A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

KINSEY, V. EVERETT;Jacobus, June Twomey;Hemphill, F. M.

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1956.00930040489001

Abstract (Footnotes continued on next page) Introduction Administration of oxygen to premature infants had been implicated as an etiologic agent in the development of retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) prior to late 1952.* But because of the apparently capricious fluctuation in incidence of the disease observed in various communities and the insufficiency of controlled investigations concerning the possible role of oxygen in RLF the evidence was deemed inadequate to justify curtailment of oxygen for premature infants, particularly in the absence of knowledge of the effect on mortality of such a change in procedure.For these reasons a number of pediatricians and ophthalmologists agreed early in 1953 to pool their nursery facilities and interests and investigate cooperatively the question of whether oxygen was in fact an etiologic agent in RLF and at the same time to determine what effect restricting oxygen might have on infant mortality. This group of investigators, from 18 hospitals located References 1. References 1-7. 2. The use of the word significant in this report will be limited to confidence levels of 0.01 or less, unless otherwise stated. 3. The assumption was made that 18 infants would be lost because of death or lack of followup. 4. This procedure was suggested by Dr. Bradford Hill. 5. Record keeping in each participating hospital was performed by the responsible investigators, residents, and nurses and, in some instances, part-time employees. When the study was initiated, the idea of assigning a full-time record-keeper to each hospital was considered; it was discarded as being unnecessarily costly in view of the small number of babies in many of the hospitals. Probably this method of keeping records would have been a more efficient way of collecting data. Also, it might have been helpful to employ a person to visit the various hospitals at frequent intervals, to insure accuracy and completeness of record-keeping. This might have eliminated much correspondence and telephoning by the Coordination Center to complete and, in some instances, to correct the records. In addition, this same worker could have assisted in instructing new nurses and residents in those hospitals where rotation among services occurred as frequently as every three months. 6. There were 634 additional premature infants in this birth-weight category born in or brought to these hospital nurseries during this period. All of these were reported to have died before 48 hours. 7. It is presumed that after 40 days of age any deaths that occurred were unrelated to curtailment of oxygen. 8. Analysis of the data indicated a striking difference in the incidence of RLF between infants of single and those of multiple birth. Since the proportion of single and multiple births in any particular group of infants studied will therefore greatly influence the results, most of the data will be presented separately by these categories. 9. All figures refer to mortality after admission to the study, at 2 days of age. 10. Some infants in the routine-oxygen group, who by protocol should have received 28 days of exposure to oxygen, actually were in oxygen for 2 days less than this period (Fig. 2). This deviation from the protocol occurred when the Coordination Center was not notified of the birth of an infant soon enough to make the assignment within 48 hours after birth. There were three infants who received 11, 18, and 19 days of oxygen, respectively; two instances were due to errors and in one the infant was removed from oxygen because of illness. These exceptions to the protocol could only have decreased the difference in incidence observed between infants in the routine- and curtailed-oxygen groups. 11. One hundred eleven of the infants of multiple birth were of twin birth, and three infants were of triplet birth. 12. Differences in the average birth weight in the two groups would be expected to account for only about 15% of the observed differences in average weight gain. 13. All of these data refer to period of exposure after entry into the study (age 48 hours), which with few exceptions started immediately after admission. 14. This latter method of grouping in a sense tends to beg the question in so far as the reason for its use is based on the idea that were there no additional oxygen administered there would be no appreciable risk. However, the addition of two more groups does not distort the data and it appears valid to examine them in this manner. 15. The line does not pass through zero on the Y-axis because the age of the infants is 2 days greater than the indicated duration of exposure to oxygen, since the infants were not admitted to the study until 48 hours of age. 16. For infants of single birth, 3 cases out of 78 infants. For infants of multiple birth, 3 cases out of 26 infants. The average stay in oxygen for these respective groups was 5 and 3 days, and for the 3 infants of single birth and 3 of multiple birth who developed the disease the average stay was 10 and 8 days, respectively. 17. Thus Patz (personal communication to the authors; to be published) has also demonstrated that oxygen when given at concentrations of 40% produces retinal changes. He has shown that one-fourth of the animals exposed to oxygen at concentrations of 35% to 40% for 10 days developed typical RLF lesions and concludes that duration of exposure to oxygen is the single most critical factor in the production of experimental RLF. 18. Minimizing the effect of duration in oxygen did not appreciably affect the correlation between the age at onset and the birth weight. 19. Michaelson 14 found no clear-cut difference in developmental state between two cases of twins and infants of single birth using this technique, but noted that the India ink leaked out of the retinal vessels of eyes of twins to a greater extent than those of single birth, suggesting differences in the vessel walls. 20. Kinsey, V. E., and Zacharias, L.: Retrolental Fibroplasia: Incidence in Different Localities in Recent Years and a Correlation of the Incidence with Treatment Given the Infants , J.A. M.A. 139:572, 1949.Crossref 21. Campbell, K.: Intensive Oxygen Therapy as a Possible Cause of Retrolental Fibroplasia: A Clinical Approach , M. J. Australia 2:48, 1951. 22. Crosse, V. M., and Evans, P. J.: Prevention of Retrolental Fibroplasia , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 48:83, 1952.Crossref 23. Ryan, H.: Retrolental Fibroplasia: A Clinicopathologic Study , Am. J. Ophth. 35:329, 1952. 24. Jefferson, E.: Retrolental Fibroplasia , Arch. Dis. Childhood 27:329, 1952.Crossref 25. Patz, A.; Hoeck, L. E., and De La Cruz, E.: Studies on the Effect of High Oxygen Administration in Retrolental Fibroplasia: I. Nursery Observations , Am. J. Ophth. 35:1248, 1952. 26. Gyllensten, L. J., and Hellström, B. E.: Retrolental Fibroplasia—Animal Experiments: The Effect of Intermittingly Administered Oxygen on the Postnatal Development of the Eyes of Fullterm Mice; A Preliminary Report , Acta pediat. 41:577, 1952.Crossref 27. Kinsey, V. E., and Hemphill, F. M. Etiology of Retrolental Fibroplasia: Preliminary Report of a Cooperative Study of Retrolental Fibroplasia , Am. J. Ophth. 40:166 ( (Aug.) ) 28. Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 59:15, 1955. 29. Zacharias, L.: Retrolental Fibroplasia: A Survey , Am. J. Ophth. 35:1426, 1952. 30. Reese, A. B.; King, M., and Owens, W. C.: A Classification of Retrolental Fibroplasia , Am. J. Ophth. 36:1333, 1953. 31. Silverman, W. A.; Blodi, F. C.; Locke, J. C.; Day, R. L., and Reese, A. B.: Incidence of Retrolental Fibroplasia in a New York Nursery , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 48:698, 1952.Crossref 32. Guy, L. P.; Lanman, J. T., and Dancis, J.: The Possibility of Total Elimination of Retrolental Fibroplasia by Oxygen Restriction , Pediatrics 17:247, 1956. 33. Patz, A.: Oxygen Studies in Retrolental Fibroplasia: IV. Clinical and Experimental Observations , Am. J. Ophth. 38:291, 1954. 34. Michaelson, I. C.: Retinal Circulation in Man and Animals , Springfield, Ill., Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1954. 35. Dancis, J.; O'Connell, J. R., and Holt, L. E., Jr.: A Grid for Recording the Weight of Premature Infants , J. Pediat. 33:570, 1948.Crossref

CONSTANTINE, FRANK H.

