A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

HILDING, A. C.

1954 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1954.00920050499001pmid: 13196759

Abstract THERE HAVE been many studies on the vitreous body; yet it is incompletely understood. It undoubtedly plays a large role in ocular pathology and in the complications after ocular surgery. The present study is an attempt to visualize and analyze the physiologic movements of the vitreous during ocular rotations. The anatomic characteristics and relations of the vitreous are difficult to ascertain because of its transparency and its perishable nature. Numerous studies have been made during the past century, the results of which are not uniform; in fact, the conclusions in some respects are rather contradictory and confusing. Best,7 who made an outstanding anatomic study nearly 50 years ago, was aware of a relation of the vitreous to retinal detachment, and his concept of the vitreous structure seems to be rather close to that which is presently held. Among the more recent excellent contributions are those of Friedenwald and Stiehler, References 1. References 24 and 25. 2. References 9 and 10. 3. References 16 and 18. 4. References 24 and 25. 5. References 7 and 22. 6. During these dissections it was found that the anterior attachment of the vitreous at the base was so firm and strong that the ciliary body and iris were badly torn in attempting to separate it. The attachment at the optic nerve was so weak that it separated easily during the manipulations incidental to dissection. 7. Any good physics textbook may be consulted, such as that of Hausmann and Slack.27 8. There are some centrifugal forces involved, especially when the velocity is high, but they are probably not of much significance. 9. Anderson, J. R.: Holes in the "Posterior Hyaloid Membrane" of the Vitreous: Report of a Case , Brit. J. Ophth. 17:460-466 ( (Aug.) ) 1933.Crossref 10. Appleby, R., and Pischel, D. K.: Review of 100 Cases of Retinal Detachment , Am. J. Ophth. 31:796-804 ( (July) ) 1948. 11. Bembridge, B. A.; Crawford, G. N. C., and Pirie, A.: Phase Contrast Microscopy of Animal Vitreous Body , Brit. J. Ophth. 36:131-142 ( (March) ) 1952.Crossref 12. Salgado Benavides, E.: Contribución a la biomicroscopía del cuerpo vitreo normal , Arch. Soc. oftal. hispano-am. 4:1082-1106 ( (Nov.) ) 1944. 13. Berens, C.: The Eye and Its Diseases , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1949, pp. 33-34. 14. Berliner, M. L.: Biomicroscopic Examination of Vitreous , Eye, Ear, Nose & Throat Month. 22:455-462 ( (Dec.) ) 1943. 15. Best, F.: Der Glaskörper bei Augenbewegungen, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Aetiologie der Netzhautablösung , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 12:539-545, 1904. 16. Cowan, A.: Concerning a Membrane, Between the Vitreous and the Anterior Chamber, Seen After Removal of the Crystalline Lens and Its Capsule , Am. J. Ophth. 15:125-129 ( (Feb.) ) 1932. 17. Cowan, A., and Fry, W. D.: The Hyaloid Membrane of Vitreous , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 36:159-170, 1931. 18. Cowan, A., and Fry, W. D.: The Hyaloid Membrane of the Vitreous , Am. J. Ophth. 15:428-433 ( (May) ) 1932. 19. Cowan, A., and McDonald, R.: After-Cataract , Arch. Ophth. 22:1074-1078 ( (Dec.) ) 1939. 20. de Vries, S.: Retinal Hemorrhages in Posterior Vitreous Detachment , Ophthalmologica 122:245-248 ( (Oct.) ) 1951. 21. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , Vol. I, St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1933, pp. 113 and 611. 22. Friedenwald, J., and Stiehler, P.: Structure of Vitreous , Arch. Ophth. 14:789 ( (Nov.) ) 1935. 23. Goldman, H.: Slitlamp Examination of Vitreous and Fundus , Brit. J. Ophth. 33:242-245, 1949. 24. Grignola, A.: Fibrous Components of Vitreous Body , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 47:760-774 ( (June) ) 1952. 25. Guillery: Über die Schnelligkeit der Augenbewegungen , Arch. ges. Physiol. 73:87-116, 1898. 26. Irvine, S. R.: A Newly Defined Vitreous Syndrome Following Cataract Surgery , Am. J. Ophth. 36:599-619 ( (May) ) 1953. 27. Lindner, K.: Zur Klinik des Glaskörpers: Glaskörper und Netzhautabhebung , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 137:157-202, 1937 28. Yearbook of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat , pp. 15-16, 1938. 29. Lyle, D. J.: Detachment of Internal Limiting Membrane of Retina (Hyaloid Membrane) , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 39:201-217, 1934. 30. Mann, I. C.: The Nature and Boundaries of the Vitreous Humor , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 47:172-215, 1927. 31. Mann, I. C.: Development of the Human Eye , Ed. 2, London, Cambridge University Press, 1949, Fig. 157a. 32. Matoltsy, A. G.; Gross, J., and Grignola, A.: Study of Fibrous Components of Vitreous Body with Electron Microscope , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 76:857-860 ( (April) ) 1951. 33. Pirie, A.: Ox Vitreous Humor: Hyaluronic Acid Relationship , Brit. J. Ophth. 33:271-273, 1949.Crossref 34. Pirie, A.; Schmidt, G., and Waters, J. W.: Ox Vitreous Humor: Residual Protein , Brit. J. Ophth. 32:321-339 ( (June) ) 1948.Crossref 35. Adler, F. H.: Physiology of the Eye , C. V. Mosby Company, 1950, p. 394. 36. Hausmann, E., and Slack, E. P.: Physics , Ed. 2, New York, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1939, p. 99.

