EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF OCULAR TUBERCULOSIS: IX. Failure of Penicillin to Affect the Course of Experimental Ocular TuberculosisKENNEDY, JOHN D.;WOODS, ALAN C.;BUCKLEY, JOHN;BERTHRONG, MORGAN;BURKY, EARL L.
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020268001pmid: 18879873
Abstract THERE is little in the literature concerning the effect of penicillin on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Abraham, Chain and Florey,1 as a result of their in vitro experiments, reported the tubercle bacillus to be insensitive to penicillin. In Woodruff and Foster's experiment,2 tubercle bacilli (type and virulence unstated) were not inhibited by 1,000 units of penicillin per cubic centimeter of culture medium. They attributed the insensitivity of the tubercle bacillus to the fact that it is among the most active destroyers of penicillin. Smith and Emmart3 found that neither a concentration of 3,000 units of penicillin per hundred cubic centimeters of culture medium prevented growth of a virulent human type of bacillus in vitro nor did 800 units of penicillin affect significantly the degree of tubercle development in the chorioallantoic membrane. Gerber and Gross4 reported that a concentration of 1,500 units per cubic centimeter of culture medium did References 1. Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E.; Fletcher, C. M.; Gardner, A. D.; Heatley, N. G.; Jennings, A. B., and Florey, H. W.: Further Observations on Penicillin , Lancet 2:177 ( (Aug 16) ) 1941.Crossref 2. Woodruff, H. B., and Foster, J. W.: In Vitro Inhibition of Mycobacteria by Streptothricin , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 57:88 ( (Oct.) ) 1944. 3. Smith, M. I., and Emmart, E. W.: The Action of Penicillium Extracts in Experimental Tuberculosis , Pub. Health Rep. 59:417 ( (March 31) ) 1944. 4. Gerber, I. E., and Gross, M.: Inhibition of Growth of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by a Mold Product , Science 101:616 ( (June 15) ) 1945. 5. Robinson, H. J.: Toxicity and Efficacy of Penicillin , J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. 77:70 ( (Jan.) ) 1943. 6. Hamre, D. M.; Rake, G.; McKee, C. M., and MacPhillamy, H. B.: The Toxicity of Penicillin as Prepared for Clinical Use , Am. J. M. Sc. 206:642 ( (Nov.) ) 1943. 7. Harper, W. H., and Blain, A., III: The Effect of Penicillin in Experimental Intestinal Obstruction: Preliminary Report on Closed Loop Studies , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 76:221 ( (June) ) 1945. 8. Blain, A., III, and Kennedy, J. D.: The Effect of Penicillin in Experimental Intestinal Obstruction: Studies on Strangulated Low Ileal Obstruction , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 79:1 ( (July) ) 1946. 9. von Sallmann, L., and Meyer, K.: Penetration of Penicillin into the Eye , Arch. Ophth. 31:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1944. 10. Struble, G. C., and Bellows, J. G.: Studies on the Distribution of Penicillin in the Eye and Its Clinical Application , J.A.M.A. 125:685 ( (July 8) ) 1944. 11. Town, A. E., and Hunt, M. E.: Concentration of Penicillin in the Aqueous Humor Following Systemic Administration , Am. J. Ophth. 29:171 ( (Feb.) ) 1946. 12. The penicillin was supplied through the courtesy of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N. J. This particular product was calcium penicillin G, containing a small amount of unknown impurities. The potency, as measured, represented penicillin G alone.
