A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

KINSEY, V. EVERETT

1953 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1953.00920030409001pmid: 13091516

Abstract THE PURPOSE of this investigation was to determine the concentrations of most of those constituents of the aqueous humor of the posterior chamber, relative to those in the plasma and the aqueous humor of the anterior chamber, that contribute appreciably to the osmotic pressure of this fluid. Knowledge of the comparative concentrations of these constituents in the three fluids makes it possible to draw further inferences concerning the mechanism by which the aqueous humor is formed. Little is known concerning the nature of the aqueous humor of the posterior chamber. Coincidental to an investigation on another subject, I found that the osmotic pressures of the aqueous humor in the two chambers are the same1; this indicates that the total concentrations of dissolved substances are also very nearly the same. However, the aqueous humor of the posterior chamber was shown to contain about one and a half times as much References 1. Kinsey, V. E.: Chemical Composition and Osmotic Pressure of the Aqueous Humor and Plasma of the Rabbit , J. Gen. Physiol. 34:389, 1951.Crossref 2. Kinsey, V. E.: Dehydroascorbic Acid-Ascorbic Acid in the Aqueous Humor of Rabbits , Am. J. Ophth. 33:257, 1950. 3. Schales, O., and Schales, S. S.: A Simple and Accurate Method for the Determination of Chloride in Biological Fluids , J. Biol. Chem. 140:879, 1941. 4. Kinsey, V. E.: Aqueous Humor/Plasma Chloride Ratios in Rabbits, Dogs, and Human Beings , J. Gen. Physiol. 32:329, 1949.Crossref 5. Peters, J. P., and Van Slyke, D. D.: Quantitative Clinical Chemistry , Vol. 2: Methods, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1932. 6. Mindlin, R. L., and Butler, A. M.: Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Plasma: Macromethod and Micromethod , J. Biol. Chem. 122:673, 1938. 7. Barker, S. B., and Summerson, W. H.: Colorimetric Determination of Lactic Acid in Biological Material , J. Biol. Chem. 138:535, 1941. 8. Fiske, C. H., and SubbaRow, Y.: Colorimetric Determination of Phosphorus , J. Biol. Chem. 66:375, 1925. 9. Butler, A. M., and Tuthill, E.: An Application of the Uranyl Zinc Acetate Method for Determination of Sodium in Biological Material , J. Biol. Chem. 93:171, 1931. 10. Folin, O.: Laboratory Manual of Biological Chemistry , Ed. 5, New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1934, p. 265. 11. Kinsey, V. E., and Robison, P.: Micromethod for the Determination of Urea , J. Biol. Chem. 162:325, 1946. 12. Durham, W. F.; Bloom, W. L.; Lewis, G. T., and Mandel, E. E.: Rapid Measurement of Carbohydrate in Blood: Preliminary Report , Pub. Health Rep. 65:670, 1950.Crossref 13. Folin, O., and Malmaros, H.: An Improved Form of Folin's Micro Method for Blood Sugar Determinations , J. Biol. Chem. 83:115, 1929. 14. Baldes, E. J.: A Micromethod of Measuring Osmotic Pressure , J. Scient. Instruments 11:223, 1934.Crossref 15. Kinsey, V. E.: Modification of the Apparatus Used for the Baldes Thermoelectric Method of Measuring Osmotic Pressure , J. Scient. Instruments 21:767, 1950.Crossref 16. The necessity of distinguishing between the aqueous humor of the posterior chamber and that of the anterior chamber makes it desirable to have a less cumbersome phrase to refer to the aqueous humor in these chambers. I suggest substituting simply posterior aqueous and anterior aqueous. These phrases will be used hereafter in this paper. 17. Kinsey, V. E.: A Unified Concept of Aqueous Humor Dynamics and the Maintenance of Intraocular Pressure: An Elaboration of the Secretion-Diffusion Theory , Arch. Ophth. 44:215, 1950.Crossref 18. Indeed, it was the existence of a relatively large analytical error associated with small samples, apparently, which previously obscured the difference in concentration of chloride in the two chambers! 19. Friedenwald, J. S.: Dynamic Factors in the Formation and Reabsorption of Aqueous Humour , Brit. J. Ophth. 28:503, 1944.Crossref 20. Kinsey, V. E., and Bárány, E.: Rate of Flow of Aqueous Humor: II. Derivation of Rate of Flow and Its Physiologic Significance , Am. J. Ophth. 32:189, 1949. 21. It follows from the observation that the osmotic pressures of the anterior and posterior aqueous humors are the same that there is, in fact, little if any differential loss or gain of water across the blood-aqueous barriers of the anterior chamber.

DAY, ROBERT McCLELLAND;SCHEIE, HAROLD G.