HAVENER, WILLIAM H.;FALLS, HAROLD F.

1954 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1954.00920050517002pmid: 13196760

Abstract OXYPHENONIUM (Antrenyl), a synthetic quaternary ammonium salt (diethyl [2-hydroxyethyl] methylammonium bromide α-phenylcyclohexaneglycolate), is a powerful mydriatic and cycloplegic drug. Its anticholinergic pharmacologic effects are essentially the same as those of atropine and are obtainable with approximately the same concentration of drug.1 Oxyphenonium is stable in tablet or solution and may be administered topically, orally, or parenterally. It is freely soluble in water and almost completely insoluble in nonpolar solvents. Oxyphenonium has been used clinically in the therapy of peptic ulcer and allied digestive disorders2 and as a preanesthetic medication. LABORATORY EVALUATION OF OXYPHENONIUM Excellent mydriasis, persisting for four to eight days, is produced in adult albino rabbits by a single ocular instillation of one drop of 5% oxyphenonium bromide in 1: 5,000 benzalkonium (Zephiran) chloride. This mydriasis is complete within an hour. A 1% oxyphenonium solution produces complete mydriasis for two days, with return to normal by the References 1. Hurwitz, Paul: Personal communication to the authors. 2. Plummer, A. J.; Barrett, W. E.; Rutledge, R., and Yonkman, F. F.: Pharmacologic Properties of Ba-5473, Phenylcyclohexyl Oxyacetic Acid Ester of Diethylaminomethyl Bromide, to be published; available as reprint from Ciba Pharmaceutical Products, Inc., Summit, N. J. 3. Rogers, M. P., and Gray, C. L.: A New Anti-Ulcer Drug , Am. J. Digest. Dis. 19:180-185 ( (June) ) 1952.Crossref

ABRAHAMSON, IRA A.;HURWITZ, PAUL

1954 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1954.00920050521003pmid: 13196761

Abstract THE CONSTANT search for new synthetic mydriatic and cycloplegic drugs as substitutes for homatropine and atropine continues to stimulate the investigator. Most recently, cyclopentylate (Cyclogyl)1 and its allied chemicals* have met with some degree of success as short-acting cycloplegic replacements for homatropine. Other similar-acting agents,5 whose initial effectiveness proved illusory, have, however, attained limited, though valuable, purposes in the ophthalmological armamentarium. Several such drugs are hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine), phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine), eucatropine (Euphthalmine), and Dibutoline.6 There is no adequate long-acting synthetic cycloplegic substitute for atropine. Only BL 1397 (β-β-diphenyl-γ-dimethylaminovaleramide) approaches the efficacy of atropine in its autonomic ganglion-blocking action and its cycloplegic-mydriatic effect. However, it has not been made available. Oxyphenonium (Antrenyl), as a potential substitute for atropine, came to our attention during the clinical study of its systemic administration, because of its side-reactions—dryness of the mouth and pupillary dilation. The prolonged cycloplegic and mydriatic action of this References 1. References 2, 3, and 4. 2. Continued investigation of 5% oxyphenonium in an ointment base has resulted elimination of the burning sensation, thus making possible a wider use of the drug. 3. Priestley, B. S., and Medine, M. M.: A New Mydriatic and Cycloplegic Drug: Compound 75 G.T. , Am. J. Ophth. 34:572-574 ( (April) ) 1951. 4. Abraham, S. V.: Use of Several New Drugs as Substitutes for Homatropine , Am. J. Ophth. 36:69-74 (June, (Pt. 2) ) 1953. 5. Stolzar, I. H.: A New Group of Cycloplegic Drugs: Further Studies , Am. J. Ophth. 36:110-112 ( (Jan.) ) 1953. 6. Milder, B., and Riffenburgh, R. S.: An Evaluation of Cyclogyl (Compound 75 GT) , Am. J. Ophth. 36:1724-1726 ( (Dec.) ) 1953. 7. Feldman, J. B., Mydriatics: A Clinical Observation , Arch. Ophth. 41:42-59 ( (Jan.) ) 1949.Crossref 8. Gettes, B. C.: Dibutoline Sulfate: Comparative Clinical Study of Cycloplegic Effects , Arch. Ophth. 43:446-453 ( (March) ) 1950.Crossref 9. Drucker, A. P., and Vazort, R. J.: Clinical Trial of a New Atropine-Like Drug , Am. J. Ophth. 34:847-850 ( (June) ) 1951. 10. Moncreiff, W. F., and Scheribel, K. J.: Further Studies Concerning Homatropine Cycloplegia and Paredrine with Special Reference to Rate of Accommodative Recovery , Am. J. Ophth. 25:839-843 ( (July) ) 1942.