SPASM OF MACULAR ARTERIES: Report of a CaseSIE-BOEN-LIAN,
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020274002pmid: 18879874
Abstract IN HIS papers of 1929 and 1937, Hörniker1 stressed that the terminal macular vessels are easily injured by disturbances, especially of an angioneurotic (angiospastic) kind. The case of spasm of the macular arteries reported here presented a different picture from that of many macular disturbances attributed by Hörniker to spasm of the terminal vessels, but the analogy is clear. The case was one of obstruction which within a few days affected nearly all the macular arteries, including the cilioretinal artery. I had the opportunity of treating the patient for more than a year. In the beginning, I examined him daily; later, examinations were made at longer intervals. During the daily examinations of the fundus, I saw interesting changes in the affected vessels which seemed to me worthy of record. REPORT OF CASE History. —O. H. T., a Chinese aged 34, presented himself on Aug. 25, 1944, with the complaint References 1. Hörniker, E.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 98:487, 1937. 2. Grimsdale, H.: Brit. J. Ophth. 24:208, 1940.Crossref 3. Coverdale, H. V.: Brit. J. Ophth. 13:529, 1929.Crossref 4. Leber, T., in Graefe, A., and Saemisch, T.: Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde , Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelmann, 1911, vol. 7. 5. Halbertsma, K. T. G.: Am. d'ocul. 168:641, 1926. 6. Bey, N. F.: Brit. J. Ophth. 14:402, 1930.Crossref 7. Rosenstein, M.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 75:257, 1925. 8. Hairi, H.: Ann. d'ocul. 158:662, 1926. 9. Kraupa, E., and Hahn, L.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 66:829, 1921. 10. Kubik, F.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 68:366, 1922. 11. Feigenbaum: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 48:190, 1922. 12. Zeeman, W. P. C.: Geneesk. bl. u. klin. en lab. v. d. prakt. 41:69, 1946.
PATHOGENESIS OF MYOPIA: A New ClassificationSTANSBURY, FREDERICK C.
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020280003pmid: 18879875
Abstract PRIOR to von Helmholtz' epochal invention of the ophthalmoscope in 1851, little was established concerning the pathology of myopia. Kepler,1 early in the seventeenth century, expressed the belief that in accommodation the retina moved closer to the lens and that myopia was a disturbance of this function. Plempius,2 in 1632, first examined the myopic eye anatomically and noted the increased distance between the lens and the retina. Boerhave,3 in 1708, confirmed the findings of Plempius and suggested this axial lengthening and the greater convexity of the cornea as causes of myopia. The deep anterior chamber of myopic persons misled observers of that period into believing that the cornea exhibited an abnormal convexity. Morgagni,4 in 1761, also gave an anatomic demonstration of the greater length of the myopic eye. Guérin,2 in 1769, first mentioned the ectasia of the posterior pole. Scarpa,5 in 1801, introduced the References 1. Kepler, cited by Donders,7 pp. 444-446. 2. Cited by Parsons,118 p. 908. 3. Cited by Donders,7 p. 447. 4. Morgagni, J. B.: The Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy , translated from the Latin by B. Alexander, London, Miller and Cadell, 1769, p. 299. 5. Scarpa, cited by Donders,7 pp. 371 and 447. 6. von Graefe, A., cited by Donders,7 pp. 447-448. 7. Donders, F. C.: On the Anomalies of Accommodation and Refraction of the Eye , translated into English by W. D. Moore, London, New Sydenham Society, 1864, pp. 332-448. 8. von Arlt, C. F.: Ueber die Ursachen und die Entstehung der Kurzsichtigkeit , Vienna, Wilhelm Braumüller, 1876. 9. von Helmholtz, H.: Handbuch der physiologischen Optik , Ithaca, N. Y., translated and published by Optical Society of America, 1924, vol. 1, p. 141. 10. von Graefe, A.: Beiträge zur Physiologie und Pathologie der schiefen Augenmuskeln , Arch. f. Ophth. 