1953 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1953.00920030426002pmid: 13091517

Abstract THIS PAPER emphasizes certain ocular factors which, by reducing the intensity of the retinal stimulus from a test object, may cause simulated progression of the visual field defects of glaucoma and thereby give misleading information regarding the glaucomatous state. Some pertinent clinical and experimental observations are presented. The factors investigated by us were changes in transparency of the ocular media, refractive disturbances, and miosis. All these conditions diminish the amount of light falling upon a given area of the retina from a given test object. The size of any visual field defect which might be present therefore increases correspondingly. Emphasis on the effects of these factors upon the visual field changes of chronic simple (wide-angle) glaucoma is of great importance because visual field studies offer the most reliable method of evaluating the effectiveness of medical therapy. Likewise, progressive enlargement of visual field defects serves as the best and most dependable References 1. Haffmans, J. H. A.: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Glaucoma , Arch. Ophth. 8:124-178, 1862. 2. Peter, L. C.: The Principles and Practice of Perimetry , Ed. 2, Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1923, p. 42. 3. Traquair, H. M.: An Introduction to Clinical Perimetry , Ed. 3, St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1940, p. 14. 4. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , Vol. 2, St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1946, p. 1215. 5. Blair, H. L.: Some Fundamental Physiologic Principles in Study of the Visual Field , Arch. Ophth. 24:10-20, 1940.Crossref 6. Engel, S.: Influence of a Constricted Pupil on the Field in Glaucoma , Arch. Ophth. 27:1184-1187, 1942.Crossref 7. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , Vol. 3, St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1945, p. 3384. 8. Edmond, C., and Möller, H. V.: Vision in Light of Reduced Intensity , Arch. Ophth. 54:531-544, 1925. 9. (a) Marlow, S. B.: Visual Fields in Chronic Glaucoma , Arch. Ophth. 7:211-223, 1932Crossref 10. (b) Field of Vision in Chronic Glaucoma , Marlow Arch. Ophth. 38:43-56, 1947.Crossref 11. Burke, J. W.: Field Changes After Satisfactory Filtration Operations for Glaucoma , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 37:149-157, 1939.

COGAN, DAVID G.;ADAMS, RAYMOND D.

1953 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1953.00920030442003pmid: 13091518

Abstract INABILITY to turn the eyes fully in one or more directions resulting from a supranuclear lesion is called paralysis of conjugate gaze. Several types are distinguished. Most familiar is the simple paralysis of conjugate gaze, resulting from a cerebral or brain stem lesion in which the eyes cannot be induced to move to one or both sides by any stimulus other than that arising in the labyrinth. Next, there is the so-called dissociated paralysis of gaze, in which there is unequal involvement of movements on command and on following stimuli. Then there is a type of paralysis due to basal ganglion or tectal disease, in which all control of the eyes for vertical movements is lost except for those movements associated with the labyrinthine, or lid-closing, reflex. While this type has no specific name—indeed, it may be a variant of the simple paralysis of conjugate gaze, referred to above—it has References 1. Liepmann, H.: Motorische Aphasie und Apraxie , Neurol. Centralbl. 33:298-299, 1914 2. It is, of course, taken for granted that the patient understands what is commanded of him; apraxia should not be confused with agnosia. 3. Wilson, S. A. K.: A Contribution to the Study of Apraxia: With a Review of the Literature , Brain 31:164-216, 1908.Crossref 4. Smith, S., and Holmes, G.: A Case of Bilateral Motor Apraxia with Disturbance of Visual Orientation , Brit. M. J. 1:437-441, 1916.Crossref 5. Walsh, F. B.: Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1947. 6. Cogan, D. G.: A Type of Congenital Ocular Motor Apraxia Presenting Jerky Head Movements: Jackson Memorial Lecture , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 56:853-862, 1952. 7. Holmes, G.: Cerebral Integration of the Ocular Movements , Brit M. J. 2:107-112, 1938.Crossref 8. Herzog: Causuisticher Beitrag zur Lehre von der motorischen Apraxie , Ztschr. klin. Med. 53:332, 1904. 9. Lewitzky: Ein Fall von Willenslahmung der koordinierten Augenbewegungen , Jahresb. ges. Ophth. 40:509, 1909. 10. Kestenbaum, A.: Clinical Methods of Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination , New York, Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1946, p. 206. 11. Jackson, J. H.: Notes on the Physiology and Pathology of Language: Remarks on Those Cases of Disease of the Nervous System in Which Defect of Expression Is the Most Striking Symptom , Med. Times & Gaz. 1:659-662, 1866. 12. (a) Gowers, W. R.: Note on a Reflex Mechanism in the Fixation of the Eyeballs , Brain 2:39-41, 1879. 13. (b) Bristowe, J. S.: Recent Tubercle of the Pons Varolii (with Potential Double Conjugate Deviation of the Eyes) and Old Congested Tubercular Mass in the Cerebellum , Brain 14:289, 1891. 14. Walsh,5 p. 2. 15. Ferrier, D.: The Functions of the Brain , London, Smith, Elder & Co., 1876. 16. Goltz, F.: Über die Verrichtungen des Grosshirns , Arch. ges. Physiol. 34:450, 1884. 17. Bianchi, L.: The Mechanism of the Brain and the Function of the Frontal Lobe , translated by J. H. MacDonald, Baltimore, William Wood & Company, 1922. 18. Kennard, M. A.: Alterations in Response to Visual Stimuli Following Lesions of Frontal Lobe in Monkeys , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 41:1153-1165, 1939. 19. [b] Holmes, G.: Spasm of Fixation , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 50:253-262, 1930. 20. [c] Ford, F. R., and Walsh, F. B.: Tonic Deviations of Eyes Produced by Movements of Head, with Special Reference to Otolith Reflexes: Clinical Observations , Arch. Ophth. 23:1274-1284, 1940 21. Bielschowsky, A.: Das klinische Bild der assozierten Blicklähmung und seine Bedeutung für die topischen Diagnostik , München. med. Wchnschr. 50:1666-1670, 1903. 22. Fischer, M. H.: Messende Untersuchungen über die Gegenrollung der Augen und die Lokalisation der scheinbaren Vertikalen bei seitlicher Neigung (des Kopfes, des Stammes und des Gesamtkörpers) , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 118:633-680, 1927.