SLOAN, LOUISE L.;ALTMAN, ADELAIDE

1954 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1954.00920050526004pmid: 13196762

Abstract SEVERAL previous investigations * have compared tests purporting to measure the efficiency of binocular depth perception and have attempted by statistical procedures, i.e., by techniques of correlation and, in some cases, by factor analysis, to determine the extent to which the scores agree with one another in measuring individual differences in the efficiency of depth perception. In general these studies have shown poor agreement in the measures provided by different tests, especially when subjects with subnormal visual acuity were excluded. From a consideration of the many factors involved in the visual discrimination of differences in distance, it appears that this function is a complex one and that various tests might therefore all be valid measures of somewhat different aspects of depth perception. In the present study, several representative tests have been investigated from an analytical rather than from a statistical point of view in order to determine what particular aspects of References 1. References 1 to 6. 2. References 7 and 8. 3. References 9 through 11. 4. References 17 and 22. 5. The evidence from our own investigations, presented in a later section of this paper, indicates that the thresholds of some subjects are slightly lower when rods of equal width are substituted for the unequal rods of the standard test. 6. References 24 and 25. 7. References 28 and 30. 8. If vertically aligned test targets are substituted for the laterally separate ones, constant errors may still occur, attributable in this case to cyclophorias, declination errors, etc.29 9. Whether or not the constant-error score should also be considered depends upon the circumstances. In the selection of men to operate stereoscopic range finders, for example, a high constant error is probably of no significance, provided the sensitivity to differences in depth is adequate. 10. Because of difficulties in reproduction, the angular disparities of the three items in each test group vary slightly. 11. Under the standard conditions recommended for administration of the Vision Tester, failure on the depth test can be assumed, and the test therefore omitted, when an obvious deficiency in binocular vision is revealed by the preliminary fusion test. 12. Warren, N.: A Comparison of Standard Tests of Depth Perception , Am. J. Optom. 17:208-211, 1940.Crossref 13. Fowler, H. M.; Imus, H. A., and Mote, F. A.: Inter-Relationships Among Seven Tests of Stereoscopic Acuity and the Relationship Between Two Tests of Visual Acuity and Two Tests of Phorias , Office of Publication Board, Publication Board No. 27297, Department of Commerce, 1944. 14. Sloane, A. E., and Gallagher, J. R.: Evaluation of Stereopsis: A Comparison of the Howard-Dolman and the Verhoeff Test , Arch. Ophth. 34:357-359, 1945.Crossref 15. Adjutant General's Office Personnel Research Section: Studies in Visual Acuity, PRS Report No. 742, 1948. 16. Imus, H. A.: Comparison of Ortho-Rater with Clinical Ophthalmic Examinations , J. Aviation Med. 20:2-23, 1949. 17. Olson, H. C.: A Factor Analysis of Depth Perception Test Scores of Male Subjects Having Normal Acuity , Report of North Carolina State Optometric Society, Raleigh, N. C., Feb. 17, 1952. 18. Ratoosh, P.: On Interposition as a Cue for the Perception of Distance , Proc. Nat. Acad. Sc. 35:257-259, 1949.Crossref 19. Chapanis, A., and McCleary, R. A.: Interposition as a Cue for the Perception of Relative Distances , J. Gen. Psychol. 48:113-132, 1953.Crossref 20. Graham, C. H.; Baker, K. E.; Hecht, M., and Lloyd, V. V.: Factors Influencing Thresholds for Monocular Movement Parallax , J. Exper. Psychol. 