A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

ALPERN, MATHEW

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1958.00940080371001pmid: N/A

Abstract Of the many factors which influence vergence movements (tonicity of the extraocular muscles, distance of the fixated object,1 concave lenses and accommodation,2 prisms,3 and disparity,4 among others) target size has perhaps been given the least experimental attention. In an important analysis of this problem Ittelson and Ames found that an increase in both vergence and accommodation was associated with an increase of the image of a playing card projected (with a Clason projector) on a screen 40 cm. in front of the observer's eyes.5 It was soon pointed out, however, that the measured changes in vergence might only be pure accommodative vergence associated with the changes in accommodation.6 Are changes in target size associated with changes in vergence when all other relevant variables (including the accommodation posture of the eyes) are held fixed? Method The experiment was essentially a modification of the original Ittelson-Ames References 1. It should be pointed out that the Ittelson-Ames procedure of using a Clason projector has the inherent difficulty that changes in size are associated with changes in luminance. Since it seemed important to repeat their experiment as carefully as possible, this is also true in the present experiment. In the present experiment the smallest target size was 215 foot-lamberts; the medium target size was 163 foot-lamberts, and the largest target size was 133 foot-lamberts. Experiments in our laboratory indicate that there does not seem to be any marked effect of luminance on vergence over the very small range of luminance variation of the present experiment. 2. Alpern, M., and Ellen, P.: A Quantitative Analysis of the Horizontal Movements of the Eyes in the Experiment of Johannes Mueller , Am. J. Ophth. 42:289-302 (Oct., (Pt. 2) ) 1956. 3. Alpern, M.: Testing Distance Effect on Phoria Measurement at Various Accommodation Levels , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 54:906-915, 1955.Crossref 4. Alpern, M.: The Position of the Eyes During Prism Vergence , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 57: 345-353, 1957.Crossref 5. Westheimer, G., and Mitchell, A. M.: Eye Movement Responses to Convergent Stimuli , A.M. A. Arch. Ophth. 55:848-856, 1956.Crossref 6. Ittelson, W. H., and Ames, A.: Accommodation, Convergence and Their Relation to Apparent Distance , J. Psychol. 30:43-62, 1950.Crossref 7. Hof stetter, H. W.: Accommodation, Convergence and Their Relation to Apparent Distance: A Criticism , J. Psychol. 30:393-394, 1950.Crossref

ALPERN, MATHEW

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1958.00940080374002pmid: N/A

Abstract When the normal observer fixates with one eye from far to near1 or suddenly accommodates through a minus lens,2 the occluded eye moves nasalward. The basic physiology of this synkinesis is still not well understood.3 Clinicians4,5 seem to be convinced that the associated vergence is related to the accommodative effort, but Christoferson and Ogle6 and Ogle7 seem to imply that the vergence change is related merely to the change in the stimulus to accommodation. Although the difference between the two concepts is clear enough, it is difficult to arrive at some concrete experimental procedure which would allow one to choose between them, largely because of an inability to establish an operational definition of accommodative effort which would be agreeable to all concerned. Accommodative stimulus, on the other hand, can be operationally defined, and for the present paper it will represent the magnitude of minus References 1. Alpern, M., and Ellen, P.: A Quantitative Analysis of the Horizontal Movements of the Eyes in the Experiment of Johannes Mueller , Am. J. Ophth. 42:289-302 (Oct., (Pt. 2) ) 1956. 2. Alpern, M.: Testing Distance Effect on Phoria Measurement at Various Accommodation Levels , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 54:906-915, 1955.Crossref 3. Swan, K. C.: Symposium on Accommodative Esotropia: Summary and Conclusions , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 61:395, 1957. 4. Swan, K. C.: Symposium on Accommodative Esotropia: Classification and Diagnosis , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 61:383-389, 1957. 5. Breinin, G. M.: Symposium on Accommodative Esotropia: Relationship Between Accommodation and Convergence , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 61: 375-382, 1957. 6. Christoferson, K. W., and Ogle, K. N.: The Effect of Homatropine on the Accommodation- Convergence Association , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 55:779-791, 1956.Crossref 7. Ogle, K. N.: Some Observations on the Accommodation and Convergence Association, in Proceedings of IV Invitational Conference for Vision Research Specialists, Cleveland, General Electric Company, 1956, pp. 64-68. 8. Alpern, M.: Variability of Accommodation During Steady Fixation at Various Levels of Illuminance , J. Optic. Soc. America 48:193-197, 1958.Crossref