DAVIS, MATTHEW DINSDALE

1953 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1953.00920030451004

Abstract IT IS difficult to evaluate the incidence of endogenous uveitis in children. Many excellent texts do not even mention the age incidence of uveitis, and few adequate statistics are given in the literature. Basing a judgment on the statistics that have been presented, one must conclude that active uveitus is not often seen before the late teens. Blegvad,1 in 1941, in a series of 896 patients with iridocyclitis, found only 20 to be under the age of 15 years. In Guyton and Woods's2 careful study, published the same year, only 7 of 562 patients with uveitis were 9 years of age or less, while 59 patients were aged 10 through 19 years, more of these being probably in the second half of the second decade than in the first. Marchesani,3 in 1949, found 17 of 451 patients with iridocyclitis to be under the age of 15 years. References 1. Blegvad, O.: Iridocyclitis and Disease of the Joints in Children , Acta ophth. 19:219-236, 1941.Crossref 2. Guyton, J. S., and Woods, A. C.: Etiology of Uveitis: Clinical Study of 562 Cases , Arch. Ophth. 26:983-1018 ( (Dec.) ) 1941.Crossref 3. Marchesani, O.: Beiträge zum Problem der endogenen Augenentzündungen: III. Altersund Geschlechtsdisposition , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 149:69-94, 1949.Crossref 4. (a) Wong, R. T.: Band-Shaped Opacity of Cornea Associated with Juvenile Atrophic Arthritis: Report of Case , Arch. Ophth. 26:21-24 ( (July) ) 1941.Crossref 5. (b) Bane, W., and Sherwood, R.: Band Keratitis and Uveitis in Polyarthritis , Am. J. Ophth. 24:701-702 ( (June) ) 1941. 6. (c) Kurnick, N. B.: Rare Syndrome of Band-Shaped Keratitis and Arthritis , Am. J. Dis. Child. 63:742-747 ( (April) ) 1942. 7. Ohm, J.: Bandförmige Hornhauttrübung bei einem neunjährigen Mädchen und ihre Behandlung mit subconjunctivalen Jodaliumeinspritzungen , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 48:243-246, 1910. 8. Fuchs, E.: Über grütelformige Hornhauttrübung , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 61:10, 1918. 9. Uhthoff, W.: Ein Fall von typischer bandförmiger Trübung der Hornhaut auf beiden Augen bei einem 8-jährigen Mädchen mit teilweiser erhaltener Sehkraft und hinteren Synechien; anatomische Untersuchung , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 60:11-20, 1918. 10. Behmann, A.: Zwei Fälle von bandförmiger Hornhauttrübung an sehenden Augen von jugendlichen Patienten , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 66:450-454, 1921. 11. Waubke, H.: Zur Kenntnis der bandförmigen Hornhauttrübung in sehenden Augen , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 69:78-82, 1922. 12. Hauptvogel, J.: Über bandförmige Hornhauttrübung , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 69:763-769, 1922. 13. Friedländer, A.: Two Cases of Chronic Septic Polyarthritis in Children with Ocular Complications (Iridocyclitis) , Ugesk. läger 95:1190-1194 ( (Nov. 2) ) 1933. 14. (e) Holm, E.: Iridocyclitis and Ribbon-Like Keratitis in Cases of Infantile Polyarthritis (Still's Disease) , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 55:478-482, 1935. 15. (f) Karsh, J.: Arch. Augenh. 110:106-110, 1937. 16. (g) Hässler, E.: Augenkomplikationen bei Polyarthritis chronica infantilis und Still'scher Krankheit mit einer kritischen Bemerkung über die Pathogenese der allgemeinen rheumatischen Infection , Monatsschr. Kinderh. 77:23-29 ( (Jan.) ) 1939. 17. (h) Zeeman, W. P. C.: Band-Shaped Degeneration of Cornea and Chronic Arthritis in Children , Nederl. tijdschr. geneesk. 84:134-141 ( (Jan.) ) 1940. 18. (i) Maggi Zavalia, J., and Amado, C. F.: Iridociclitis bilateral y opacidad en banda de la cornea en la enfermedad de Still , An. argent. de oftal. 3:189-203 ( (Oct.-Dec.) ) 1942. 19. (j) Poulsen, A. G.: Articular Disease (Periarthritis) and Chronic Iridocyclitis in Children , Nord. med 35:1963-1965 ( (Sept. 26) ) 1947. 20. (k) Moreira de Carvalho, J.: Degeneração em faixa da córnea e iridociclite combinadas à donenca de Still , J. pediat., Rio de Janeiro 13:152-162 ( (July) ) 1947. 21. (l) Hobbs, H. E.: Ocular Defects in Still's Disease , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 42:755-756 ( (Sept.) ) 1949. 