38:205-223, 1948.Crossref 21. Zegers, R. T.: Monocular Movement Parallax Thresholds as Functions of Field Size, Field Position, and Speed of Stimulus Movement , J. Psychol. 26:477-498, 1948.Crossref 22. Colenbrander, M. C.: Accuracy of Depth Perception Through Movement Parallax , Ophthalmologica 118:1039-1041, 1949. 23. Ogle, K. N.: Disparity Limits of Stereopsis , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 48:50-60, 1952.Crossref 24. Wright, W. D.: Role of Convergence in Stereoscopic Vision , Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. B 64:289-297, 1951.Crossref 25. Manual of Instructions: Armed Forces Vision Tester , Ann Arbor, Mich., Armed Forces NRC Vision Committee, 1952. 26. Deyo, B. V.: Monocular and Binocular Judgment of Distance , Am. J. Ophth. 5:343-347, 1922. 27. Hirsch, M. J., and Weymouth, F. W.: Distance Discrimination: V. Effect of Motion and Distance of Targets on Monocular and Binocular Distance Discrimination , J. Aviation Med. 18:594-600, 1947. 28. Holway, A. H.; Jameson, D. A.; Zigler, M. J.; Hurvich, L M.; Warren, A. B., and Cook, E. B.: Factors Influencing the Magnitude of Range-Errors in Free Space and in Telescopic Vision , Office of the Publication Board, Publication Board No. 40628, Department of Commerce, 1945. 29. Langlands, N. M. S.: Reports of the Committee upon the Physiology of Vision: IV , Experiments on Binocular Vision , Special Report Series, No. 133, London, His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1929. 30. Wölfflin, E.: Ein neuer Apparat zur Prüfung des Stereoskopischen Sehens , Ophthalmologica 110:212-218, 1945.Crossref 31. Hamburger, F. A.: Die Bedeutung des binocularen Wettstreites für die Stereoskopie und für die stereoskopische Entfernungsmessung , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 153:57-82, 1952.Crossref 32. Hirsch, M. J.: The Stereoscope as a Method of Measuring Distance Discrimination , Am. J. Optom. 24:472-476, 1947.Crossref 33. Marks, M. E., and Cole, K.: Training in Monocular Depth Perception: A Note on Experimental Error , Am. J. Psychol. 64:128-133, 1951.Crossref 34. Niven, J. I.; Johnson, W.; Rand, G. W., and Pettit, W. A.: Evaluation of a Modified Verhoeff Stereopter, Project NM001 057.09.01, United States Naval School of Aviation Medicine, 1952. 35. Sloan, L. L., and Rowland, W. M.: Comparison of Ortho-Rater and Sight Screener Tests of Heterophoria with Standard Clinical Tests , Am. J. Ophth. 34:1363-1375, 1951. 36. Altman, A., and Rowland, W. M.: Measures of Acuity with Optical Simulation of Distance , Quart. Rev. Ophth. 8:1-3, 1952. 37. Jonkers, G. H.: Some Data Concerning Verhoeff's Quantitative Test for Measuring the Acuity of Binocular Stereopsis , Ophthalmologica 118:182-193, 1949.Crossref 38. Graham, C. H.: Visual Perceptions , in Stevens, S. S., Editor: Handbook of Experimental Psychology , New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1951. 39. Sloan, L. L., and Altman, A.: Aniseikonia and the Howard-Dolman Test , J. Optic. Soc. America 43:473-478, 1953.Crossref 40. Emsley, H. H.: Some Notes on Space Perception , Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. 56:293-304, 1944.Crossref 41. Hirsch, M. J., and Weymouth, F. W.: Distance Discrimination , Arch. Ophth. 39:210-223, 1948.Crossref 42. Berger, A., and Monjé, M.: Über den Einfluss der Aniseikonie auf das Tiefensehen , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 148:515-528, 1948.Crossref 43. Verhoeff, F. A.: A Simple Quantitative Test for Acuity and Reliability of Binocular Stereopsis , Arch. Ophth. 28:1000-1019, 1942.Crossref 44. Vernon, M. D.: The Perception of Depth , Brit. J. Psychol. 28:1-11; 115-149, 1937. 45. Weymouth, F. W., and Hirsch, M. J.: The Reliability of Certain Tests for Determining Distance Discrimination , Am. J. Psychol. 58:379-390, 1945.Crossref

SMITH, ROBERT L.;FASANELLA, R. M.;ROSENTHAL, E.;HOFFMAN, T. E.