REED, HOWARD;WILT, J. C.;TUSHINGHAM, GEORGE

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1958.00940080377003pmid: 13570758

Abstract In retinal detachment surgery it is essential to ensure close apposition between the detached retina and the adjacent choroid and sclera. Adequate drainage of the subretinal fluid is first necessary to permit this apposition. In order to maintain it, air, saline, cerebrospinal fluid, and other substances have been used. Unfortunately, these substances are all absorbed within a few hours or days. Shafer's introduction of the use of vitreous1-3 for this purpose has the merit that vitreous is not absorbed, so that it acts as a permanent internal splint bracing the retina against the choroid and sclera. Vitreous contains protein and should serve as an excellent culture medium. It is at body temperature and contains no blood vessels able to transmit antibodies and inflammatory cells to the site of infection with rapidity. It has, therefore, always been considered to have a low resistance to infection. Since Shafer's first report in References 1. Shafer, D. M., in Symposium on Retinal Detachment , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 54:143 ( (July) ) 1955, p. 146.Crossref 2. Shafer, D. M.: Vitreous Implant in Retinal Detachment , New York J. Med. 56:3300 ( (Nov.) ) 1956. 3. Shafer, D. M.: The Treatment of Retinal Detachment by Vitreous Implant , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 61:194 ( (March-April) ) 1957. 4. Pischel, D. K., in discussion on Shafer.3 5. Suie, T., and Sroufe, S., Letters to the Editor , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 61:530 ( (July-Aug.) ) 1957.

COGAN, DAVID G.;KUWABARA, TOICHIRO;SILBERT, JEREMIAH;KERN, HAROLD;McMURRAY, VIRGINIA;HURLBUT, CORNELIUS

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1958.00940080382004pmid: 13570759

Abstract Crystals of a characteristic type occur occasionally in detached retinas (and rarely in nuclei of cataractous lenses). To our knowledge, they have been described only once previously (Johnson1). They were then identified by microincineration as calcium oxalate. A passing reference had been made to them in a prior publication (Flocks, Littwin, and Zimmerman2), and examples had been collected for some time in the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology under the tentative heading of "protein crystals." * Our studies, undertaken simultaneously and without knowledge of these other investigations, led by different routes to the conclusion that the crystals were both oxalate and phosphate salts of calcium.† Crystals tentatively identified as calcium oxalate (see Adams, D. R.: Brit. J. Ophth. 14:49, 1930) have been described in retinas of rabbits poisoned with naphthalene. In contrast to the cases described in the present paper, the crystals with naphthalene poisoning are References 1. Subsequently identified as "calcium oxalate precipitates within cystoid accumulations of proteinaceous exudate" (Zimmerman3). 2. First reported at the meeting of the Ophthalmic Pathology Club, Washington, D. C., April, 1956. 3. In separate experiments, one of us (T. K.) has found that ammonical silver nitrate promptly blackens calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate but only slowly blackens calcium phosphate. 4. This test was carried out for us by Herbert Kaufman according to a technique he has described.11 5. Johnson, F. B.: A Method for Demonstrating Calcium Oxalate in Tissue Sections , J. Histochem. & Cytochem. 4:404-405, 1956. 6. Flocks, M.; Littwin, C. S., and Zimmerman, L. E.: Phacolytic Glaucoma: A Clinicopathologic Study of 138 Cases of Glaucoma Associated with Hypermature Cataract , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 54: 37-55, 1955. 7. Zimmerman, L.: Personal communication to the authors. 8. Wegelin, C.: Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie , Berlin, Springer, 1926, vol. 8, p. 29. 9. Huebner, W., and Huckel, R.: Einige Befunde bei oxalatvergifteten Hunden , Arch. exper. Path. 178:749-754, 1935. 10. Koch, F.: Niereninsuffizienz durch Oxalsauervergiftung , Deutsch. Arch. klin. Med. 169:100-117, 1930. 11. Weinhouse, S., and Friedman, B.: Metabolism of Labeled 2-Carbon Acids in the Intact Rat , J. Biol. Chem. 191:707-715, 1951. 12. Kinsey, V. E.: Personal communication to the authors. 13. Richter, M. N., and McCarty, B. S.: Anisotropic Crystals in the Human Thyroid Gland , Am. J. Path. 30:545-553, 1954. 14. Feigl, F.: Spot Tests , Amsterdam, Elsevier Press, Inc., Vol. 2, Organic Applications, 1954, pp. 255-257. 15. Kaufman, H., and Adams, E.: Water-Soluble Chelates in Histochemical Staining , Science 120:723-724, 1954.