22. Vesterdal, E., and Sury, B.: Iridocyclitis and Band-Shaped Corneal Opacity in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis , Acta ophth. 28:321-337, 1950.Crossref 23. (a) Wagner, F.: Bandförmige Hornhauttrübung und Iritis als Symptom einer besonderen Form des Gelenkrheumatismus beim Kinde (Morbus Still) , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 117:161-168, 1950. 24. (b) Hatherley, E.: Uveitis and Band-Shaped Keratitis in a Case of Still's Disease , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 44:978-979 ( (Nov.) ) 1951. 25. (c) Hartmann, K.: Bandförmige Hornhautdegeneration, Iritis und kompl. Katarakt als Symptomentrias einer Polyarthritis chronica infantilis leukocytotica (Stillsches Syndrom) , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 121:216-221, 1952. 26. (d) Rabadan Fernandez, P.: Degeneración bilateral en banda de la cornea y alteraciones del aparato locomotor , Arch. Soc. oftal. hispano-am. 10:54-59 ( (Jan.) ) 1950 27. abstracted, Am. J. Ophth. 33:1169 ( (July) ) 1950. 28. Portis, R. B.: Pathology of Chronic Arthritis of Children (Still's Disease) , Am. J. Dis. Child. 55:1000-1017 ( (May) ) 1938. 29. Franceschetti, A.; Blum, J. D., and Bamatter, F.: Diagnostic Value of Ocular Symptoms in Juvenile Chronic Polyarthritis (Still's Disease) , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 71:17-27, 1951. 30. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , Vol. 2, St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, London, 1938, p. 2010. 31. Wheeler, C. E., and others: Soft Tissue Calcification, with Special Reference to Its Occurrence in the "Collagen Diseases," Ann. Int. Med. 36:1050-1075 ( (April) ) 1952.Crossref 32. Loewenstein, A.: Contribution to Pathology of Bowman's Membrane , Brit. J. Ophth. 30:317-323 ( (June) ) 1946.Crossref 33. Coggeshall, H. C.: Laboratory Findings in Rheumatoid Arthritis , in Hollander, J. L., Editor: Comroe's Arthritis and Allied Conditions , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1949, Chap. 13, p. 181. 34. Cogan, D. G.; Albright, F., and Bartter, F. C.: Hypercalcemia and Band Keratopathy: Report of 19 Cases , Arch. Ophth. 40:624-638 ( (Dec.) ) 1948.Crossref 35. Azzolini, U.: Sulletiopatogenesi della cheratite a bandeletta , Rass. ital. ottal. 18:171-181 ( (May-June) ) 1949. 36. Sorsby, A., and Gormaz, A.: Iritis in Rheumatic Affections , Brit. M. J. 1:597-600 ( (April 20) ) 1946.Crossref 37. Berens, C.; Rothbard, S., and Angevine, D. M.: Cultural Studies on Patients with Uveitis and Other Eye Diseases , Am. J. Ophth. 25:295-301 ( (March) ) 1942. 38. Bauer, W.; Cited by Berens, Rothbard, and Angevine.24 39. Mills, L.: Rheumatoid Iritis , Am. J. Ophth. 31:218 ( (Feb.) ) 1948. 40. Woods, A. C., and Guyton, J. S.: Role of Sarcoidosis and of Brucellosis in Uveitis , Arch. Ophth. 31:469-480 ( (June) ) 1944.Crossref 41. Coss, J. A., Jr., and Boots, R. H.: Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis: Study of 56 Cases with Note on Skeletal Changes , J. Pediat. 29:143-156 ( (Aug.) ) 1946.Crossref 42. Edström, G.: Rheumatoid Arthritis in Children: Clinical Study , Acta pædiat. 34:334-356, 1947.Crossref 43. Middleton, W. S.: Sarcoidosis , in Cecil, R. L.; Loeb, R. F., and others, Editors: Textbook of Medicine , Ed. 8, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1951, p. 444. 44. Lansbury, J.: Sarcoidosis , in Hollander, J. L., Editor: Comroe's Arthritis and Allied Conditions , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1949, p. 703. 45. Davis, M. W., and Crotty, R. Q.: Sarcoidosis Associated with Polyarthritis , Ann. Int. Med. 36:1098-1106 ( (April) ) 1952.Crossref 46. Castellanos, A., and Galan, E.: Sarcoidosis (Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann's Disease): Report of Case in Child Simulating Still's Disease , Am. J. Dis. Child. 71:513-529 ( (May) ) 1946.Crossref 47. Vail, D.: Ocular Complications of Arthritis , South. M. J. 44:317-322 ( (April) ) 1951.Crossref 48. Swift, H. F.: Rheumatic Fever , in Cecil, R. L.; Loeb, R. F., and others, Editors: Textbook of Medicine , Ed. 8, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1951, p. 153. 49. Ragan, C.: The Etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis , in Hollander, J. L., Editor: Comroe's Arthritis and Allied Conditions , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1949, p. 119.