1:1-167, 1854. 11. Cited by Parsons,118 p. 924. 12. Stilling, J.: Ueber das Wachsthum der Orbita und dessen Beziehungen zur Refraction , Arch. f. Augenh. 22:47-60, 1891. 13. Cited by Parsons,118 p. 925. 14. Müller, L.: Ueber Pathogenese und Behandlung der Kurzsichtigkeit und ihre Folgen , Wien. klin. Wchnschr. 39:321-325, 1926. 15. Foerster, R.: On the Influence of Concave Glasses and Convergence of the Ocular Axes in the Increase of Myopia , translated by J. A. Spaulding, Arch. Ophth. 15: 399-435, 1886. 16. Jackson, E.: (a) The Full Correction of Ametropia , Tr. Sect. Ophth., A. M. A. , 1891, p. 133 17. (b) The Full Correction of Myopia , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 6:359-373, 1892 18. (c) The Control of Myopia , Am. J. Ophth. 14:719-725, 1931 19. (d) Control of Myopia , J. A. M. A. 105:1412-1416 ( (Nov. 2) ) 1935. 20. Harlan, G. C.: Constant Correction of High Myopia , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 6:374-387, 1892. 21. Lancaster, W. B., in discussion on Jackson.16d 22. Dvorak, J. E.: Present Status of the Management of Myopia , J. Iowa M. Soc. 26:25-31, 1936. 23. Luedde, W. H.: Monocular Cycloplegia for the Control of Myopia , Am. J. Ophth. 15: 603-610, 1932. 24. Ware, J.: Observations Relative to the Near and Distant Sight of Different Persons , Phil. Tr. Roy. Soc., London , 1813, p. 31. 25. Erismann, F.: Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungs-Geschichte der Myopie , Arch. f. Ophth. 17: 1-56, 1871. 26. Mackenzie, W.: Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Eye , Boston, Carter, Hender & Co., 1833, pp. 593-604. 27. Cited by Parsons,118 p. 923. 28. Hess, C., and Heine, L.: Arbeiten aus dem Gebiete der Akkommodationslehre , Arch. f. Ophth. 46:243-276, 1898. 29. Duke-Elder, S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1938, vol. 1, pp. 518 and 522-523. 30. Ochi, S.: Relation of the Ocular Muscles and Sclera in the Etiology of Myopia , Am. J. Ophth. 2: 675-678, 1919. 31. Duke-Elder,26 1945, vol. 3, p. 3418. 32. Cited by Duke-Elder.28 33. Newman, F. A.: Acquired Axial Myopia , Am. J. Ophth. 12: 714-719, 1929. 34. Hogarth, M., cited by Harman,46 p. 11. 35. Duane, A.: Some Considerations on the Hygienic and Prophylactic Treatment of Myopia , New York M. J. 75:983-986, 1902. 36. Lawson, A.: (a) Abstract of a Report on the Vision of Children Attending London Elementary Schools , Brit. M. J. 1:1614-1617, 1898Crossref 37. (b) School Myopia , Lawson Brit. M. J. 2:420, 1919. 38. Thompson, E.: Some Statistics of Myopia in School Children, with Remarks Thereon , Brit. J. Ophth. 3:303-310, 1919.Crossref 39. Gullstrand, A.: Helmholtz Treatise of Physiologic Optics , Ithaca, N. Y., Optical Society of America, 1924, vol. 1, pp. 379-381. 40. Parsons, J.: Developmental Myopia and the Treatment of Myopes , Lancet 2:796-797, 1933. 41. Duke-Elder, W. S.: An Investigation into the Effect upon the Eyes of Occupations Involving Close Work , Brit. J. Ophth. 14:609-620, 1930.Crossref 42. Rasmussen, O. D.: Incidence of Myopia in China: Data and Theses from Periodical Investigations Covering Thirty Years Residence, and Association with Refracting and Hospital Centers, in a Score of the Larger Cities , Brit. J. Ophth. 20:350-360, 1936.Crossref 43. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Practice of Refraction , Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company, 1945, pp. 77-92. 44. Gifford, S. R.: Textbook of Ophthalmology , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1945, pp. 52-58. 45. Sathaye, V. D.: Myopia , Indian J. Ophth. 2:132-138, 1941. 46. Sourasky, A.: Race, Sex, and Environment in the Development of Myopia: Preliminary Communication , Brit. J. Ophth. 12:197-212, 1928.Crossref 47. Wood, A.: A Suggestion as to the Cause of Myopia , Ophthalmoscope 14:302-306, 1916. 48. Prangen, A., deH.: The Myopia Problem , Arch. Ophth. 22:1083-1096 ( (Dec.) ) 1939.Crossref 49. Doyne, P. G.: The Myopic Child , Clin. J. 52:157, 1923. 