ZIMMERMAN, LORENZ E.;JOHNSON, FRANK B.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1958.00940080388005pmid: 13570760

Abstract For a number of years, pathologists at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology had recognized nonstaining anisotropic crystalline deposits within certain ocular tissues and had recorded the lesions in which they occurred under the tentative heading of "protein crystals" in the Registry of Ophthalmic Pathology. The chemical nature of the crystals, however, remained unknown. We became curious about them early in 1954, when the studies to be reported herein were initiated. A new histochemical procedure devised by Johnson1 furnished strong presumptive evidence that they contained calcium oxalate. The occurrence of these deposits was recognized in two main types of cases, one of which was phacolytic glaucoma. Hence, brief mention was made of their presence in the sclerotic nuclei of Morgagnian cataracts in the paper on phacolytic glaucoma by Flocks, Littwin, and Zimmerman.2 Independently, and without knowledge of our interest in these crystals, Dr. David G. Cogan and his References 1. A.M. A. Arch. Path. 64:546-555, 1957 2. Johnson, F. B.: A Method for Demonstrating Calcium Oxalate in Tissue Sections , J. Histochem 4:404-405, 1956. 3. Flocks, M.; Littwin, C. S., and Zimmerman, L. E.: Phacolytic Glaucoma: A Clinicopathologic Study of 138 Cases of Glaucoma Associated with Hypermature Cataract , A. M. A. Arch. Opth. 54: 37-45, 1955. 4. Cogan, D. G., et al.: Calcium Oxalate and Calcium Phosphate Crystals in Detached Retinas, this issue, pp. 366-371. 5. Aponte, G. E., and Fetter, T. R.: Familial Idiopathic Oxalate Nephrocalcinosis , Am. J. Clin. Path. 24:1363-1373, 1954. 6. Davis, J. S.; Klingberg, W. G., and Stowell, R. E.: Nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis with Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Kidneys and Bones , J. Pediat. 36:323-334, 1950.Crossref 7. Burke, E. C., et al.: Oxalosis , Pediatrics 15:383-391, 1955. 8. Neustein, H. B.; Stevenson, S. S., and Krainer, L.: Oxalosis with Renal Calcinosis Due to Calcium Oxalate , J. Pediat. 47:624-633, 1955.Crossref 9. Lund, T., and Reske-Nielsen, E.: Nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis with Calcium Oxalate Crystals in the Kidneys and Other Organs: Report of 2 Cases , Acta Path. et microbiol. scandinav. 38:353-363, 1956.Crossref 10. Pons, C. A., and Custer, R. P.: Acute Ethylene Glycol Poisoning: A Clinico-Pathologic Report of 18 Fatal Cases , Am. J. M. Sc. 211: 544-552, 1946.Crossref 11. Richter, M. N., and McCarty, K. S.: Anisotropic Crystals in the Human Thyroid Gland , Am. J. Path. 30:545-553, 1954. 12. Mowry, R. W.: Alcian Blue Technics for the Histochemical Study of Acidic Carbohydrates , J. Histochem. 4:407, 1956. 13. Gridley, M. F.; Ambrogi, L. P., et al.: Manual of Histologic and Special Staining Technics , Ed. 2, Washington, D. C., Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1957. 14. Rinehart, J. F., and Abul-Haj, S. K.: An Improved Method for Histologic Demonstration of Acid Mucopolysaccharides in Tissues , A. M. A. Arch. Path. 52:189-194, 1951. 15. Dahl, L. K.: A Simple and Sensitive Histochemical Method for Calcium , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 80:474-479, 1952. 16. Kaufman, H. E., and Adams, C. E.: Water-Soluble Chelates in Histochemical Staining , Science 120:723-724, 1954. 17. Willard, H. H., and Boldyreff, A. W.: The Determination of Calcium by Ignition of Calcium Oxalate to Carbonate in Air , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 52:1888-1892, 1930. 18. Krainer, L., and Johnson, F. B.: Unpublished observations. 19. Zimmerman, L. E.: Some Applications of Special Staining Methods for the Demonstration of Acid Mucopolysaccharides to Ophthalmic Histology and Pathology, Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth., to be published. 20. Jeghers, H., and Murphy, R.: Practical Aspects of Oxalate Metabolism , New England J. Med. 233:208-215; 238-246, 1945. 21. Hasselstrom, T., and Henry, M. C.: New Synthesis of Oxalic Acid , Science 123:1038-1039, 1956.