1954 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1954.00920050547005pmid: 13196763

Abstract THE INITIAL INSIGHT THE INITIAL insight from which this study proceeds arises from the case of L. S., a 38-year-old man whose left eye was accidentally penetrated by a carpet tack, with subsequent formation of a traumatic cataract. His injured eye was treated from the day of injury with 2 drops of 2.5% cortisone every two hours, and cortisone ointment 1.5% at bedtime, along with the usual adjuncts: atropine drops 1% twice a day, phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) drops three times a day, and sodium sulfacetamide ointment 10% at bedtime. For the first six days he received, in addition, sodium sulfacetamide drops locally and 300,000 units of procaine penicillin G daily. During the first 25 days of conservative treatment the eye became quiet, in spite of the presence of a considerable number of particles of lens matter in the anterior chamber, and the tension of the eye remained within normal limits. However, References 1. Scheie, and others: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) and Cortisone in Ophthalmology: Report of Cases , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 45:301-316, 1951.Crossref 2. Thorpe, H. E.: ACTH and Cortisone in Ocular Surgery , A. M. A. Tr. Sect. Ophth. , pp. 159-179, 1951. 3. Purnell, J. E., and Leopold, I. H.: Cortisone in Ocular Disease , Am. J. Ophth. 35:663-670, 1952. 4. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Clinical Value of Cortisone and ACTH in Ocular Disease , Brit. J. Ophth. 35:637-671, 1951.Crossref 5. McLean, J. M., and Gordon, D. M.: Clinical Experiences with ACTH and Cortisone in Ocular Diseases , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 55:565-572, 1951. 6. Ashton, N., and Cook, C.: Effect of Cortisone on Healing of Corneal Wounds , Brit. J. Ophth. 35:708-717, 1951.Crossref 7. Benedict, W. H., and Hollenhorst, R. W.: Cortisone and Blood Absorption , Am. J. Ophth. 36:247-249, 1953.

RAIFORD, MORGAN B.

1954 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1954.00920050552006pmid: 13196764

Abstract A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS TO CREATE a perimeter in which precise visual fields may be obtained, all extraneous apparatus should be excluded from the patient. Only the point of fixation and the isopter should be within the range of vision. These points of fixation should be easily checked by the examiner while taking the field of vision, without his disturbing the patient.In order to detect the early pathological changes induced by glaucoma, retinal disease, and abnormal factors affecting the intracranial portion of the visual pathway, even lighting upon the test object or target is necessary. Illumination of the perimeter must be equal in all meridians and should be controlled by the examiner so that any desired volume, in foot-candles, can be attained. The moving of the test object or target should be silent and have no distracting mechanisms. The examiner should be able to change the meridional position of the

PORTFOLIO, ALMERINDO G.

1954 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1954.00920050559007pmid: 13196765