HAFT, ABRAHAM S.

1953 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1953.00920030463005pmid: 13091520

Abstract HYPOPARATHYROIDISM began to attract attention with the introduction of thyroid surgery, in which, occasionally, the parathyroids are inadvertently removed. Selye1 classifies hypoparathyroidism, according to etiology, under four types: (1) that due to spontaneous primary disease of the parathyroids (e.g., hemorrhages); (2) that due to operative damage to the parathyroids (e. g., postoperative tetany); (3) that due to excessive strain upon calcium metabolism in the presence of normal parathyroids (e. g., rickets, acidosis, and pregnancy), and (4) idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, of unknown etiology. The criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, as formulated by Drake, Albright, and their co-workers,2 are (1) no operation on the neck; (2) low serum calcium; (3) elevated serum phosphorus; (4) normal renal function; (5) normal bones on x-ray examination. Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism has been called "rare" by every author. A recent critical analysis of the literature by Steinberg and Waldron3 established the total number of References 1. Selye, H.: Textbook of Endocrinology , Montreal, Acta Endocrinologica, Inc., 1949. 2. Drake, T. G.; Albright, F.; Bauer, W., and Castelman, B.: Chronic Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism: Report of 6 Cases with Autopsy Findings in One , Ann. Int. Med. 12:1751-1765, 1939.Crossref 3. Steinberg, H., and Waldron, B. R.: Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism: An Analysis of 52 Cases, Including the Report of a New Case , Medicine 31:133-154, 1952.Crossref 4. Macleod's Physiology in Modern Medicine , edited by P. Bard, St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1938. 5. McQuarrie, I.; Hansen, A. E., and Ziegler, M. R.: Studies on Convulsive Mechanism in Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 1:789-798, 1941.Crossref 6. Thompson, D. L., and Collip, J. B.: The Parathyroid Glands , Physiol. Rev. 12:309-383, 1932. 7. Albright, F., and Reifenstein, E. C., Jr.: Parathyroid Glands and Metabolic Bone Disease , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1948. 8. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , Vol. 3, Diseases of the Inner Eye, St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1941. 9. (b) Goldmann, H.: Experimentelle Tetaniekatarakt , Arch. opht. 122:146-197, 1929. 10. Romanova-Bochon, O.: Die Bedeutung der Epithelkörperchen in der Pathogenese des Stars im jugendlichen Alter , Arch. Opht. 133:143-151, 1934. 11. Reifenstein, E. C., Jr.: Diseases of the Parathyroid Glands , in Williams, R. M.: Textbook of Endocrinology , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1950. 12. Jordan, A., and Kelsall, A. R.: Observations on a Case of Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism , A. M. A. Arch. Int. Med. 87:242-258, 1951.Crossref 13. Taubenhaus, M.: Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism , in Soskin, S.: Progress in Clinical Endocrinology , New York, Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1950. 14. Albright, F.; Burnett, C. H.; Smith, P. H., and Parson, W.: Pseudo-Hypoparathyroidism—Example of "Seabright-Bantam Syndrome": Report of 3 Cases , Endocrinology 30:922-932, 1942.

McGEE, HARRY B.;FALLS, HAROLD F.