McDONALD, JAMES E.;LIGHT, ARTHUR

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1958.00940080400006pmid: 13570761

Abstract The eye offers unique opportunities for study of the effects of focused radiant energy because of the transparency of the media. Because radiation affects only those tissues in which it is absorbed (Draper's law), visible and infrared rays pass through the transparent media of the eye and may damage only those tissues which absorb this energy—the pigment layer of the iris and retina. When a high-powered beam from the sun or a carbon arc lamp is focused on one part of the iris, the rays can produce considerable damage to the iris. By the same token, if radiation of sufficient intensity is focused by the dioptric media of the eye, it passes through the transparent media and burns the pigmented layer of the retina, where it is absorbed. Solar chorioretinal burns caused by looking at the sun have been known for years.1 Many investigators2-9 have coagulated the iris References 1. Polished filter No. 3060, 2 mm. thick, obtainable at Corning Glass Works, Corning, N. Y. This filter permits less than 0.5% transmission of waves of 334 mμ yet permits more than 40% transmission at 405 mμ and over 85% transmittance on waves longer than 490 mμ. 2. A 7 mm. cord "high-intensity" carbon obtainable at H. M. Pitman Co., 3239 S. 51st St., Cicero, Ill. 3. Duke-Elder, S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , Vol. 6, St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1954, p. 64-94. 4. Duke-Elder, S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , Vol. 1, St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1938, p. 828. 5. Verhoef, F. H., and Bell, L.: The Pathological Effects of Radiant Energy on the Eye , Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sc. 51:630-794, 1916. 6. Eccles, J. C., and Flynn, A. J.: Experimental Photo Retinitis , Med. J. Australia 1:339-342, 1944. 7. Meyer-Schwickerath, G.: Lichtkoagulation: Eine Methode zur Behandlung und Verhütung der Netzhautablösung , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 156: 2-34, 1954. 8. Meyer-Schwickerath, G.: La Photo-coagulation du fond de l'œil et de l'iris , Ann. ocul. 189: 533-548, 1956. 9. Meyer-Schwickerath, G.: Prophylactic Treatment of Retinal Detachment by Light Coagulation , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 76:739-750, 1956. 10. Meyer-Schwickerath, G.: Erfahrungen mit der Lichtcoagulation der Netzhaut und der Iris , Docum. ophth. 10:91-131, 1956. 11. Ham, W. T., et al.: Experimental Production of Flash Burns in the Rabbit Retina , Am. J. Ophth. 43:711-718, 1957. 12. Byrnes, V. A.; Brown, D. V. L.; Rose, H. W., and Cibis, P. A.: Chorioretinal Burns Produced by Atomic Flash , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 53:351-364, 1955. 13. Byrnes, V. A.; Brown, D. V. L.; Rose, H. W., and Cibis, P. A.: Chorioretinal Lesions Due to Thermal Radiation from the Atomic Bomb , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 55:909-914, 1956. 14. Oyama, A., and Sasaki, T.: A Case of Burn of Cornea and Retina by Atomic Bomb , Ganka Rinsho Iho 40:177, 1946. 15. Rose, H. W.; Brown, D. V. L.; Byrnes, V. A., and Cibis, P. A.: Human Chorioretinal Burns from Atomic Fireballs , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 55:205-210, 1956. 16. Parry, R.: Some Principles in the Surgery of Retinal Detachment , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 76:433-452, 1956. 17. Becker, B.: Glaucoma, 1955-1956 , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 56:898-956, 1956.