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1956.00930040552002pmid: 13361621

Abstract A noteworthy group of maladies of unknown origin which primarily involve connective tissue has been termed collagen diseases. These include the conditions known as periarteritis nodosa or polyarteritis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, and disseminated lupus erythematosus. There are, indeed, several other diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, and serum sickness, which exhibit structural changes in collagen but of a somewhat limited scope. These can be distinguished from the group of diffuse alterations of collagen under present consideration. For the purpose of orientation I will very briefly outline the general pathology of these afflictions. Periarteritis nodosa: widespread focal necrosis and obliteration of the walls of the medium- and small-sized arteries. Dermatomyositis: chronic nonsuppurative inflammation of the skin and muscles. Scleroderma: thickening of collagen fibers throughout the body, especially in the skin. Disseminated lupus erythematosus: degenerative changes in connective tissue of the vascular system, also in serous and synovial membranes. Similar but nonspecific

ZIMMERMAN, LORENZ E.

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1956.00930040556003pmid: 13361622

Abstract Mr. President, Members of the Congress, I must confess that when I was invited to participate in this Panel, I was very much surprised that the subject of "collagen diseases" should find its place along with glaucoma, intraocular tumors, retinal detachment, and other more conventional ophthalmologic subjects assigned for panel discussions. At first I thought you might be interested in seeing some of the pathologic alterations that occur within the ocular tissues in the diffuse collagen diseases. But, on reconsideration, particularly in light of the rapid advances and wealth of publications during the last few years, I thought it would be more profitable to summarize some of our knowledge of the connective tissues and to discuss the present concept of their systemic disorders which have been set apart as "diffuse collagen diseases." What I propose to say is not based on investigations of my own but upon a review of References 1. References 8, 13, 14, 23, and 43. 2. References 26 and 27. 3. Klemperer and co-workers24 left no doubt that they were referring to the complete intercellular substance, but they employed the word "collagen" in a nonspecific sense for brevity's sake. 4. References 4, 10, 14, 16, 21, 28, and 40-42. 5. References 14 and 34. 6. References 3, 12, 14, 19, 33, 44, and 46. 7. References 5, 13, 14, and 22. 8. Altshuler, C. H., and Angevine, D. M.: The Pathology of Connective Tissue , in Asboe-Hansen, G.: Connective Tissue in Health and Disease , Copenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag, 1954, pp. 178-195. 9. Asboe-Hansen, G.: Connective Tissue in Health and Disease , Copenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag, 1954. 10. Asboe-Hansen, G.: Hormonal Effects on Connective Tissues , in Transactions of the Fifth Macy Foundation Conference on Connective Tissues, Feb. 8-10, 1954 , edited by C. Ragan, New York, Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Publications, 1954, pp. 123-182. 11. Banfield, W. G.: Aging of Connective Tissue , in Asboe-Hansen, G.: Connective Tissue in Health and Disease , Copenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag, 1954, pp. 151-158. 12. Banks, B. M.: Is There a Common Denominator in Scleroderma, Dermatomyositis, Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus, Libman-Sacks Syndrome and Polyarteritis nodosa? New England J. Med. 225:433-444, 1941.Crossref 13. Bárány, E. H., and Scotchbrook, S.: Influence of Testicular Hyaluronidase on the Resistance to Flow Through the Angle of the Anterior Chamber , Acta physiol. scandinav. 30:240-248, 1954.Crossref 14. Cogan, D. G.: Applied Anatomy and Physiology of Cornea , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 55:329-359, 1951. 15. Colomb, D.: Des Altérations du tissu conjonctif en dermatologie: Des collagénoses aux collagénomes, Thesis, Lyon, 1953. 16. Cowan, P. M.; North, A. C. T., and Randall, J. T.: High-Angle X-Ray Diffraction of Collagen Fibres , in Randall, J. T.: Nature and Structure of Collagen , New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1953, pp. 241-249. 17. Cruickshank, B., and Hill, A. G. S.: Histochemical Identification of a Connective Tissue Antigen , in Randall, J. T.: Nature and Structure of Collagen , New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1953, pp. 27-32. 18. Dische, Z., and Zelmanes, G.: Polysaccharides of the Vitreous Fibers , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 54:528-538, 1955.Crossref 19. Dorfman, A.: Metabolism of the Mucopolysaccharides of Connective Tissue , in Asboe-Hansen, G.: Connective Tissue in Health and Disease , Copenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag, 1954, pp. 81-96. 20. Duff, G. L.: The Diffuse Collagen Diseases: A Morphological Correlation , Canad. M. A. J. 58:317-325, 1948. 21. Ehrich, W. E.: Nature of Collagen Diseases , Am. Heart J. 43:121-156, 1952.Crossref 22. Gersh, I.: Some Functional Considerations of Ground Substance of Connective Tissues , in Transactions of the Second Macy Foundation Conference on Connective Tissue, May 24-25, 1951 , edited by C. Ragan, New York, Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Publications, 1951, pp. 11-44. 23. Glynn, L. E.: Discussion A , in Randall, J. T.: Nature and Structure of Collagen , New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1953, p. 46. 24. Godtfredsen, E.: Investigations into Hyaluronic Acid and Hyaluronidase in the Subretinal Fluid in Retinal Detachment, Partly Due to Ruptures and Partly Secondary to Malignant Choroidal Melanoma: Preliminary Report Suggesting a New Hypothesis Concerning the Pathogenesis of Retinal Detachment , Brit. J. Ophth. 33:721-732, 1949.Crossref 25. Irvine, S. R.; Brunish, R., and Rowen, J. W.: Studies on the Vitreous Humor: Further Observations on Sequelae and Treatment of Prolapsed Vitreous; Properties of Vitreous Dependent upon the Hyaluronic-Acid Content , Am. J. Ophth. 39:100-108 (April, (Pt. 2) ) 1955. 26. Iversen, K.: Hormonal Influence on Connective Tissue , in Asboe-Hansen, G.: Connective Tissue in Health and Disease , Copenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag, 1954, pp. 130-150. 27. Jackson, S. F.: Fibrogenesis in Vivo and in Vitro , in Randall, J. T.: Nature and Structure of Collagen , New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1953, pp. 140-151. 28. Jacobson, W.: Histological Survey of the Normal Connective Tissue and Its Derivatives , in Randall, J. T.: Nature and Structure of Collagen , New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1953, pp. 6-13. 29. Keefer C. S.: Collagen Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Course , M. Clin. North America 35:1267-1281, 1951. 30. Klemperer, P.: The Concept of Collagen Diseases , Am. J. Path. 26:505-519, 1950. 31. Klemperer, P.: Pathology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus , in McManus, J. F. A: Progress in Fundamental Medicine , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1952, Ch. 3, pp. 51-68. 32. Klemperer, P.: General Considerations on Collagen Diseases , in Asboe-Hansen, G.: Connective Tissue in Health and Disease , Copenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag, 1954, pp. 251-262. 33. Klemperer, P.; Pollack, A. D., and Baehr, G.: Pathology of Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus , Arch. Path. 32:569-631, 1941. 34. Klemperer, P.; Pollack, A. D., and Baehr, G.: Diffuse Collagen Disease: Acute Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus and Diffuse Scleroderma , J. A. M. A. 119:331-332, 1942.Crossref 35. Kramer, H., and Little, K.: Nature of Reticulin , in Randall, J. T.: Nature and Structure of Collagen , New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1953, pp. 33-43. 36. Kulonen, E.: Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Collagen , in Asboe-Hansen, G.: Connective Tissue in Health and Disease , Copenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag, 1954, pp. 70-80. 37. Lansing, A. I.: Chemical Morphology of Elastic Fibers , in Transactions of the Second Macy Foundation Conference on Connective Tissue, May 24-25, 1951 , edited by C. Ragan, New York, Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Publications, 1951, pp. 45-85. 38. Lillie, R. D.: Connective Tissue Staining , in Transactions of the Third Macy Foundation Conference on Connective Tissues, Feb. 14-15, 1952 , edited by C. Ragan, New York, Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Publications, 1952, pp. 11-37. 39. Transactions of Annual Conferences on Connective Tissues , edited by Charles Ragan, New York, Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Publications, 1950-1954. 40. Mathews, M. B., and Dorfman, A.: Inhibition of Hyaluronidase , in Asboe-Hansen, G.: Connective Tissue in Health and Disease , Copenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag, 1954, pp. 112-129. 41. Meyer, K.: The Chemistry of the Ground Substances of Connective Tissue , in Asboe-Hansen, G.: Connective Tissue in Health and Disease , Copenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag, 1954, pp. 54-69. 42. Moore, J. E., and Lutz, W. B.: The Natural History of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An Approach to Its Study Through Chronic Biologic False Positive Reactors , J. Chron. Dis. 1:297-316, 1955.Crossref 43. Pirie, A.: Ox Vitreous Humour: 2. Hyaluronic Acid Relationships , Brit. J. Ophth. 33:271-283, 1949.Crossref 44. Ragan, C., and others: General Areas of Agreement Reached in this Conference Group , in Transactions of the Fifth Macy Foundation Conference on Connective Tissues, Feb. 18-20, 1953 , edited by C. Ragan, New York, Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Publications, 1953, pp. 17-46. 45. Randall, J. T., Editor: Nature and Structure of Collagen , New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1953. 46. Randall, J. T.: Physical and Chemical Problems of Fibre Formation and Structure , in Randall, J. T.: Nature and Structure of Collagen , New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1953, pp. 232-240. 47. Robb-Smith, A. H. T.: The Nature of Reticulin , in Transactions of the Third Macy Foundation Conference on Connective Tissues, Feb. 14-15, 1952 , edited by C. Ragan, New York, Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Publications, 1952, pp. 92-116. 48. Robb-Smith, A. H. T.: Significance of Collagenase , in Randall, J. T.: Nature and Structure of Collagen , New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1953, pp. 14-26. 49. Robb-Smith, A. H. T.: Normal Morphology and Morphogenesis of Connective Tissue , in Asboe-Hansen, G.: Connective Tissue in Health and Disease , Copenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag, 1954, pp. 15-30. 50. Robb-Smith, A. H.: The Concept of the Collagen Diseases , Practitioner 173:117-124, 1954. 51. Teilum, G.: Cortisone, Ascorbic Acid, and Changes in the Reticuloendothelial System , in Asboe-Hansen, G.: Connective Tissue in Health and Disease , Copenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag, 1954, pp. 196-207. 52. Wyckoff, R. W. G.: The Fine Structure of Connective Tissues , in Transactions of the Third Macy Foundation Conference on Connective Tissues, Feb. 14-15, 1952 , edited by C. Ragan, New York, Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Publications, 1952, pp. 38-91. 53. Zweifach, B. W.: The Exchange of Materials Between Blood Vessels and Lymph Compartments , in Transactions of the Fifth Macy Foundation Conference on Connective Tissues, Feb. 8-10, 1954 , edited by C. Ragan, New York, Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Publications, 1954, pp. 38-77.