Abstract TILLETT1 and his associates have demonstrated that a catalytic agent, streptokinase, and an enzyme, streptodornase * could be successfully employed as an adjunct in the treatment of certain conditions in which the accumulation of clotted blood and pus creates a barrier to therapeusis. These substances, which are elaborated by certain strains of beta hemolytic streptococci, offer a new physiologic approach to a difficult problem. Christensen and MacLeod2 feel that SK acts as a catalyst, causing the transformation of a zymogen of normal human blood, designated by them as plasminogen, into a proteolytic enzyme, plasmin. Plasmin is capable of digesting fibrinogen and lysing fibrin. There is some question, however, whether the activation of plasminogen by SK is one of catalysis. Ratnoff described this activation reaction as a stoichiometric one, complying with the law of mass reaction; i. e., plasmin activity is proportional to the product of the concentrations of both References 1. In this paper, the symbols SK and SD are used for the terms streptokinase and streptodornase, respectively. 2. References 8 to 12. 3. Lederle Laboratories Division, American Cyanamid Company. 4. Tillett, W. S.: Studies on the Enzymatic Lysis of Fibrin and Inflammatory Exudates by Products of Hemolytic Streptococci , Harvey Lect. (1949-1950) 45:149, 1952. 5. Christensen, L. R., and MacLeod, C. M.: A Proteolytic Enzyme of Serum: Characterization, Activation and Reaction with Inhibitors , J. Gen. Physiol. 28:559 ( (July 20) ) 1945.Crossref 6. Wasserman, A. E.: Streptokinase Activation of a Proteolytic Enzyme in Human Blood , Arch. Biochem. 41:158 ( (Nov.) ) 1952.Crossref 7. Sherry, S.; Tillett, W. S., and Christensen, L. R.: Presence and Significance of Desoxyribose Nucleoprotein in the Purulent Pleural Exudates of Patients , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 68:179 ( (May) ) 1948. 8. Tillett, W. S.; Sherry, S.; Christensen, L. R.; Johnson, A. J., and Hazelhurst, G.: Streptococcal Enzymatic Débridement , Ann. Surg. 131:12 ( (Jan.) ) 1950. 9. Johnson, A. J.: Cytological Studies in Association with Local Injection of Streptokinase-Streptodornase into Patients , J. Clin. Invest. 29:1376 ( (Oct.) ) 1950. 10. Tillett, W. S., and Sherry, S.: Effect in Patients of Streptococcal Fibrinolysin (Streptokinase) and Streptococcal Desoxyribonuclease on Fibrinous, Purulent and Sanguineous Pleural Exudations , J. Clin. Invest. 28:173 ( (Jan.) ) 1949. 11. Sherry, S.; Tillett, W. S., and Read, C. T.: Use of Streptokinase-Streptodornase in the Treatment of Hemothroax , J. Thoracic Surg. 20:393 ( (Sept.) ) 1950. 12. Tillett, W. S.; Sherry, S., and Read, C. T.: Use of Streptokinase-Streptodornase in Treatment of Postpneumonic Empyema , J. Thoracic Surg. 21:275 ( (March) ) 1951. 13. Sherry, S.; Johnson, A. J., and Tillett, W. S.: Action of Streptococcal Desoxyyribose Nuclease (Streptodornase), in Vitro and on Purulent Pleural Exudations of Patients , J. Clin. Invest. 28:1094 ( (Sept.) ) 1949. 14. Miller, J. M.; Ginsberg, M.; Lipin, R. J., and Long, P. R.: Clinical Experience with Streptokinase and Streptodornase , J. A. M. A. 145:620 ( (March 3) ) 1951. 15. Wright, L. T.; Smith, D.; Rothman, M.; Metzger, W. I., and Quash, E. T.: Use of Streptokinase-Streptodornase in Certain Surgical Conditions , J. Internat. Coll. Surgeons 15:286 ( (March) ) 1951. 16. Jukofsky, J. L.: Treatment of Hyphema , Am. J. Ophth. 34:1692 ( (Dec.) ) 1951. 17. Friedman, M. W.: Streptokinase in Ophthalmology , Am. J. Ophth. 35:1184 ( (Aug.) ) 1952. 18. Swan, K. C.: Use of Methyl Cellulose in Ophthalmology , Arch. Ophth. 33:378, 1945. 19. Eareckson, V. O., Jr.; Miller, J. M., and Long, P. H.: Infection of Eye Due to Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Treated with Polymyxin B and "Varidase," A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 49:158 ( (Feb.) ) 1953. 20. Fedukowicz, H., and Horwich, H.: The Gram-Negative Diplobacillus in Hypopyon Keratitis , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 49:202 ( (Feb.) ) 1953.

DONALDSON, DAVID D.

1954 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1954.00920050566008pmid: 13196766

Abstract DESPITE its obvious advantages, three-dimensional photography of the eye has been infrequently employed.* A special camera for this purpose was described by me several years ago.6 Subsequent models utilizing the same basic principles have now been used in the Howe Laboratory of Ophthalmology for five years, but the modifications have been sufficiently extensive to warrant designating the present model as a new camera. The advantages of the present camera, leading to simpler operation, are these: (1) a new device for more accurate focusing; (2) a single film holder; (3) a more compact construction; (4) a wider range of magnification with a single focal length lens, and (5) a reflex mirror system. It retains the advantages of parallax correction without distortion (by translation), variable interlens distance, and the use of electronic flash (Strobe light). Although this camera was primarily designed for use in photography of the anterior segment and lens References 1. References 1 through 5. 2. Drüner, L.: Über Mikrostereopsie und eine neue vergrössernde Stereoskopcamera , Ztschr. wissensch. Mikr. 17:281-293, 1900. 3. Metzger, E.: Augenartz und Photographie , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 79:1-17 ( (July) ) 1927. 4. von der Heydt, R.: Stereophotography of the Anterior Eyeball and Fundus , J. A. M. A. 89:1672-1673 ( (Nov. 12) ) 1927.Crossref 5. Hughes, W. L.: Sterescopic Photography as Applied to the Eye , Arch. Ophth. 3:583-587 ( (May) ) 1930.Crossref 6. Drüner, L.: Medizinische Kinemato- und Photographie über vergrössernde Stereoskopie , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 59:652-653 ( (April 28) ) 1933.Crossref 7. Donaldson, D. D.: A Camera for Stereoscopic Photography of the Anterior Segment , Arch. Ophth. 43:1083-1087 ( (June) ) 1950.Crossref

de ROETTH, ANDREW

1954 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1954.00920050573009pmid: 13196767