50. Harman, N. B.: An Analysis of Three Hundred Cases of High Myopia in Children, with a Scheme for Grading Fundus Changes in Myopia , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 33:202-220, 1913. 51. Banerjee, J.: State of Vision of Indian Students in Calcutta , Calcutta M. J. 33:53-63 and 285-295, 1938. 52. Levinsohn, G.: Notes on the Genesis of Myopia , Arch. Ophth. 54:434-439 ( (Sept.) ) 1925 53. Reply to Criticisms of My Theory on the Genesis of Myopia , Levinsohn Arch. Ophth. 15:84-85 ( (Jan.) ) 1936.Crossref 54. Essed, W. F., and Soerwarno, M.: Ueber Experimentalmyopie bei Affen , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 80:56-62, 1928. 55. Marchesani, Q.: Untersuchungen über die Myopiegenese (Die experimentelle Affenmyopie) , Arch. f. Augenh. 104:177-191, 1931. 56. Comberg, W.: Anatomic and Experimental Examinations of the Mechanical Factors in the Origin of Myopia , Arch. Ophth. 1:286 ( (Feb.) ) 1929. 57. Bucklers, M.: Anatomische Untersuchungen über die Bezeichungen zwischen der senilen und der myopischen Circumpapillaren , Arch. f. Ophth. 121: 243-283, 1928. 58. Scheerer, R., and Seitzer, A.: Ueber das Auftreten von sogenannten myopischen Veränderungen am Augenhintergrund bei den verschiedenen Brechungszuständen des Auges , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 82:511-515, 1929. 59. Jablonski, W.: Ueber den augenblicklichen Stand der Erforschung der Kurzichtigkeit , Zentralbl. f. d. ges. Ophth. 28:129, 1932. 60. Edridge-Green, F. W.: The Cause and Prevention of Myopia , Lancet 1:136-137, 1918 61. Cause and Prevention of Myopia , Edridge-Green Lancet 1:469-471, 1921. 62. Galloway, A. R.: The Education of Myopes , Brit. M. J. 2:46, 1923.Crossref 63. Lipschutz, H.: Myopia and Near Work , Brit. J. Ophth. 19:611-612, 1935.Crossref 64. Norris, W. F.: Some Remarks on Asthenopia and the Changes in Refraction in Adolescent and Adult Eyes , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 4:369-384, 1886. 65. Turner, H. H.: Discussion of the Elements Underlying Progressive Axial Myopia , Pennsylvania M. J. 34:173-178, 1930 66. The Etiology and Control of Progressive Axial Myopia , Turner Pennsylvania M. J. 47:793-801, 1944. 67. Lindner, K.: Ueber den Einfluss von Umvelt und Vererbung auf die Entstehung der Schulmyopie , Arch. f. Ophth. 146:336-376, 1946. 68. Weiss, L.: Beiträge zur Entwicklung der Myopie , Arch. f. Ophth. 22: ( (pt. 3) ):1-124, 1876 69. Emmert, E.: On the Causes of Myopia , Ophthalmoscope 2:374-375, 1904. 70. Paulsen, O.: Ueber die Entstehung des Staphyloma posticum chorioideae , Arch. f. Ophth. 28:225-244, 1882. 71. Thorner, cited by Luedde.20. 72. Schnabel, J.: Zur Lehre von dem Ursachen der Kurzsichtigkeit , Arch. f. Ophth. 20( (pt. 2) ):1-70, 1874. 73. Hess, C.: Ueber den Einfluss, den der Bruchungsindex des Kammerwassers auf die Gesammt-Refraction des Auges hat , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 36:274-280, 1898. 74. Hanssen, R.: Zur Genese der Myopie , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 67: 171-172, 1921. 75. Poos, F.: The Myopic Problem , Arch. Ophth. 2:66-75 ( (July) ) 1929.Crossref 76. Cited by Parsons,118 p. 926. 77. Schnabel, J., and Herrnheiser, I.: Ueber Staphyloma posticum, Konus und Myopie , Ztschr. f. Heilk , 16:1-48, 1895 78. abstracted, Jahrb. u. Ophth. , 1896, pp. 436-437. 79. Henderson, T.: The Constitutional Factor in Myopia , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 54:451-459, 1934. 80. Dean, F. W.: Axial Myopia: Phases of Etiology and Treatment , J. Iowa M. Soc. 21:216-220, 1931. 81. Couadau, A.: La myopie monolatérale: Travail de la clinique opthalmologique du Prof. Frankel , Paris, J. B. Baillière, 1929, p. 119. 82. Incze, A.: Ueber die Myopie als eine konstitutionelle Veränderung , Ztschr. f. Augenh. 67:20-41, 1929. 83. Vogt, A.: Ueber Vererbung von Augenleiden , Schweiz. med. Wchnschr. 53:188-193, 1923. 84. Stocker, F. W.: Pathologic Anatomy of the Myopic Eye with Regard to Newer Theories of Etiology and Pathogenesis of Myopia , Arch. Ophth. 