1953 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1953.00920030470006pmid: 13091521

Abstract IT HAS been our privilege to study two families certain members of which exhibited a rarely observed form of endothelial dystrophy of the cornea. A careful survey of the families revealed that the aberration is hereditary and most likely congenital. It is to be differentiated from the usually described endothelial dystrophy, or corneal guttata. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Polymorphous degeneration of the deep layers of the cornea is characterized by the presence of polymorphic opacities, vesicles, and concavities of the endothelium, and possibly Descemet's membrane.Koeppe1 (1916) was probably the first to describe this form of endothelial dystrophy. He presented six cases of his own in which keratitis bullosa interna was exhibited. This author postulated that the concavities were congenital pits on the inner corneal surface. In 1920 Koeppe reported 18 cases in which similar lesions were present. Since the eyes exhibited no other pathologic condition, the author concluded that References 1. Koeppe, L.: Klinische Beobachtungen mit der Nernst Spaltlampe und dem Hornhautmikroskop , Arch. opht. 91:375, 1916. 2. Triebenstein, O.: Veränderung an der Hornhauthinterfläche , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 74:777, 1925. 3. Freudenthal, E.: Über zwei Fälle von familiärer Endotheldystrophie der Hornhaut bei Vorhandensein allgemein degenerativer Veränderungen , Ztschr. Augenh. 78:224, 1932. 4. Theodore, F. H.: Congenital Type of Endothelial Dystrophy , Arch. Ophth. 21:626, 1939.Crossref 5. Berliner, M. L.: Biomicroscopy of the Eye: Slit Lamp Microscopy of the Living Eye , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1949. 6. Schlichting, H.: Blasen und dellenförmige Endotheldystrophie der Hornhaut , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 107:425, 1941. 7. Cuntz-Schüssler, E.: Über zwei Sippen mit eigenartiger erblicher Hornhautdystrophie , Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 112:70, 1947. 8. Forni, S.: Dégénérescence polymorphe familiale de la membrane limitante posterieure de la cornée , Arch. opht. 11:162, 1951. 9. Franceschetti, A.; Klein, D., and Babel, J.: Clinical and Social Aspects of Heredity in Ophthalmology , reprinted from Acta XVI Concilium Ophthalmologicum Britannia, 1950

TRUEMAN, ROBERT H.;RUBIN, I. EDWARD

1953 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1953.00920030476007pmid: 13091522

Abstract TUMORS of the optic disk (nerve head, or papilla) associated with neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease) are exceedingly rare, there being but two cases in the literature to date. The first was reported by Stallard1 in 1938 and the second, in which tumors of both disks were found, by Goldsmith2 in 1949. It is the purpose of this paper to report an additional case, that of a tumor of the right disk occurring in a patient with a number of other manifestations of neurofibromatosis. PRESENTATION OF CASE History. —M.S., a white man aged 32, had a negative medical history until 1943, when, at the age of 23, he was examined by his Selective Service Board and rejected for military service because of nodules on the anterior chest wall. He was examined at Jefferson Medical College Hospital, where, in addition to the nodules, numerous café-au-lait spots on the skin of the References 1. Stallard, H. B.: A Case of Intraocular Neuroma (von Recklinghausen's Disease) of the Left Optic Nerve Head , Brit. J. Ophth. 22:11, 1938.Crossref 2. Goldsmith, J.: Neurofibromatosis Associated with Tumors of the Optic Papilla: Report of Case , Arch. Ophth. 41:718, 1949.Crossref 3. Walsh, F. B.: Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1947, p. 1072. 4. Cockayne, E. A.: Inherited Abnormalities of the Skin and Its Appendages , New York, Oxford University Press, 1933, p. 288. 5. François, J.: Les manifestations oculaires de la maladie de Recklinghausen , Ann. ocul. 181:753, 1948. 6. Goldmann, E. E.: Beitrag zu der Lehre von den Neuromen , Beitr. klin. Chir. 10:13, 1893. 7. Emanuel, C.: Über die Beziehungen der Sehnervengeschwülste zur Elephantiasis neuromatodes und über Sehnervengliome , von Graefes Arch. Ophth. 53:129, 1902.Crossref 8. Reese, A. B.: Tumors of the Eye , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1951, p. 151. 9. Verhoeff, F. H.: Tumors of the Optic Nerve , in Penfield, W., Editor: Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1932, Vol. 3, p. 1029. 10. Davis, A. D.: Primary Tumors of the Optic Nerve (a Phenomenon of Recklinghausen's Disease): A Clinical and Pathologic Study with Report of 5 Cases and a Review of the Literature , Arch. Ophth. 23:735 and 957, 1940.Crossref 11. White, J. P., and Loewenstein, A.: An Unpigmented Primary Tumour of the Optic Disc: A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Phakomata of the Eye , Brit. J. Ophth. 30:253, 1946.Crossref 12. Penfield, W., Editor: Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Central Nervous System , New York, Paul B. Hoeber Inc., 1932, Vol. 3. 13. Copeland, M. M.; Craver, L. F., and Reese, A. B.: Neurofibromatosis with Ocular Changes and Involvement of the Thoracic Spine: Report of a Case , Arch. Surg. 29:108, 1934.Crossref 14. Fischer, H.: Beitrag zur Recklinghausenschen Krankheit: Missbildungen am Auge, besonders die markhaltigen Nervenfasern der Netzhaut , Dermat. Ztschr. 42:143, 1924Crossref

MILES, PAUL W.