MAUMENEE, A. EDWARD

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1956.00930040565004pmid: 13361623

Abstract The term "collagen diseases" was first used by Klemperer1 to stress the importance of the connective tissue reaction in, and to stimulate investigation of, a group of diseases with heterologous clinical manifestations. The most obvious pathologic feature which is found in each of these diseases is a fibrinoid degeneration of the connective tissue. Neumann,2 in 1880, thought that this type of reaction was due to a transformation of the collagen fibers into fibrin-like material. Recently, however, Altshuler and Angevine3 have concluded that the homogenous ground substance, and not the collagen fiber, is the anatomic site of the connective tissue alteration and that the fibrinoid deposits are a result of a precipitation of mucopolysaccharides by the action of a basic protein. Thus, it appears that the term "systemic diseases of the connective tissue" or "dysgammaglobulinemia" is a more appropriate designation than collagen diseases.4 However, since the term References 1. Klemperer, P.; Pollack, A. D., and Baehr, G.: Diffuse Collagen Diseases , J. A. M. A. 119:331, 1942.Crossref 2. Neumann, E.: The Picrocarmine Stain and Its Application to the Study of Inflammation , Arch. mikr. Anat. 18:130, 1880.Crossref 3. Altshuler, C. H., and Angevine, D. M.: Histochemical Studies on the Pathogenesis of Fibrinoid , Am. J. Path. 25:1061, 1949. 4. Ehrich, W. E.: Nature of Collagen Diseases , Am. Heart J. 43:121, 1952.Crossref 5. Klinge, F.: Rheumatism , Ergebn. allg. Path. u. path. Anat. 27:1, 1933. 6. Klemperer, P.: General Considerations of Collagen Diseases , in Asboe-Hansen, G.: Connective Tissue in Health and Disease , Copenhagen, Ejnar Munksgaards Forlag, 1954. 7. Stillerman, M. L.: Ocular Aspects of Diffuse Collagen Diseases , in Sorsby, A.: Modern Trends in Ophthalmology , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1955. 8. Vail, D.: Diffuse Collagen Diseases with Ocular Complications , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 72:155, 1952. 9. Tumulty, P. A.: Clinical Course of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus , J. A. M. A. 156:947, 1954.Crossref 10. Kiewe, P. L., and Hart, F. D.: Cytoid Bodies in the Retina in a Case of Malignant Disease , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 71:309, 1951. 11. Baehr, G., and Pollack, A. D.: Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus and Diffuse Scleroderma , J. A. M. A. 134:1169, 1947.Crossref 12. Bruce, G. M.: Temporal Arteritis as a Cause of Blindness: Review of the Literature and Report of a Case , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 47:300, 1949. 13. Zeek, P. M.: Periarteritis Nodosa: Critical Review , Am. J. Clin. Path. 22:777, 1952. 14. France, R.; Buchanan, R. N., Jr.; Wilson, M. W., and Sheldon, M. B., Jr.: Relapsing Iritis with Recurrent Ulcers of the Mouth and Genitalia (Behcet's Syndrome) , Medicine 30:335, 1951.Crossref

GUYTON, JACK S.

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1956.00930040571005pmid: 13361624

Abstract This paper will concern itself with differentiating between the six syndromes typically classified as collagen diseases. Other diseases with manifestations common to these will not be differentiated, or even enumerated. Ocular manifestations will be omitted. The approximate relative incidence of these six collagen diseases is as follows: Rheumatoid arthritis - - Rheumatic fever Lupus erythematosus - - - Periarteritis nodosa - - Dermatomyositis Scleroderma Some Features of the Collagen Diseases as a Group The collagen diseases are characterized by widespread focal lesions of connective tissue. They differ individually as to sites of predilection, and there are quantitative histopathological differences in the lesions. However, there is sufficient overlap that at times two or more collagen diseases appear histologically and clinically indistinguishable in their manifestations. This is more likely during early stages than later. Even more commonly, initial manifestations more or less characteristic of one collagen disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) may evolve into those typical of another (e.g., lupus References 1. Calkins, E., and Bauer, W.: The Protean Manifestations of the Connective Tissue Diseases , M. Clin. North America 39:325-338, 1955. 2. Hughes, W. F., Jr.: The Ocular Manifestations of Rheumatic Diseases , in Traut, E. F.: Rheumatic Diseases , St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1952, pp. 283-300. 3. Johnson, N. J., and Dodd, K.: Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis , M. Clin. North America 39:459-487, 1955. 4. Pike, R. M.; Sulkin, S. E., and Coggeshall, H. C.: The Hemagglutination Test for Rheumatoid Arthritis , M. Clin. North America 39:379-391, 1955. 5. Polley, H. F.: The Diagnosis and Treatment of Rheumatoid Spondylitis , M. Clin. North America 39:509-528, 1955. 6. Popper, H., and Lunseth, J. H.: The Collagen Diseases , in Traut, E. F.: Rheumatic Diseases , St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1952, pp. 156-178. 7. Rantz L. A.: The Streptococcal Etiology of Rheumatic Fever , M. Clin. North America 39:339-351, 1955. 8. Reynolds, W. E., and Short, C. L.: The Clinical Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis , M. Clin. North America 39:365-377, 1955. 9. Traut, E. F., and Campione, K. M.: Histopathology of Muscle in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Diseases , in Traut, E. F.: Rheumatic Diseases , St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1952, pp. 144-155. 10. Vail, D.: Diffuse Collagen Diseases with Ocular Complications , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 72:155-169, 1952.