30: 476-488 ( (Oct.) ) 1943.Crossref 85. Holm, E.: The Pathogenesis of Reading Myopia , Acta ophth. 3:234-244, 1926.Crossref 86. Keith, A.: Myopia, a Disorder of Growth , Lancet 1:32-33, 1925 87. On the Nature of Man's Structural Imperfections , Keith Lancet 2:1047-1051, 1925.Crossref 88. Posey, W. C.: Hygiene of the Eye , Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1918, p. 32. 89. Vandergrift, G. W.: The Development of the Accommodative Apparatus in Relation to Myopia and Presbyopia , New York State J. Med. 24:385-389, 1924. 90. Walker, J. P.: Myopia and Pseudo-Myopia , Brit. J. Ophth. 30:735-742, 1946.Crossref 91. Duke-Elder,39 p. 79. 92. Marlow, F. W.: Muscle Imbalance in Myopia , Arch. Ophth. 13:584-597 ( (April) ) 1935.Crossref 93. Pascal, J. I.: Myopia and Exophoria , Arch. Ophth. 14:624-626 ( (Oct.) ) 1935.Crossref 94. Snell, A.: A Statistical Study of Functional Muscle Tests in Axial Myopia , Tr. Sect. Ophth., A. M. A. , 1936, pp. 49-64. 95. Straub, M.: La part de l'hérédité et de l'étude dans le développement de la myopie , Arch. d'opht. 36:68-70, 1919. 96. Drualt-Tonfesco, S.: Notes sur la myopie , Ann. d'ocul. 159:709-729 and 865-888, 1922. 97. Mills, L.: Peripheral Vision in Art , Arch. Ophth. 16:208-219 ( (Aug.) ) 1936.Crossref 98. Heinonen, O.: Entsteht die Schul- und Berufsmyopie infolge der Näharbeit, oder gibt es andere Faktoren, welche siche an erster Stelle hierbei geltend machen? Acta ophth. 6:238-250, 1928.Crossref 99. Wiener, M.: Epinephrine in Progressive Myopia , J. A. M. A. 89:594-596 ( (Aug. 20) ) 1927Crossref 100. The Use of Epinephrine in Progressive Myopia: Further Report , Ann. J. Ophth. 14:520-522, 1931 101. Myopia: Cause, Progress and Treatment , South. M. J. 24:529-534, 1931.Crossref 102. Nicolato, A.: Della genesi della myopia: Note preventiva , Arch. di ottal. 36:453-468, 1929. 103. Malone, J. Y.: Progressive Myopia, Keratoconus, and Keratoglobus , Tr. Sect. Ophth., A. M. A. , 1939, pp. 44-52. 104. Haseltine, S. L.: Suprarenal Gland in the Treatment of Glaucoma, Progressive Myopia, and Some Allergic Conditions , J. M. Soc. New Jersey 34: 729-731, 1937. 105. Costello, J. P.: Obesity and Ocular Symptoms in Mentally Alert Children Due to Hypothyroidism , Endocrinology 20:105-106, 1936.Crossref 106. Bothman, L.: The Relation of Basal Metabolic Rate to Progressive Axial Myopia: Preliminary Report , Am. J. Ophth. 14:918-924, 1931. 107. Law, F. W.: Calcium and Parathyroid Therapy in Progressive Myopia , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 54:281-290, 1934. 108. Knapp, A. A.: Vitamin-D Complex in Progressive Myopia: Etiology, Pathology and Treatment , Am. J. Ophth. 22:1329-1337, 1939. 109. Laval, J.: Vitamin D and Myopia , Arch. Ophth. 19:47-53 ( (Jan.) ) 1938Crossref 110. The Relationship Between Myopia and Avitaminosis , Am. J. Ophth. 24:408-412, 1941. 111. Kassas, J.: Ueber Veränderung der Refraction bei 90 Zoglingen des Brester Knabengymnasiums in 5 Jahren , West. Ophth. 30:829, 1914 112. abstracted, Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 17:754, 1914. 113. Sonder: De l'influence des maladies infantiles dans l'evolution de la myopie progressive , Arch. d'opht. 37:290-298, 1920. 114. Morse, S.: Myopia as a Disease That May Be Preventable , Am. Med. 34:115-121, 1928. 115. Miller, H.: Is Myopia a Deficiency Disease? Am. J. Ophth. 23:296-305, 1940. 116. Walker, J. P. S.: Progressive Myopia: A Suggestion Explaining Its Causation, and Its Treatment , Brit. J. Ophth. 16:485-488, 1932.Crossref 117. Lemere, H. B.: Contributing Factors in the Etiology of Myopia: Preliminary Report , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. , 1923, pp. 132-145. 118. Rosenow, E. C.: Focal Infection and Elective Localization in the Pathogenesis of Diseases of the Eye , Am. J. Otol., Rhin. & Laryng. 36:883-895, 1927. 119. Sorsby, A.: Modern Trends in Ophthalmology , London, Butterworth & Company, Ltd., 1940, pp. 256-267. 120. Steiger, A.: Die Entstehung der sphärischen Refraktionen des menschlichen Auges , Berlin, S. Karger, 1913. 