1953 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1953.00920030483008pmid: 13091523

Abstract DURING the naval battles of World War I, mistakes were made in discrimination of position and direction of movement of a formation of ships. To the lookout the ships appeared to be moving in a straight line, when in reality they were moving obliquely in step formation. Such an error in perception would be typical of anisopia or anisodominance. The anomalies apply especially to aircraft formation flying and landing operations but also to automobile traffic situations, where target and background contrast is unusually high. Anisopia is an anomaly, discovered by Cibis,1 which may exist from a monocular defect in the brightness or in the focus of one retinal image. It results in an apparent rotation, or "venetian-blind effect," of contrasting surfaces in a frontal plane on their individual central vertical axes. When the phenomenon is elicited in a normal person by reducing the light striking one retina, it may References 1. Cibis, P. A., and Haber, H.: Anisopia and Perception of Space , J. Optic. Soc. America 41:676-683, 1951.Crossref 2. Ogle, K. N.: A Criticism of the Use of the Word "Anisopia," Letters to the Editor , J. Optic Soc. America 42:142, 1952.Crossref 3. Scott, R. B., and Sumner, F. C.: Eyedness as Affecting Results Obtained with the Howard and Dolman Depth Perception Apparatus , J. Psychol. 27:479-482, 1949.Crossref 4. Verhoeff, F. H.: Effect on Stereopsis Produced by Disparate Retinal Images of Different Luminosities , Arch. Ophth. 10:640-645, 1933.Crossref 5. Pugh, M.: Brightness Perception and Binocular Adaptation , Brit. J. Ophth. 35:134-142, 1951.Crossref 6. Tschermak, A.: Optical Space Perception , in Bethe, A., and others, Editors: Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie mit Berücksichtigung der experimentellen Pharmakologie , Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1930, Vol. 12, Pt. 2, pp. 854-1000.

HEDGES, THOMAS R.;ROSE, EDWARD

1953 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1953.00920030487009

Abstract THE PURPOSE of this report is to describe the clinical course of 19 patients with hyperophthalmopathic Graves's disease followed for periods varying from ½ to 20 years. The classification and relation to thyroid dysfunction are considered in the light of this experience. The ocular manifestations which we have chosen to call the hyperophthalmopathic phenomena of Graves's disease are also known by several other names: malignant, progressive, or postoperative exophthalmos; exophthalmic ophthalmoplegia; the ophthalmopathic form of Graves's disease, and thyrotropic exophthalmos. The current concept of Graves's disease has been aptly summarized by Means1 as follows: Graves' disease, therefore, may be defined as a constitutional disturbance of unknown origin, characterized in its full-blown classic form by hyperplasia of the thyroid, hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis, and an utterly unique type of ophthalmopathy, together with widespread changes in other systems of the body. Many cases fulfill all these requirements; some only a portion of References 1. Means, J. H.: The Thyroid and Its Diseases , Ed. 2, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1948, p. 292. 2. Ginsburg, S.: Postoperative Progressive Exophthalmos, with Low Basal Metabolic Rate , Ann. Int. Med. 13:424 ( (Sept.) ) 1939.Crossref 3. Woods, A. C.: Ocular Changes of Primary Diffuse Toxic Goiter: Review , Medicine 25:113 ( (May) ) 1946.Crossref 4. Brain, W. R., and Turnbull, H. M.: Exophthalmic Ophthalmoplegia, with Pathological Report on Ocular Muscles and Thyroid Glands , Quart. J. Med. 7:293 ( (April) ) 1938. 5. Means, J. H.: Nature of Graves' Disease with Special Reference to Its Ophthalmic Component , Am. J. M. Sc. 207:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1944.Crossref 6. Friedgood, H. B.: Clinical Applications of Studies in Experimentally Induced Exophthalmos of Anterior Pituitary Origin , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 1:804 ( (Oct.) ) 1941.Crossref 7. Dobyns, B. M.: Present Concepts of Pathologic Physiology of Exophthalmos , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 10:1202 ( (Oct.) ) 1950.Crossref 8. Mulvany, J. H.: The Exophthalmos of Hyperthyroidism , Am. J. Ophth. 27:589 ( (June) ) 9. 693 (July) 10. 820 (Aug.) 1944. 11. Rundle, F. F.: Development and Course of Exophthalmos and Ophthalmoplegia in Graves' Disease with Special Reference to the Effect of Thyroidectomy , Clin. Sc. 5:177 ( (Dec.) ) 1945. 12. Rundle, F. F., and Pochin, E. E.: Orbital Tissues in Thyrotoxicosis: Quantitative Analysis Relating to Exophthalmos , Clin. Sc. 5:51 ( (Aug.) ) 1944. 13. Jefferies, W. M.: Personal communication to the authors. 14. (a) Phillips, E. W.: Clinical Evidence of Sensitivity to Gonadotropins in Allergic Women , Ann. Int. Med. 30:364 ( (Feb.) ) 1949.Crossref 15. (b) Heckel, G. P.: The Problem of Allergy to Steroid Hormones , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 9:681 ( (July) ) 1949. 16. (c) Zondek, B.; Bromberg, Y. M., and Landau, J.: Treatment of Keratitis Rosacea with Small Doses of Testosterone , Nature, London 159:171 ( (Feb. 1) ) 1947.Crossref 17. Beierwaltes, W. H.: Irradiation of the Pituitary in the Treatment of Malignant Exophthalmos , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 11:512 ( (May) ) 1951.Crossref 18. Hermann, K.: Pituitary Exophthalmos: An Assessment of Methods of Treatment , Brit. J. Ophth. 36:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1952.Crossref 19. Pituitary Irradiation in Malignancy, Editorial , J. A. M. A. 147:666 ( (Oct. 13) ) 1951. 20. Lacassagne, A.; Chamorro, A., and Buu-Hoĭ, N. P.: Sur quelques actions biologiques de la 4-hydroxypropiophénone , Compt. rend. Soc. biol. 144:95, 1950. 21. Brady, R. O., and Hedges, T. R., Jr.: Lack of Effect of Para-Hydroxy-Propriophenone in Hyperophthalmopathic Graves' Disease and Diabetes Mellitus , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 12:604 ( (May) ) 1952.Crossref 22. Falconer, M. A., and Alexander, W. S.: Experiences with Malignant Exophthalmos: Relationship of Condition to Thyrotoxicosis and to Pituitary Thyrotropic Hormone , Brit. J. Ophth. 35:253 ( (May) ) 1951.Crossref