Abstract THE OSMOTIC relation between blood and aqueous humor is a factor which plays an important and well-recognized part in governing the intraocular pressure.1 Duke-Elder2 and associates showed in 1938 that the aqueous is slightly hypertonic to blood; this observation was further elaborated by Duke-Elder3 and Davson4 and substantiated by Kinsey,5 In 1948 Duke-Elder and Davson3 wrote: "It may be that the maintenance of this osmotic gradient is of considerable importance in the mechanism of the intraocular pressure. This factor has not been fully explored." A unified concept for the maintenance of the intraocular pressure was proposed by Kinsey6 in 1950; here, again, emphasis was on the osmotic interrelationship of blood and aqueous humor. The attention of the above-mentioned investigators was focused mainly on the intraocular pressure, while other aspects of aqueous humor dynamics were not explored. The introduction of Grant's * aqueous outflow test References 1. References 7 and 8. 2. References 7 and 8. 3. References 11 through 15. 4. Sorbitol was supplied by Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill., through the courtesy of Dr. Arnold E. Osterberg. 5. References 16 and 17. 6. References 7 and 8. 7. References 16 and 17. 8. Duke-Elder, W. S.: The Reaction of the Intra-Ocular Pressure to Osmotic Variation in the Blood , Brit. J. Ophth. 10:1, 1926.Crossref 9. Benham, G. H.; Duke-Elder, W. S., and Hodgson, T. H.: The Osmotic Pressure of the Aqueous Humor in the Normal and Glaucomatous Eye , J. Physiol. 92:355, 1938. 10. Duke-Elder, W. S., and Davson, H.: The Present Position of the Problem of the Intra-Ocular Fluid and Pressure , Brit. J. Ophth. 32:555, 1948.Crossref 11. Davson, H., and Thomassen, T. L.: The Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Hypertonic Saline on the Intra-Ocular Pressure , Brit. J. Ophth. 34:355, 1950.Crossref 12. Kinsey, V. E.: The Chemical Composition and the Osmotic Pressure of the Aqueous Humor and Plasma of the Rabbit , J. Gen. Physiol. 34:389, 1950.Crossref 13. Kinsey, V. E.: A Unified Concept of Aqueous Humor Dynamics and the Maintenance of Intraocular Pressure , Arch. Ophth. 44:215, 1950.Crossref 14. Grant, W. M.: Tonographic Method for Measuring the Facility and Rate of Aqueous Flow in Human Eyes , Arch. Ophth. 44:204, 1950.Crossref 15. Grant, W. M.: Clinical Measurements of Aqueous Otuflow , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 46:113, 1951.Crossref 16. Grant, W. M.: Clinical Tonography , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 56:774, 1951. 17. Becker, B., and Friedenwald, J. S.: Clinical Aqueous Outflow , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 50:557, 1953.Crossref 18. de Roetth, A., Jr., and Knighton, W. S.: Clinical Evaluation of the Aqueous Outflow Test , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 48:148, 1952.Crossref 19. Kronfeld, P. C.: Tonography , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 48:393, 1952.Crossref 20. Weekers, R., and Prijot, E.: Measurements of the Resistance to the Aqueous Outflow by the Electronic Tonometer , Brit. J. Ophth. 36:514, 1952.Crossref 21. Blaxter, P. L.: Bulbar Pressure Test in Glaucoma , Brit. J. Ophth. 37:641, 1953.Crossref 22. Mansheim, B. J.: Aqueous Outflow Measurements by Continuous Tonometry in Some Unusual Forms of Glaucoma , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 50:580, 1953.Crossref 23. Bellows, J.; Puntenney, J., and Cowen, J.: Use of Sorbitol in Glaucoma , Arch. Ophth. 20:1036, 1938.Crossref 24. Rosner, L., and Bellows, J.: The Passage of Sorbitol from the Blood into the Aqueous Humor and Cerebro-Spinal Fluid , Am. J. Physiol. 125:652, 1939. 25. de Roetth, A., Jr.: Relation of Tonography to Phasic Variations of Intraocular Pressure , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 51:740, 1954.Crossref 26. Goldmann, H.: Abflussdruck, Minutenvolumen und Widerstand der Kammerwasserströmung des Menschen , Doc. ophth. 6:278, 1951.Crossref 27. von Sallmann, L., and Deutsch, A.: Die klinische Bedeutung der Tagesdruckkurve und der Belastungsproben bei Glaukom , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 124:624, 1930.Crossref 28. Duke-Elder, S. W.: The Phasic Variations in the Ocular Tension in Primary Glaucoma , Am. J. Ophth. 35:1, 1952. 29. Schwartz, H. G., and Elman, R.: Effect of Sorbitol and Sucrose on Cerebro-Spinal Fluid Pressure and Urine Output , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 39:577, 1938. 30. West, E. S., and Burget, G. E.: Sorbitol as a Diuretic , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 35:105, 1938. 31. Wick, A. N., and Drury, D. R.: Action of Insulin on the Permeability of Cells to Sorbitol , Am. J. Physiol. 166:421, 1951. 32. Kinsey, V. E.; Grant, W. M., and Cogan, D. G.: Water Movement and the Eye , Arch. Ophth. 27:242, 1942.