CONTARDO, RENÉ

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1956.00930040576006pmid: 13361625

Abstract The evolution of the diseases which affect the collagen structures of the eye must be oriented in accordance with the study of the membranes richest in connective tissue—that is, the cornea, which contains more than 90%; the sclera and the iris; the ciliary body; the choroid; the retina, and the optic nerve, which are rich in connective tissue. The vitreous is not included, since it consists of a material similar to collagen. The diseases of these various membranes are worth studying in connection with generalized diseases, since careful observation of the ocular status in these diseases permits one to see exactly what occurs in other regions of the connective tissue, less accessible to direct examination. In a large percentage of cases the ocular involvement appears before the general disease becomes evident; hence the discovery of pathological lesions in the collagen structures of the eye, especially when a specific etiologic factor References 1. Anderson, B., and Margolis, G.: Am. J. Ophth. 35:917, 1952. 2. Appelmans, M.; Michiels, J., and van Assche, E.: Ophthalmologica 122:337, 1951.Crossref 3. Armas Cruz, R., and Harnecker, J. J.: Rev. méd. Chile , (Supp. 1) , p. 1, 1950. 4. Armas Cruz, R.; Harnecker, J., and Parrochia, E.: Rev. méd. Chile 80:449, 1952. 5. Ashton, N., and Hobbs, H. E.: Brit. J. Ophth. 36:373, 1952.Crossref 6. Baehr, G.; Klemperer, O., and Schifrin, A.: Tr. A. Am. Physicians 50:139, 1935. 7. Bauer, W., and Kulka, J. P., read before the Seventh International Congress on Rheumatic Diseases, New York, May 30-June 3, 1949. 8. Berardinis, E., and Bonavolonta, G.: Arch. ottal. 55:487, 1951. 9. Babel, J.: Ann. ocul. 179:540, 1946. 10. Berliner, M. L.: A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 47:250, 1952.Crossref 11. Burk, M.: Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 120:273, 1952. 12. Cadman, E. F. B., and Robertson, A. J.: Brit. M. J. 2:68, 1952.Crossref 13. Cecil, R.: A Text-Book of Medicine , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1944. 14. Charlin Correa, C.; read before the International Congress of Ophthalmology, Washington, D. C., April 25-28, 1922. 15. Charlin Correa, C.: Ann. ocul. 158:861, 1921. 16. Coburn, A. F., and Moore, D. H.: Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 73:196, 1943. 17. Contardo, R.: Curso de oftalmología, Escuela de Medicina , Universidad de Chile, Editorial Universitaria, 1953. 18. Contardo, R.: Esclerouveitis hiperplastica, read before the Ophthalmological Society of Chile, Oct. 3, 1953. 19. Contardo, R.: Enfermedades del colágeno , Arch. brasil. oftal. 17:114, 1954. 20. Contardo, R.: Fundamentos gonioscópicos en la pathogenia y circugía del glaucoma primitivo, Thesis, Santiago, Chile, 1955. 21. Costa, C.: Arteritis y flebitis de los vasos temporales, unpublished data, 1948. 22. Ducach, G., and Cranier, J., read before the Medical Society of Santiago, Sept. 15, 1950. 23. Duff, G. L.: Canad. M. A. J. 58:317, 1948. 24. Duke-Elder, W.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1941. 25. Duke-Elder, S.: Brit. J. Ophth. 35:637, 1951.Crossref 26. Ellman, P.; Weber, F. P., and Goodier, T. E. W.: Quart. J. Med. 20:33, 1951. 27. Espildora Luque, C.: Etiología del glaucoma primitivo, Thesis, School of Medicine, University of Chile, 1921. 28. Espildora Luque, C., read before the International Congress of Ophthalmology, Washington, D. C., April 25-28, 1922. 29. Espildora Luque, C.; Mosser, J., and Gormaz, A.: Arch. Soc. oftal. hispano-am. 8:333, 1948. 30. Espildora Luque, C., and Coutts, W.: Ojo y lifogranuloma venéreo , Santiago, Chile, Ed. Zig-Zag, 1947. 31. Fitzgerald, J. R.; Bellows, J. G.; Donegan, J. M.; Gamble, R. C.; Krause, A. C.; Mann, W. A.; Pearlman, M. D., and Zekman, T. N.: A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 45:320, 1951.Crossref 32. Frenkel, M.; Hellinga, G., and Groen, J.: Acta endocrinol. 6:161, 1951. 33. Fritz, M., in discussion on Calamandrei , G., and Ferrata, L.: Bull. et mém. Soc. franç. opht. , p. 468, 1951, p. 487. 34. Garreton Silva, A.: El Sindrome general de los glaucomatosos, Thesis, School of Medicine, University of Chile, 1923. 35. Goar, E. L., and Smith, L. S.: J.A.M.A. 148:889, 1952.Crossref 36. Hargraves, M. M.; Richmond, H., and Morton, R.: Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin. 23:25, 1948. 37. Hobbs, H. E.: Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 71:475, 1951. 38. Hollenhorst, R. W., and Henderson, J. W.: Am. J. M. Sc. 221:211, 1951.Crossref 39. Holm, S., and Stenstam, T.: Acta med. scandinav. 127:130, 1947. 40. Houwer, A. W. M.: Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 47:88, 1927. 41. Keith, N. M., and Rowntree, L. G.: Tr. Am. A. Physicians 37:487, 1922. 42. Klemperer, P.: Bull. New York Acad. Med. 23:581, 1947. 43. Klemperer, P.; Pollack, A. D., and Baehr, G.: J.A.M.A. 119:331, 1942.Crossref 44. Klemperer, P., read before the Seventh International Congress of Rheumatic Diseases. New York, May 30-June 3, 1949. 45. Klemperer, P.: Am. J. Path. 26:505, 1950. 46. Kratka, W. J.: Am. J. Ophth. 36:510, 1953. 47. Lackington, M. 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LEOPOLD, IRVING H.