deROETTH, ANDREW

1953 A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1953.00920030499010pmid: 13091525

Abstract THE BRILLIANT pioneering work of Friedenwald1 demonstrated that the aqueous humor of the eye is partly a secretion and that the active process responsible for this secretion is located mainly in the ciliary body. Some of the secretory glands in the body, such as the salivary glands, are known to respond when stimulated with certain autonomic drugs. Deutsch and Raper,2 and also Brock and associates,3 have reported that the submaxillary glands of cats showed an increased outpouring of saliva when the animals were given acetylcholine, physostigmine, pilocarpine, or epinephrine. This is paralleled in vitro by an increased oxygen uptake. Therefore they postulated a "stimulation metabolism," according to which the excitation of the salivary glands by the autonomic drugs would result in an increased oxidative metabolism concurrent with the increased flow of saliva. Since Friedenwald's experiments have shown that the ciliary body is a secretory organ, it was References 1. Friedenwald, J. S.: The Formation of the Intraocular Fluid: Proctor Award Lecture of Association for Research in Ophthalmology , Am. J. Ophth. 32:9 (June, (pt. 2) ) 1949. 2. Deutsch, W., and Raper, H. S.: Respiration and Functional Activity , J. Physiol. 87:275, 1936 3. The Respiration and Metabolism of Submaxillary Gland Tissues of the Cat , Deutsch J. Physiol. 92:439, 1938. 4. Brock, N.; Druckrey, H., and Herken, H.: Untersuchungen über "Glycolyse," Biochem. Ztschr. 300:1, 1938. 5. Brock, N., and Druckrey, H.: Über die Bedeutung der Ringerlösung , Arch. exper. Path. u. Pharmakol. 193:609, 1941.Crossref 6. Brock, N.; Druckrey, H., and Herken, H.: Die Bedeutung des Kaliums für lebende Gewebe , Biochem. Ztschr. 302:393, 1939. 7. Brückner, R.: Über Atmung und anaerobe Glykolyse in Geweben der Rinderuvea , Ophthalmologica 109:19, 1945.Crossref 8. Dr. Zacharias Dische contributed to this work by suggestions concerning the problem, the experimental procedure, and the interpretation of the results. 9. Herrmann, H., and Friedenwald, J. S.: The Choline Esterase Content of Choroid Plexus and Ciliary Processes , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 70:14, 1942. 10. Friedenwald, J. S.; Herrmann, H., and Moses, R.: Distribution of Certain Oxidative Enzymes in the Ciliary Body , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 73:421, 1943. 11. deRoetth, A., Jr.: Respiration of the Cornea , Arch. Ophth. 44:666, 1950.Crossref 12. Robbie, W. A.: Quantitative Control of Cyanide in Manometric Experimentation , J. Cell. & Comp. Physiol. 27:181, 1946. 13. Fuhrman, F. A., and Field, J., II: Factors Determining the Metabolic Rate of Excised Liver Tissue: Effect of Slice Thickness and Tissue Injury on Oxygen Consumption; Effect of Glycogen Content on Oxygen Consumption; Effect of Temperature on Oxygen Consumption , Arch. Biochem. 6:337, 1945. 14. Barron, E. S. G.; Miller, Z. B., and Bartlett, G. R.: Studies on Biological Oxidations: Metabolism of Lung as Determined by Study of Slices and Ground Tissue , J. Biol. Chem. 171:791, 1947. 15. Friedenwald, J. S., and Pierce, H. F.: The Respiratory Function of the Aqueous , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 31:143, 1933.