121. Tron, E.: Variationsstatistische Untersuchungen über Refraktion , Arch. f. Ophth. 122:1-33, 1929 122. Ueber die optischen Grundlagen der Ametropie , Tron Arch. f. Ophth. 132:182-223, 1934. 123. Sorsby, A.: The Control of School Myopia , Brit. M. J. 2:730-733, 1933 124. The Pre-Myopic State: Its Bearing on the Incidence of Myopia , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 54:459-465, 1934. 125. von Graefe, A.: Zwei Sektionsbefunde bei Sclerotico-Choroiditis posterior und Bemerkungen über diese Krankheit , Arch. f. Ophth. 1( (pt. 1) ):390-401, 1854. 126. Knies, M.: Ueber Myopie und ihre Behandlung , Arch. f. Ophth. 32: ( (pt. 3) ):15-72, 1886. 127. Tscherning, M.: Studien über die Aetiologie der Myopie , Arch. f. Ophth. 29( (pt. 1) ):201-272, 1883. 128. Ferri, cited by Parsons,118 p. 927. 129. Smith, Priestley: Introduction to a Discussion on the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Pernicious Myopia , Ophth. Rev. 20:331-339, 1901. 130. Batten, R. D.: Myopia the Result of Constitutional Disease , Ophth. Rev. 11:1-24, 1892. 131. Risley, S. D., in discussion on Harlan,17 pp. 383-384. 132. Risley, S. D.: Hypermetropic Refraction Passing While Under Observation into Myopia , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 4:520-531, 1887. 133. Parsons, J. H.: The Pathology of the Eye , New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1906, vol. 3, pp. 908-931. 134. Koster, W.: School Myopia , Nederl. tijdschr. v. geneesk. 1:2329, 1916 135. abstracted, J. A. M. A. 67:475-476 ( (Aug. 5) ) 1916 136. Progressive Myopia and Its Treatment , Nederl. tijdschr. v. geneesk. 2:17, 1916 137. abstracted, J. A. M. A. 67: 549 ( (Aug. 12) ) 1916. 138. de Schweinitz, G.: Diseases of the Eye , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1916, pp. 127-137. 139. Sourasky, A.: The Growth of the Eye and the Development of Myopia: A Study in the Changes of Refraction During the School Period , Brit. J. Ophth. 12:625-644, 1928.Crossref 140. Dimitry, T. J.: Myopia Is Essentially a Pathological Condition , New Orleans M. & S. J. 81:432-436, 1928. 141. Hallett, De.W.: The Prevention of Myopia , Am. J. Ophth. 14:143-146, 1931. 142. Cowan, A.: Myopia , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. (1941) 46:197-205, 1942. 143. Wolff, E.: Pathology of the Eye , Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Sons & Co., 1935, p. 258. 144. Heine, L.: Beiträge zur Anatomie des myopischen Auges , Arch. f. Ophth. 38:277-290, 1899. 145. Salzmann, M.: Die Atrophie der Aderhaut in kurzsichtigen Auge , Arch. f. Ophth. 54:337-410, 1902. 146. Collins, E., and Mayou, M.: Pathology and Bacteriology of the Eye , Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Sons & Co., 1925, pp. 111-121. 147. Coats, cited by Parsons,118 p. 919. 148. von Szily, A.: Ueber den "Conus in heterotypischer Richtung," Arch. f. Ophth. 110:183-291, 1922. 149. Elschnig, A.: Das Colobom am Sehnerveneintritte und der Conus nach unten , Arch. f. Ophth. 51:391-430, 1900. 150. Parsons, J. H.: Diseases of the Eye , New York, The Macmillan Company, 1942, p. 517. 151. Mann, I.: Developmental Abnormalities of Eye , London, Cambridge University Press, 1937, p. 110. 152. Fuchs, E.: Textbook of Ophthalmology , translated by A. Duane, ed. 7, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1924, pp. 193-204. 153. Troncoso, M. U.: Internal Diseases of the Eye and Atlas of Ophthalmoscopy , Philadelphia, F. A. Davis Company, 1946, pp. 463-470. 154. Brown, E. V. L.: Use-Abuse Theory of Changes in Refraction Versus Biologic Theory , Arch. Ophth. 28:845-850 ( (Nov.) ) 1942. 155. Jackson, E.: Norms of Refraction , Tr. Sect. Ophth., A. M. A. , 1931, pp. 174-190. 156. Rodin, F. H.: Etiology of Myopia , Arch. Ophth. 9:264-279 ( (Feb.) ) 1933. 157. Koster, W.: Cyclitic Myopia, Optic Myopia, and Infantile Glaucoma , Nederl. tijdschr. v. geneesk. 2:113, 1916 158. abstracted, J. A. M. A. 67:645 ( (Aug. 19) ) 1916.