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1956.00930040585007pmid: 13361626

Abstract Nature of Collagen Diseases Collagen diseases may be characterized as a group of disorders of unknown etiology that have in common histologic alterations of the connective tissues. They are of particular interest to the ophthalmologist because they frequently produce ocular changes. A typical connective tissue lesion in these diseases is fibrinoid degeneration. This common histopathologic change does not indicate a common etiology. Connective tissue may respond to a large variety of traumatic agents with only a few nonspecific reactions; thus various stimuli can produce the same changes in connective tissue. The reactions demonstrated by connective tissue are necrosis, fibrinoid alteration, cellular infiltration, sclerosis, proliferation, or various combinations of these. Nature of Collagen Diseases Klemperer has defined these collagen diseases as clinically unrelated conditions which are similar only in that most of them appear to be due to a hypersensitivity reaction and all have a peculiar fibrinoid degeneration of connective tissue. It is thought that References 1. Anderson, B., and Vallotton, W.: Etiology and Therapy of Retinal Vascular Occlusions , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 54:6, 1955.Crossref 2. Bayliss, R. I. S., and Steinbeck, A. W.: Salicylates and the Plasma Level of Adrenal Steroids , Lancet 1:1010, 1954.Crossref 3. Breck, E.; Fearmely, N. E.; Meacock, I., and Patley, H.: Phenylbutazone Therapy: Relation Between Toxic and Therapeutic Effects of Blood Level , Lancet 1:225, 1954.Crossref 4. Brodie, B. B.; Loman, E. W.; Burns, J. C.; Lee, T. R.; Chenkin, D.; Goldman, A.; Warner, M., and Steele, J. N.: Observations on Anti-Rheumatic and Physiologic Effects of Phenylbutazone (Butazoladine) and Some Comparisons with Cortisone , Am. J. Med. 16:181, 1954.Crossref 5. Comparison of Cortisone and Aspirin in the Treatment of Early Cases of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Joint Committee of the Medical Research Council and Nuffield Foundation on Clinical Trials of Cortisone and ACTH; Therapeutic Measures in Chronic Rheumatoid Diseases , Brit. M. J. 1:1223, 1954.Crossref 6. Done, A. K.; Ely, R. S., and Kelley, V. C.: Studies of 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids: III. Blood Levels in Salicylate Intoxication , J. Pediat. 44:153, 1954.Crossref 7. Dubois, E. L.: Quinacrine (Atabrine) in the Treatment of Systemic and Discoid Lupus Erythematosus , A.M.A. Arch. Int. Med. 94:131, 1954.Crossref 8. Ehrich, W. E.: Nature of Collagen Diseases , Am. Heart J. 43:121, 1952.Crossref 9. Gsell, O., and von Rechenberg, H. K.: Combined Therapy of Chronic Polyarthritis with Cortisone and Butazolidine , Schweiz. med. Wchnschr. 83:1079, 1953. 10. Kierland, R. R.; Brunsting, L. A., and O'Leary, P. 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A.; Meitus, M. L.; Capland, L., and Lev, M.: Death Following Phenylbutazone (Butazoladin) Therapy , Ann. Int. Med. 39:1096, 1953. 19. O'Brien, D. J., and Storey, G.: Death from Hypersensitivity Due to Phenylbutazone , Brit. M. J. 1:792, 1954. 20. Reinhardt, D. J., and Waldron, J. M.: Lupus Erythematosus-like Syndrome Complicating Hydralazine (Apresoline) Therapy , J.A.M.A. 155:1491, 1955. 21. Smith, M. J. H.; Gray, C. H., and Lunnon, J. B.: Urinary Excretion of Adrenocortical Steroids by Patients Receiving Salicylates , Lancet 1:1008, 1954.Crossref 22. Soffer, L. J.; Elster, S. K., and Hamerman, D. J.: Treatment of Acute Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus with Corticotropin and Cortisone , A.M.A. Arch. Int. Med. 93:503, 1954.Crossref 23. Spies, T. D.; Stone, R. E.; García López, G.; Díaz Tellechea, C. M.; López Toca, R.; Reboredo, A., and Suarez, R. 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W., and Haether, A. J.: Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis with P-Aminobenzoate and Acetylsalicylic Acid , A.M.A. Arch. Int. Med. 92:204, 1953.Crossref

DISCHE, ZACHARIAS

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1956.00930040595008pmid: 13361627