SCHMIDT, INGEBORG

1954 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1954.00920050585010pmid: 13196768

Abstract THE AIM of this investigation was to test the diagnostic value, in glaucoma, of two foveal entoptic phenomena, the Maxwell spot and the Haidinger brushes. Maxwell's spot, so named for James Clerk Maxwell (1856), was long considered to be produced by a local depression of the effective retinal illumination through the strong absorption of blue light in the macular pigment. Walls and Mathews,1 after reviewing and accepting earlier evidence given by other authors, came to the conclusion that it is caused by a local nonuniform distribution of the chromatic receptors in the fovea, the receptor-type distribution pattern (RDP). However, in the present report the name with the longer tradition has been retained and will be abbreviated MS herein. Little is known about the perceptibility of the MS in pathological cases. It was studied in color-defectives by Ahlenstiel.2 When looking toward the overcast sky (color temperature about 6500° K, References 1. The Stiles-Crawford effect was not considered. 2. No spectral apparatus for testing blue-yellow vision was available. 3. Walls and Mathews,1 p. 120. 4. Walls and Mathews,1 p. 146. 5. Walls, G. L., and Mathews, R. W.: New Means of Studying Color Blindness and Normal Foveal Color Vision , University of California Publications in Psychology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1952. 6. Ahlenstiel, H.: Zur Entoptik des Maxwellschen Fleckes bei Normalen und Farbenuntüchtigen , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 148:162, 1947.Crossref 7. von Tschermak-Seysenegg, A.: Introduction to Physiological Optics , translated from the German, Springfield, Ill., Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1952, p. 217. 8. Goldschmidt, M.: A New Test for Function of the Macula Lutea , Arch. Ophth. 44:129, 1950.Crossref 9. Boehm, G.: Über maculare (Haidinger'sche) Polarisationsbüsche und über einen polarisationsoptischen Fehler des Auges , Acta ophth. 18:109, 1940.Crossref 10. de Groot, S. G., and Gebhardt, J. L.: Pupil Size as Determined by Adapting Luminance , J. Optic. Soc. America 42:492, 1952.Crossref 11. Kravkov, S. V.: Color Vision and the Autonomic Nervous System , J. Optic. Soc. America 31:335, 1941.Crossref 12. Lauber, H.: Das Gesichtsfeld , Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1944, p. 228. 13. Ferree, E.; Rand, G., and Sloan, L. L.: Effect of Size of Pupil on the Form and Color Fields , J. Gen. Psychol. 10:83, 1934.Crossref 14. Brown, W. R.: Influence of Luminance Level on Visual Sensitivity to Color Differences , J. Optic. Soc. America 41:684, 1951.Crossref 15. Schmidt, I.: Comparative Evaluation of the Hardy-Rand-Rittler Polychromatic Plates for Testing Color Vision , U. S. Air Force, School of Aviation Medicine, Randolph Field, Texas, Project No. 21-31-013, June, 1952. 16. Gillis, M. P., and Farnsworth, D.: Comparative Evaluation of Anomaloscopes , Medical Research Laboratory, U. S. Naval Submarine Base, New London, Vol. X, No. 1, Report No. 190, Aug. 18, 1952. 17. Bock, R. H.: A Simple After-Image Test , Am. J. Ophth. 35:537, 1952. 18. Wieland, M.: Untersuchungen über Farbenschwäche bei Konduktorinnen , Arch. Ophth. 130:441, 1933.