CRANIAL EPIDERMOID WITH EROSION OF THE ROOF OF THE ORBIT: Report of a CaseGIVNER, ISADORE;WIGDERSON, HENRY
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020307004pmid: 18879876
Abstract THE FIRST primary cranial epidermoid was reported by Johannes Müller1 in 1838. He called attention to the resemblance between cells of epidermal origin and the cells observed in these tumors. Remak, in 1854, advanced the theory of ectodermal rests to explain the origin of epithelial tumors having no attachment to the surface epithelium. Bostroem,2 in 1897, first used the term epidermoid and pointed out the many opportunities for bits of ectoderm to be pinched off during closure of the neural tube and during subsequent stages in the development of the central nervous system, as when the transverse folds are forming. He expressed the belief that only cell rests in contact with the pia or lodged in the diploe are assured of nourishment adequate to develop into tumors. He stated that when cells destined only for the epidermis are pinched off they give rise to tumors exhibiting only epidermoid References 1. Müller, J.: Ueber den feinern Bau und die Formen der krankhaften , G. E. Schwülste, Berlin, G. Reimer, 1838. 2. Bostroem, A.: Centralbl. f. allg. Path. u. path. Anat. 8:1, 1897. 3. Bucy, P. C.: Intradiploic Epidermoid (Cholesteatoma) of Skull , Arch. Surg. 31:190 ( (Aug.) ) 1935.Crossref 4. Cushing, H.: A Large Epidermal Cholesteatoma of Parietotemporal Region Deforming Left Hemisphere Without Cerebral Symptoms , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 34:557 ( (May) ) 1922. 5. Cairns, H.: Ultimate Results of Operations for Intracranial Tumors: Study of Series of Cases After Nine Year Interval , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 8:421 ( (May) ) 1936.
NORMAL OPTIC NERVE: I. Classification of the Optic Disk Based on Branching of the Central Retinal ArteryWOOD, EVERET H.
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020312005
Abstract IT HAS long been obvious that inadequate attention has been paid to the detailed topography of the eyegrounds. The older works called attention to general relations, and Goldstein1 even suggested that photography of the fundus might be useful in identification of criminals. Jensen2 studied distribution of vessels in the fundus in general. In a recent paper, Cordes3 reviewed the congenital and acquired anomalies of the optic disk but did not make a detailed study of the distribution of vessels on the disk itṣelf. Opportunity was recently afforded me to study the normal topography of the eyegrounds in several hundred men in the armed forces. The first phase of this study was limited to the relation of the retinal arteries to the quadrants of the optic disk. A planned study of this limited scope seemed particularly worth while because of the relations of these root vessels to changes References 1. Simon, C., and Goldstein, I.: New Scientific Method of Identification , New York State J. Med. 35:901-906 ( (Sept. 15) ) 1935. 2. Jensen, V. A., in Kershner, C. M.: Blood Supply of the Visual Pathway , Boston, Meador Publishing Company, 1943, pp. 64-74. 3. Cordes, F. C.: Congenital and Acquired Anomalies of the Optic Disk , Arch. Ophth. 23:1063-1089 ( (May) ) 1940.Crossref
EFFECT OF ROENTGEN THERAPY ON EXPERIMENTAL OCULAR VACCINIA IN NONIMMUNE AND IN PARTIALLY IMMUNE RABBITSHARRELL, GEORGE T.;REID, CHARLES H.;LITTLE, J. MAXWELL;MANKIN, JAMES W.;PITTMAN, HAL W.;HOLT, LAWRENCE BYERLY;MORRIS, LESLIE M.