References 1. References 9 and 10. 2. References 67-69. 3. References 81 and 82. 4. References 85 and 86. 5. References 93 and 94. 6. References 100-102. 7. References 103 and 104. 8. References 124-126. 9. References 138 and 139. 10. References 145 and 146. 11. François, J., and Rabaey, M.: Proteins of Corneal Epithelium , Bull. Soc. belge opht. 108:641, 1955. 12. Münich, W., and Oswald, A.: Paper Electrophoresis Studies on Various Water-Soluble Organ Proteins of the Calf's Eye , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 156:547, 1955.Crossref 13. van den Hooff: Electron Microscopic Studies of Some Ophthalmic Fibrous Structures , Ophthalmologica 129:60, 1955.Crossref 14. Dohlman, C. H., and Balázs, E. A.: Chemical Studies on Descemet's Membrane of the Bovine Cornea , Arch. Biochem. 57:445, 1955.Crossref 15. Dohlman, C. H., and Boström, H.: Uptake of Sulfate by Mucopolysaccharides in the rat Cornea and Sclera , Acta ophth. 33:455, 1955.Crossref 16. Schiff, F. 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E.: The Effect of Aerobic Metabolism on the Movement of Water and Sodium in the Rabbit Cornea , J. Physiol. 128:43P, 1955. 25. Harris, J. E., and Nordquist, L. T.: The Hydration of the Cornea: I. The Transport of Water from the Cornea , Am. J. Ophth. 40:100 (Nov., (Pt. II) ) 1955. 26. Philpot, F. J.: Factors Affecting the Hydration of the Rabbit Cornea , J. Physiol. 128:504, 1955. 27. Smelser, G. K., and Chen, D. K.: Physiological Changes in Cornea Induced by Contact Lenses , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 53:676, 1955. 28. Smelser, G. K., and Chen, D. K.: A Comparative Study of the Structure and Hydration Properties of Corneas Adapted to Air and Aquatic Environments , Acta XVII Conc. Ophth. (1954) 1:44, 1955. 29. Maurice, D. M.: Influence on Corneal Permeability of Bathing with Solutions of Differing Reaction and Tonicity , Brit. J. Ophth. 39:463, 1955. 30. François, J., and Rabaey, M.: New Contribution to Physico- and Histochemical Studies of the Cornea , Acta XVII Conc. Ophth. (1954) 3:1739, 1955. 31. Grant, W. M., and Kern, H. L.: Action of Alkalies on the Corneal Stroma , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 54:931, 1955.Crossref 32. Guidry, M. A.; Allen, J. H., and Kelly, J. B.: Some Biochemical Characteristics of Acid Injury of the Cornea: I. Ascorbic Acid Studies , Am. J. Ophth. 40:111 (Nov. (Pt. II) ) 1955. 33. De Simone, S.: Oxygen Consumption and Anaerobic Glycolysis of the Rabbit Cornea in Experimental Neuroparalytic Keratitis , Boll. ocul. 34:129, 1955. 34. Sakai, M.: Ion Concentration of Living Corneas: III-IV , Acta Soc. ophth. japon. 59:632, 1955. 35. Wiesinger, H.; Kaunitz, H., and Slanetz, C. A.: Corneal Changes in Riboflavin-Deficient Rats , Ophthalmologica 129:389, 1955.Crossref 36. Rokhlina, M. L., and Zubarova, T. V.: Effect of Pantothenic Acid and of Vitamin B6 on Regeneration of the Corneal Epithelium , Bull. Exper. Biol. & Med., (Russian) 40:58, 1955. 37. Gandolf, A., and Montaldi, M.: The Possibility of Eliminating the Antiepithelializing Effect of Hydrocortisone by the Use of Chlorophyll , Arch. Ottol. 59:5, 1955. 38. Gezurian, Z. L., and Persoglia J. M.: Effects of Cortisone Acetate Instillation on the Corneal Epithelium of the Guinea Pig , Semana méd. 107:544, 1955. 39. Passmore, J. W., and King, J. H., Jr.: Vital Staining of Conjunctiva and Cornea: Review of Literature and Critical Study of Certain Dyes , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 53:568, 1955. 40. Lewke, J.: Pathways of Metabolic Exchange in the Cornea , Anat. Anz. 101:237, 1955. 41. Wislocki, G. B., and Ladman, A. Y.: The Demonstration of a Blood-Ocular Barrier in the Albino Rat by Means of the Intravitam Deposition of Silver , J. Biophys. & Biochem. Cytol. 1:501, 1955. 42. Rao, S. S.; Kulkarni, M. E.; Cooper, S. N., and Radnakrishnan, M. R: Analysis of Proteins of Bovine Lens, Vitreous, and Aqueous by Electrophoresis and by Oudin's Gel Diffusion Technique , Brit. J. Ophth. 39:163, 1955. 43. Keup, W., and Steiger, R.: Amino Acid Elements of Normal Human Aqueous Fluid Protein , Brit. J. Ophth. 39:503, 1955. 44. Davson, H.: A Comparative Study of the Aqueous Humour and Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Rabbit , J. Physiol. 129:111, 1955. 45. Davson, H.: Adsorption of Thiocyanate to the Plasma Proteins: With Special Reference to the Distribution of This Ion Between Aqueous Humour and Plasma , Brit. J. Ophth. 39:681, 1955. 46. Friedenwald, J. S., and Becker, B.: Aqueous Humor Dynamics: Theoretical Considerations , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 54:799, 1955. 47. Lee, P. M.: The Effect of a Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition on the pH, Bicarbonate, and CO2 Concentrations in Blood and Aqueous Humour , J. Physiol. 128:80P, 1955. 48. Gloster, J.: The Effect of a Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor on the Intraocular Pressure in Rabbits , J. Physiol. 128:77P, 1955. 49. Davson, H., and Luck, C. P.: The Distribution of Bicarbonate between Aqueous Humour, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma in Several Mammalian Species , J. Physiol. 130:48P, 1955. 50. Langham, M. E.: Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor on the Circulation of the Aqueous Humour , J. Physiol. 128:78P, 1955. 51. Becker, B., and Constant, M. A.: Experimental Tonography: The Effect of the Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor Acetazoleamide on Aqueous Flow , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 54:321, 1955.Crossref 52. Becker, B.: The Effects of the Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor, Acetazoleamide, on the Composition of the Aqueous Humor , Am. J. Ophth. 40:129 (Nov., (Pt. II) ) 1955. 53. Kinsey, V. E.; Camacho, E.; Cavanaugh, G. A., and Constant, M. A.: Diamox and Intraocular Fluid Dynamics , Am. J. Ophth. 40:147 (Nov., (Pt. II) ) 1955. 54. Appelmans, M. J.: Aqueous Humor of the Rabbit Following Administration of Diamox , Bull. Soc. belge ophth. 108:521, 1955. 55. Falbriand, A.; Zender, R.; Sauz, M. C., and Franceschetti, A.: The Potassium and Sodium of the Aqueous Humor of the Rabbit and Their Variations Under the Influence of Catazoleamide , Experientia 11:232, 1955.Crossref 56. Falbriand, A.; Sauz, M. C.; Zender, R., and Franceschetti, A.: Action of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor, Diamox, on the pH of Aqueous Humor , Experientia 11:385, 1955.Crossref 57. Sugar, S., and Fainstein, S.: The Coefficient of Outflow of Aqueous: With the Water Test and Following the Use of Diamox , Am. J. Ophth. 40:693 (Nov., (Pt. I) ) 1955. 58. Weinstein, P., and Forgáes, J.: Data Concerning the Mechanism of the Eye Tension Lowering Effect of Diamox , Ophthalmologica 130:159, 1955.Crossref 59. Green, H.; Bocher, C. A.; Calnan, A. F., and Leopold, I. H.: Carbonic Anhydrase and the Maintenance of Intraocular Tension , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 53:463, 1955.Crossref 60. Green, H.; Bocher, C. A., and Leopold, I. H.: Carbonic Anhydrase and the Elaboration of Bicarbonate Ion in the Rabbit Eye , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 53:472, 1955.Crossref 61. Friedenwald, J. S.: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition and Aqueous Flow , Am. J. Ophth. 39:59 (April, (Pt. II) ) 1955. 62. Friedenwald, J. S.: Current Studies on Acetazoleamide (Diamox) and Aqueous Humor Flow , Am. J. Ophth. 40:139 (Nov., (Pt. II) ) 1955. 63. Green, H.; Sawyer, J. L., and Leopold, I. H.: Determination of Acetazoleamide in Aqueous Humor of the Rabbit Eye , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 53:478, 1955.Crossref 64. Ballintine, E. J., and Maren, T. H.: Carbonic Anhydrase Activity and the Distribution of Diamox in the Rabbit Eye , Am. J. Ophth. 40:148 (Nov., (Pt. II) ) 1955. 65. Kinsey, V. E.; Camacho, E.; Cavanaugh, G. A.; Constant, M., and McGinty, D. A.: Dependence of IOP-Lowering Effect of Acetazoleamide on Salt , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 53:680, 1955.Crossref 66. Green, H.; Sawyer, J. L., and Leopold, I. H.: Investigation of Corticosteroids in the Aqueous Humor of Normal Animal Eyes: II. Further Observations , Am. J. Ophth. 39:871, 1955. 67. Green, H.; Kromau, H. S., and Leopold, I. H.: Corticosteroids in the Aqueous Humor of the Rabbit; Paper Chromatography , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 54:853, 1955.Crossref 68. Foss, R. H.: Local Application of Diamox: An Experimental Study of Its Effect on the Intraocular Pressure , Am. J. Ophth. 39:336, 1955. 69. Gloster, J., and Perkins, E. S.: Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor (Diamox) on Intraocular Pressure of Rabbits and Cats , Brit. J. Ophth. 39:647, 1955.Crossref 70. Green, H., and Leopold, I. H.: Effects of Locally Administered Diamox , Am. J. Ophth. 40:137 (Nov., (Pt. II) ) 1955. 71. Kinsey, V. E.; Palm, E., and Cavanaugh, G. A.: Mechanism of Posterior and Anterior Aqueous Humor Formation , Acta XVII Conc. Ophth. (1954) p. 1572, 1955. 72. Friedenwald, J. S.: Ascorbic Acid and Aqueous Flow , Acta XVII Conc. Ophth. (1954) p. 1598, 1955. 73. Böhringer, H. R., and Schelling, F.: The Ascorbic Acid Content of the Normal Aqueous and Aqueous with Inflammation in Man , Ophthalmologica 129:275, 1955.Crossref 74. Bárány, E. H., and Langham, M. E.: On the Origin of the Ascorbic Acid in the Aqueous Humor of Guinea Pigs and Rabbits , Acta physiol. scandinav. 34:99, 1955.Crossref 75. Langham, M. E.: The Use of Ascorbic Acid to Measure the Rate of Flow of Plasma Through the Ciliary Processes , J. Physiol. 130:1, 1955. 76. Ridge, J. W.: Sodium and Chloride of the Aqueous Humour of Normal and Scorbutic Guinea Pigs , Brit. J. Ophth. 39:534, 1955.Crossref 77. Auricchio, G.: Present Views on the Physiology of Intra-Ocular Fluids: I. Current Status of the Theory of Secretion , Boll. ocul. 34:257, 1955. 78. Auricchio, G.: Present Views on the Physiology of Intra-Ocular Fliuds: II. Determination of the Rate of Aqueous Humor Outflow , Boll. ocul. 34:277, 1955. 79. Auricchio, G.: Present Views on the Physiology of Intra-Ocular Fliuds: III. Origin of Ascorbic Acid in Intra-Ocular Fliuds , Boll. ocul. 34:287, 1955. 80. Bárány, E. H.: Studies on Aqueous Outflow , Acta XVII Conc. Ophth. (1954) 3:1546, 1955. 81. Bárány, E. H., and Woodin, A. M.: Hyaluronic Acid and Hyaluronidase in the Aqueous Humor and the Angle of the Anterior Chamber , Acta physiol. scandinav. 33: 257, 1955.Crossref 82. Tagaki, Y., and Kujo, G.: Studies on the Activity of Hyaluronidase in the Uvea and the Aqueous Humor , Acta Soc. ophth. japon. 