PINKERTON, OGDEN D.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1958.00940080409007pmid: 13570762

Abstract Cataract associated with congenital ichthyosis is a rare occurrence. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss this occurrence, to review the literature available, and to present two cases occurring in Japanese male siblings. The two cases were isolated instances in a family with no history of ichthyosis or cataract on either the paternal or maternal side. The parents of the children had written to relatives in Japan for further pertinent family history, with negative results, except that a maternal aunt had had skin trouble involving the face. There was no intermarriage in any of the relatives or parent consanguinity. Both children were healthy, normal, and well developed. Ichthyosis is a congenital abnormality of cornification of the skin associated with dryness, scaliness, and warty growths.1 It is often familial and has a genetic background. It may not appear until a year or more after birth. The common variety, References 1. Andrews, G. C.: Diseases of the Skin , Ed. 4, W. B. Saunders Company, 1954. 2. Ormsby, O., and Montgomery, H.: Diseases of the Skin , Ed. 8, Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1954. 3. Jancke, G.: Syndermatotic Cataract and Congenital Ichthyosis , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 117: 286-290, 1950. 4. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , Vol. 3, St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1941, p. 3220.

COGAN, DAVID G.;KUWABARA, TOICHIRO;RICHARDSON, E. PIERSON;LYON, GILLES

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1958.00940080413008pmid: 13570763

Abstract In this brief communication we wish to report the finding of a metachromatic substance in retinal ganglion cells of two patients with metachromatic leukoencephalopathy. This disease has pathologic features which, as its name implies, have directed attention primarily to the white substance of the brain.1-3 The finding of metachromatic substances in certain cells of the retina, which has no myelin, affords an opportunity to study changes in portions of the nervous system which are unassociated with white matter. So far as we are aware, the retina has not previously been studied in this disease. The two cases which we had an opportunity to study were typical instances of metachromatic leukoencephalopathy. Since the clinical and neuropathologic findings are to be reported elsewhere in detail,* only a brief resume of these cases will be presented here. Case 1. —At the time of death the patient was 13 years old. We had References 1. The first case was made available by P. B. Diezel and E. P. Richardson Jr., and the second case, by G. Lyon and E. P. Richardson Jr. 2. Dr. Charles Kubik obtained the specimens and gave permission to use them in the present study. 3. The cresyl violet used in these studies was for the most part obtained from Coleman & Bell. A few spot tests with cresyl violet obtained from Grübler showed that the former did not give rise to the brown metachromasia which has been held (von Hirsch and Peiffer2) to be characteristic of metachromatic leukoencephalopathy. This difference in the two dyes is currently being further studied and will probably be reported on later. 4. The metachromasia was well preserved for at least several months but disappeared within a few minutes on exposure to a carbon-arc lamp during projection. 5. Edgar, G. W.: Morphological and Chemical Considerations Concerning Familial Leucodystrophia and Its Possible Relation to Lipidosis , Folia psychiat. neurol. et neurochir. neerl. 59:33, 1956. 6. von Hirsch, T., and Peiffer, J.: Über histologische Methoden in der Differentialdiagnose von Leukodystrophen und Lipoidosen , Arch. Psychiat. 194:88, 1955.Crossref 7. Diezel, P. B.: Stoffwechselstörungen der Sphingolipoide , Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1957. 8. Jacobi, M.: Über Leukodystrophie und Pelizäus-Merzbachersche Krankheit , Arch. path. Anat. 314:460, 1947. 9. Brain, W. R., and Greenfield, J. G.: Late Infantile Metachromatic Leucoencephalopathy, with Primary Degeneration of the Interfascicular Oligodendroglia , Brain 73:291, 1950.Crossref 10. Diezel, P. B., and Richardson, E. P., Jr.: To be published.

