. 21. Uzman, L. L., and Jakus, M. A.: The Kayser-Fleischer Ring, a Histochemical and Electron Microscope Study , Neurology 7:341-355, 1957.Crossref 22. Parsons, J. H.: The Pathology of the Eye , London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1904, Vol. 1, p. 237. 23. Dunphy, E. B.: Ocular Conditions Associated with Idiopathic Hyperlipemia , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 47:210, 1949. 24. Ahrens, E. H., Jr., and Kunkel, H. G.: Stabilization of Serum Lipid Emulsions by Serum Phospholipids , J. Exper. Med. 90:409-424, 1949.Crossref

DUANE, T. D.;EMRICH, R. J.;SHEPLER, H. G.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1959.00940090563010pmid: 13636544

Abstract The requirements for air-to-air, air-to-water, and water-to-water vision, except for minor complications, are relatively easily attained by the normal human eye. Because of the internal reflection and because the human eye is primarily adapted to air vision, therefore, the novel requirements demanded in water-to-air vision present an interesting challenge. One method of accomplishing this task and the means employed is the subject of this report. The Problem Water-to-air vision can be attained in a number of ways, but the following limitations were placed upon the designs of any lens system which we were to develop: It was necessary for water (index of refraction, n = 1.33) to be in direct contact with the globe: This eliminated from consideration contact lenses, ordinary underwater goggles, helmets, periscopes, and the like. The eye was assumed to have an over-all index of refraction of 1.33. The apex of the cornea was to be approximately 7.8 References 1. The lens system was made by Messrs. Wm. H. Price, Opticians, Bethlehem, Pa. 2. Made available by Mr. E. T. Hall, Headmaster, and Colonel S. A. Ward, Athletic Director, the Hill School, Pottstown, Pa. 3. Brierton, B. E.: Patent No. 1,528, 192, March 3, 1925 (not in cumulative index 1920-1930).