59:167, 1955. 83. Sutcliff, F. P., and Hamilton, R. H.: Variations in Concentration of Ions in Aqueous Humor, Following Paracentesis in the Contralateral Eye , Am. J. Ophth. 39: 517, 1955. 84. Auricchio, G.: Contribution to the Knowledge of the Physiology of Intraocular Fluids: The Behavior of the Alkaline Reserve in Some Experimental Conditions , Gior. ital. oftal. 8:103, 1955. 85. Seki, S.: Studies on the Content of Urea in the Aqueous Humour: IT-VI , Acta Soc. ophth. japon. 59:275, 1955. 86. Ito, Y.: Biochemical Studies on Accommodation: II. Pyruvate in the Aqueous Humour , Acta Soc. ophth. japon. 59:272, 1955. 87. Inamochi, J.: Fluorescein Permeability of the Blood Aqueous Barrier , Acta Soc. ophth. japon. 59:98, 1955. 88. Viikari, K.: Studies of the Cholinesterase Activity of the Aqueous Humor in Man and Some Animals, with Special Reference to the Influence of Certain Anticholesterases on It , Ann. med. exper. et biol. Fenniae ( (Supp. 4) ) 33:1, 1955. 89. Ross, E. J.: Insulin-like Effect of Anterior Pituitary Extract in Accelerating the Transfer of Glucose Across the Blood-Aqueous Barrier , J. Physiol. 127:247, 1955. 90. Kishimoto, M.; Ito, M.; Nakajima, N., and Hyodo, K.: Effect of Antuiturin upon the Thiamine Content of the Spinal and Intraocular Fluids , Acta Soc. ophth. japon. 59: 34, 1955. 91. Schmerl, E.; Dietz, A. A., and Steinberg, B.: Mechanism of Miopiesin Formation , Am. J. Ophth. 39:684, 1955. 92. Schmerl, E., and Steinberg, B.: Quantitative Effects of Miopiesin and Hyperpiesin on Intraocular Pressure , Am. J. Ophth. 39:547, 1955. 93. D'Ermo, E.: Blood Aqueous Barrier Permeability During Anaphylactic Shock in the Rabbit , Boll. ocul. 34:138, 1955. 94. Chodos, J. B.: Effect of Phenylbutazone and Synopen on the Blood-Aqueous Barrier in Rabbits , Internat. Arch. Allergy 7:92, 1955.Crossref 95. Küchle, H. J.: Experimental Basis for an Optimal PAS Therapy in Ophthalmology: II. The PAS Content of Aqueous Humor in Different Types of Local Administration and Under the Effect of Measures for Increasing the Permeability of the Cornea and of the Blood Aqueous Barrier , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 156:261, 1955.Crossref 96. Küchle, H. J.: Experimental Basis for an Optimal PAS Therapy in Ophthalmology: III. PAS Content in Aqueous Humor of Eyes Changed by Inflammation and in Different Organic Tissues , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 156:272, 1955.Crossref 97. Steiger, R. M.; Böhringer, H. R., and Wunderly, C.: Quantitative and Electrophoretic Studies of Newly Formed Aqueous Humor in Human Eyes , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 126:490, 1955. 98. Milkman, R. D., and Kennedy, D.: Modification of Spectral Sensitivity by the Lens , Am. J. Physiol. 183:645, 1955. 99. François, J.; Rabaey, M., and Wieme, R. J.: New Method for the Fractionation of Lens Proteins , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 53:481, 1955.Crossref 100. Francois, J.; Rabaey, M.; Wieme, R., and Evens, L.; Electrophoretic Study of the Effect of pH on Lens Proteins , Bull. Soc. beige opht. 108:658, 1955. 101. Szent-György, A.: Fluorescent Globulin of the Lens , Biochim. et biophys. acta 16:167, 1955.Crossref 102. Stemmarmann, W., and Wallner, A.: Electrophoretic Studies on the Development of the Lens of the Chick , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 156:630, 1955.Crossref 103. Fromageot, P., and Sivehis, J.: Isolation of a Homogenous Fraction of the Albumoid of Bovine Lens , Compt. rend. Acad. sc. 240:1730, 1955. 104. Sivehis, J.; Fromageot, P., and Petit, L.: Protein Composition of Albuminoid of the Crystalline Lens of Cattle , Compt. rend. Acad. sc. 241:1345, 1955. 105. Fromageot, P., and Prioux, H.: Demonstration of Proteases in the Lens of the Rat , Compt. rend. Acad. sc. 241:513, 1955. 106. Wieme, R: J., and Kaminski, M.: Study of the Antigenic Composition of Aqueous Extracts of Bovine Lens , Bull. Soc. chim. biol. 37:247, 1955. 107. Ujejski, L., and Glegg, R. E.: Carbohydrates in Thryglobulin and the Lens Capsule , Canad. J. Biochem. & Physiol. 33:199, 1955. 108. Kinoshita, J. H.: Carbohydrate Metabolism of Lens , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 54: 360, 1955. 109. Mandel, P., and Klethi, J.: Presence of a System of Direct Oxidation of Glucose6-Phosphate in the Lens , Compt. rend. Acad. sc. 241:710, 1955. 110. Green, H.; Bocher, C. A., and Leopold, I. H.: Anaerobic Carbohydrate Metabolism of the Crystalline Lens: I. Glucose and Glucose-6-Phosphate , Am. J. Ophth. 39: 106 (Feb., (Pt. II) ) 1955. 111. Green, H.; Bocher, C. A., and Leopold, I. H.: Anaerobic Carbohydrate Metabolism of the Crystalline Lens: II. Fructose Diphosphate , Am. J. Ophth. 39:113 (Feb., (Pt. II) ) 1955. 112. Green, H.; Bocher, C. A., and Leopold I. H.: Anaerobic Carbohydrate Metabolism of the Crystalline Lens: III. Triosephosphate, Phosphoglycerate, and Phosphoenolpyruvate , Am. J. Ophth. 40:237 (Nov., (Pt. II) ) 1955. 113. Dische, Z., and Ehrlich, G.: The Breakdown of Glucose and Its Phosphoric Esters in the Bovine Lens Capsule , Am. J. Ophth. 39:99 (Feb., (Pt. II) ) 1955. 114. Dische, Z.: Metabolic Processes in the Lens Capsule of Beef and Rabbit , Acta XVII Cone. Ophth. 2:977, 1955. 115. Hauschildt, J. D.; Harris, J. E., and Nordquist, L. T.: Changes in the Phosphate Fractions of the Lens Under Various Conditions Which Influence Cation Transport , Am. J. Ophth. 39:155 (Feb., (Pt. II) ) 1955. 116. Ozaki, S.: Energy Development in the Lens and Its Role in the Regulation of Osmotic Pressure , Acta Soc. ophth. japon. 59:621, 1955. 117. Schwartz, B., and Leinfelder, P. J.: Ascorbic-Dehydroascorbic Acid as an Oxidation-Reduction System: In the Maintenance of the Metabolism of Lens Cultured in Vitro; I. Weight and Cation Equilibrium , Am. J. Ophth. 40:224 (Nov., (Pt. II) ) 1955. 118. Harris, J. E.; Hauschildt, J. D., and Nordquist, L. T.: Transport of Glucose Across the Lens Surfaces , Am. J. Ophth. 39:161 (Feb., (Pt. II) ) 1955. 119. Kleifeld, O.; Müller, H. K.; Hoekwin, O.; Areus, P.; Fuchs, R., and Dardenne, U.: The Importance of Capsule and Epithelium in Phosphate Uptake by the Lens , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 156:443, 1955.Crossref 120. Kliefeld, O.; Müller, H. K.; Dardenne, U.; Fuchs, R.; Hoekwin, O., and Areus, P.: The Breakdown of P32 into Electrophoretically Separable Phosphate Fractions by the Normal Lens , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 156:453, 1955.Crossref 121. Kleifeld, O.; Hoekwin, O., and Areus, P.: On the Question of an Action Metabolism of the Lens von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 156:467, 1955.Crossref 122. Hans, W.; Hoekwin, O., and Kleifeld, O.: Determination of the O2 Consumption of the Lens by Polarography , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 157:72, 1955.Crossref 123. Schwarz, Y., and Goldberg, L.: Galactose-1-Phosphate in Galactose Cataract , Biochem. et biophys. acta 18:310, 1955.Crossref 124. Tojo, H.: Developmental Mechanism in Galactose Cataract , Acta Soc. ophth. japon. 59:933, 1955. 125. Van Heyningen, R.; Pirie, A., and Blackwell, J.: Effect of Cocarboxylase on the Development of Galactose Cataract in Rats , Brit. J. Ophth. 39:37, 1955.Crossref 126. Nordmann, J., and Mandel, P.: Enzyme Studies in Radiation Cataract , Am. J. Ophth. 40:871, 1955. 127. Pirie, A.; Van Heyningen, R., and Flanders, P. H.: Changes in Lens During the Formation of X-Ray Cataract in Rabbits: III. Phosphates , Biochem. J. 61:341, 1955. 128. Daisley, K. W.: Synthesis of Glutathione by Normal and X-Irradiated Lens , Biochem. J. 60:XL, 1955. 129. Telkkä, A.: Histochemically Demonstrable Sulfhydryl Groups in the Ocular Tissues of Normal Rat and After X-Ray Irradiation with Special Reference to the Lens , Acta path. et microbiol. scandinav. 36:21, 1955.Crossref 130. Müller, H. K.; Kleifeld, O.; Fuchs, R.; Dardenne, H.; Hoekwin, O., and Areus. P.: The Breakdown of Radiophosphorus into Electrophoretically Separable Phosphate Fractions of the Lens, Relative to Age and to Poisoning with Naphthalene, Dinitrophenol and Alloxan , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 156:460, 1955.Crossref 131. Odabara, H.: Mechanism of Cataract Development in Alloxan Diabetic Animals , Acta Soc. ophth. japon. 59:576, 1955. 132. Orsalesi, F.; Pirodda, A., and Miglior, M.: Possibility of Interaction Between the Lens Protein and Other Proteins , Gior. ital. oftal. 8:272, 1955. 133. Orsalesi, F.; Miglior, M., and Pirodda, A.: Lens Opacities Caused in Vitro by Basic Proteins , Gior. ital. oftal. 8:281, 1955. 134. Orsalesi, F.; Pirodda, A., and Miglior, M.: Permeability of Isolated Capsule of Calf and Horse to Electronegative and Electropositive Proteins , Gior. ital. oftal. 8:265, 1955. 135. Orsalesi, F., and Miglior, M.: Influence of Blood Serum on the Permeability of the Lens Capsule to Glucose , Gior. ital. oftal. 8:202, 1955. 136. Orsalesi, F., and Pirodda, A.: Investigation on the Permeability of the Lens Capsule to the Protein of Blood Serum , Gior. ital. oftal. 8:191, 1955. 137. Tron, L. S., and Tartakovskaja, R. Z.: The Action of Certain Hormones on the Lens , Vestnik oftal. 34:20, 1955. 138. Cascio, G., and Ponte, F.: Investigations on the Permeability of the Lens Capsule in Some Experimental Retinopathies , Rass. ital. ottal. 24:33, 1955. 139. Kinsey, V. E.; Wachtl, C.; Constant, M. A., and Camacho, E.: Studies on the Crystalline Lens: VI. Mitotic Activity in the Epithelia of Lenses Cultured in Various Media , Am. J. Ophth. 40:216 (Nov., (Pt II) ) 1955. 140. Davson, H.: Nutrition of the Lens by Way of the Aqueous Humour , Acta XVII Conc. Ophth. (1954) 3:1977, 1955. 141. Woodin, A. M., and Boruchoff, S. A.: Particle Interaction in Solutions Derived from Ox Vitreous Humor , J. Biophys. & Biochem. Cytol. 1:489, 1955. 142. Jensen, C. E.; Koefoed, J.; Vilstrup, G., and Vilstrup, T.: Hyaluronic Acid: X. Flow of Elasticity and Flow Potentials in the Corpus Vitreum , Acta ophth. 33:395, 1955. 143. Dische, Z., and Zelmanes, G.: Polysaccharides of the Vitreous Fibers , A.M.A. Arch. Ophth. 54:528, 1955. 144. Laurent, T. C.: Studies on Hyaluronic Acid in the Vitreous Body , J. Biol. Chem. 216:263, 1955. 145. Varga, L.: Studies on Hyaluronic Acid Prepared from the Vitreous Body , J. Biol. Chem. 217:651, 1955. 146. Brunish, R.; Rowen, J. W., and Irvine, S. R.: Proteins and Hyaluronic Acid in Beef Vitreous Humor , Tr. Am. Ophth. 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1956 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1956.00930040643009