CLEASBY, GILBERT W.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1958.00940080421009pmid: 13570764

Abstract Since 1948 the Stanford Eye Pathology Laboratory has collected 21 cases of malignant melanoma of the iris. The longest follow-up is now nine years, and 12 cases have been followed at least five years. Current reports are available on 19 patients and indicate that all are living, with no evidence of recurrence or metastatic involvement. There are certain questions which arise in studying these tumors. The problems of diagnosis and classification of iris melanoma are not as well worked out as for choroidal melanoma. Even the matter of what shall be called "melanoma" and when to use the terms "benign" and "malignant" are often subjects for considerable debate. A discussion of diagnosis, management, and histological classification based on the clinical and microscopic study of this series is presented. The clinical behavior of malignant melanoma of the iris may be characterized by measurable growth, darkening of previously existing pigmented lesions or References 1. Wood, C. A., and Pusey, B.: Primary Sarcoma of the Iris , Arch. Ophth. 31:323-383, 1902. 2. Mayou, M. S.: Sarcoma of the Iris , Brit. J. Ophth. 14:152-157 ( (April) ) 1930.Crossref 3. Duke-Elder, W. S., and Stallard, H. H.: Leukosarcoma of the Iris , Brit. J. Ophth. 14:158-161 ( (April) ) 1930.Crossref 4. Doherty, W. B.: Melanosarcoma of the Iris , Am. J. Ophth. 22:239-249 ( (March) ) 1939. 5. Wilder, H. C.: Intraocular Tumor in Soldiers, World War II , Mil, Surgeon 99:459-490 ( (Nov.) ) 1946. 6. Reese, A. B.: Tumors of the Eye , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1951. 7. Richardson, S.: Diffuse Malignant Melanoma of the Iris , Am. J. Ophth. 31:1223-1231 ( (Oct.) ) 1948. 8. Koenig, I. J.: Malignant Melanoma of Iris and Ciliary Body of a One-Eyed Patient: Case Observed for 20 Years , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 51:656-662 ( (May) ) 1954.Crossref 9. Wilder, H. C.: Relationship of Pigment Cell Clusters in the Iris to Malignant Melanoma of the Uveal Tract , in The Biology of Melanomas , Special Publication of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, New York Academy of Sciences, 1948, Vol. 4, pp. 137-143. 10. Reese, A. B.: Pigment Freckles of the Iris (Benign Melanomas): Their Significance in Relation to Malignant Melanoma of the Uvea , Am. J. Ophth. 27:217-226 ( (March) ) 1944. 11. Verhoeff, F. H., cited by Reese.10 12. Zellweger: Ein Fall von Leuko-Sarkom der Iris , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 26:366-373, 1888 13. Martin-Jones, J. D.: Uveal Sarcomata , Brit. J. Ophth. , (Supp. 11) , p. 1, 1946. 14. Callender, G. R.; Wilder, H. C., and Ash, J. E.: Five Hundred Malignant Melanomas of the Choroid and Ciliary Body Followed 5 Years or Longer , Am. T. Ophth. 25:962-967 ( (Aug.) ) 1942. 15. Kornblueth, W., and Tenenbaum, E.: The Inhibitory Effect of Aqueous Humor on the Growth of Cells in Tissue Culture , Am. J. Ophth. 42:70-80 ( (July) ) 1956. 16. Winter, F. C., and Maumenee, A. E.: An Unusual Pigmented Tumor of the Iris , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 46:438-440 ( (Oct.) ) 1951.Crossref 17. Erdbrink, W. L., and Harbert, F.: Leiomyoma of the Iris: Report of a Case and Review of Literature , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 53:643-648 ( (May) ) 1955.Crossref 18. Coats, G.: Unilateral Diffuse Melanosis of the Uvea, with Small Elevations on the Surface of the Iris , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 32:165-171, 1911-1912. 19. Carlberg, O.: Melanosis bulbi mit Melanosarkom , Acta ophth. 18:301-303, 1940.Crossref 20. Rodin, F. H.: Angioma of the Iris: First Case to Be Reported with Histologic Examination , Arch. Ophth. 2:679-690 ( (Dec.) ) 1929.Crossref 21. Willis, R. A.: Pathology of Tumours . St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1953. 22. Callender, G. R.: Malignant Melanotic Tumors of the Eye: A Study of Histologic Types in 111 Cases , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 36:131-142, 1931. 23. Klien, B. A.: The Ciliary Margin of the Dilator Muscle of the Pupil: With Reference to Some Melanomas of the Iris of Epithelial Origin , Arch. Ophth. 15:985-999 ( (June) ) 1936.Crossref