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract SOCIETY NEWS Société francaise d'ophtalmologie. —The French Society of Ophthalmology held its 63d yearly meeting in Paris, May 6 through 10, 1956. There were as usual a great number of foreign members, mostly from Europe but also from the Western Hemisphere.This year the main paper (rapport) was by Paul Bregeat, on Papilledema.This is a very large book, of 862 pages with 170 figures and 14 colored plates. (This book is distributed free of charge to all members of the French Society. Nonmembers can obtain it by applying either to the Treasurer of the Society: Dr. J. Charpentier, 28, rue Vignon, Paris 9, or to the publisher: Masson & Cie, 120 boulevard Saint-Germain, Paris 6. The price of the volume is 8000 francs.) It is divided in four parts. The first contains chapters on anatomy and physiology of the disc, the optic nerve, and cerebral vascularisation; on general physio-pathology

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1956.00930040646010

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract This small book is a fairly technical discussion of how the distribution of the intensity of light within the retinal image can be determined. The first-order effects and roles played by out-of-focus images, diffraction, axial chromatic aberration, chromatic dispersion, small astigmatism, spherical aberration, and pupil size in this distribution are developed analytically. The consideration deals with point sources of light, the straight line boundary between light and dark areas, and luminous line objects. It is assumed at the outset that the simple distribution of light within the image can be described by the normal error-distribution curve. From this as a basis an "index of blur" is defined. Much of the book then is concerned with determining the variation of this index under the influence of the different factors listed above. The discussion of the characteristics of the retinal image due to diffraction alone in out-of-focus images is particularly interesting. Similarly,