REINECKE, ROBERT D.;COGAN, DAVID G.

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1958.00940080436010pmid: 13570765

Abstract The opticokinetic reflex has been used by a number of investigators1,2 to estimate visual acuity objectively and, more recently, has been utilized by Gorman3 in this laboratory to estimate the visual acuity of newborn infants. The present investigation is an attempt to correlate Gorman's objective results with known subjective visual acuities. The opticokinetic reflex is dependent upon a reflex arc composed of the retina, optic nerve, optic tract, optic cortical areas, association fibers to the ocular motor centers and finally with the cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6. The fact that cortical areas are necessary for this reflex was early established by Cords4 and subsequently verified by many others. As a result of this, it can be stated confidently that when the reflex is present the subject is capable of vision.5 Opticokinetic nystagmus (train nystagmus) is present when a visible field is moved in front of References 1. Nicolai, H.: Objektive Sehschärfenbestimmung auf der Grundlage des optokinetischen Nystagmus mit eigenem Gerät , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 122:402, 1953. 2. Goldman, H.: Objektive Sehschärfenbestimmung , Ophthalmologica 105:240, 1943.Crossref 3. Gorman, J. J.: An Apparatus for Grading the Visual Acuity of Infants on the Basis of Optokinetic Nystagmus , Pediatrics 19:1088, 1957. 4. Cords, R.: Optisch-motorisches Feld und optisch-motorische Bahn , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 117:58, 1926.Crossref 5. Walsh, F. B.: Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1957, pp. 266-267. 6. Cogan, D. G.: Neurology of the Ocular Muscles , Springfield, Ill., Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1957, pp. 195-197. 7. Snell, A. C.: The Optokinetoscope , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 44:396, 1939. 8. Schwarting, B. H.: Testing Infants' Vision: An Apparatus for Estimating the Visual Acuity of Infants and Young Children , Am. J. Ophth. 38: 714, 1954. 9. Ohm, J.: Entwicklung einer Methode objektiver Sehschärfenbestimmung auf der Grundlage des optokinetischen Nystagmus , Büch. Augen. (Supp. 17, Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh.) 1947, pp. 23-27.