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020320006pmid: 18879878
Abstract ACCIDENTAL ocular infection with vaccinia occurs usually as a complication of prophylactic immunization against smallpox. Rarely infection results from a laboratory accident during the preparation or experimental use of the virus. The danger of ocular infection lies in involvement of the cornea, with subsequent development of an opaque scar. The prevention of permanent impairment of vision is a goal in treating any infection of the eye. The therapy of ocular vaccinia is not standardized. Various forms of radiation therapy have been used in human beings and in rabbits. The present experiments were suggested by the beneficial results obtained from the use of roentgen therapy for an accidental ocular infection in a partially immune human being.1 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Rabbits were used to study the effect of direct irradiation at different stages of ocular vaccinia in nonimmune and partially immune animals and the nonspecific effect of irradiation of a distant primary References 1. Pittman, H. W.; Holt, L. B., and Harrell, G. T.: The Effect of Irradiation, Immunity and Other Factors on Vaccinial Infection: A Review Illustrated by the Report of a Secondary Ocular Infection Treated with Roentgen Rays , Arch. Int. Med. 80:61-67 ( (July) ) 1947.Crossref 2. Little, J. M.; Mankin, J. W.; Reid, C. H., and Harrell, G. T.: The Scatter and Absorption of Light by the Excised Cornea at Various Wavelengths Determined by a Photoelectric Method , J. Clin. Investigation 26:416 ( (May) ) 1947.Crossref 3. Dr. Nash Herndon assisted in the statistical criticism. 4. Snedecor, C. W.: Statistical Methods , Ames, Iowa, Iowa State College Press, 1940.
DISTANCE DISCRIMINATION: III. Effect of Rod Width on ThresholdHIRSCH, MONROE J.;HOROWITZ, MILTON W.;WEYMOUTH, FRANK W.
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020332007
Abstract The USUAL form of the rod test for distance discrimination has been designed to exclude all cues of distance except retinal disparity. In spite of this intention, the size cue has not been eliminated. In the Howard test, widely used in the armed forces and in industry, the size cue acts in harmony with, and supplements, retinal disparity. In other tests, of which the ``telebinocular'' may be taken as an example, size becomes not a secondary, but a confusion, factor. With the ``telebinocular" judgments based on retinal disparity are scored as correct responses, while size of the objects enters only to confound the observer. In a normal situation an object looks larger as it approaches the eye; in the ``telebinocular'' the smallest letter may be, on the basis of binocular parallax, the nearest. This pitting of the size cue against the disparity cue is also a feature of the Verhoeff References 1. Weymouth, F. W., and Hirsch, M. J.: The Reliability of Certain Tests for Determining Distance Discrimination , Am. J. Psychol. 58:379-390, 1945.Crossref 2. Hirsch, M. J., and Weymouth, F. W.: Distance Discrimination: I. Theoretic Considerations , Arch. Ophth. 39:210 ( (Feb.) ) 1948.Crossref 3. Hirsch, M. J.; Horowitz, M. W.; Walker, E. L., and Weymouth, F. W.: Distance Discrimination: IV. Effect of Aniseikonic Lenses , Arch. Ophth. , this issue, p. 333.
DISTANCE DISCRIMINATION: IV. Effect of Aniseikonic Lenses on Distance DiscriminationHIRSCH, MONROE J.;HOROWITZ, MILTON W.;WALKER, EDWARD L.;WEYMOUTH, FRANK W.
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020340008
Abstract In THE first paper of this series on distance discrimination1 it was shown that the results obtained in a test of depth perception might be made to yield two important types of information. If a series of judgments are made, the mean of the distribution expressed in physical units (customarily millimeters) is the position of subjective equality (Es), and from it may be determined the location of pairs of functionally corresponding retinal points. The standard deviation of the distribution (Sx) may be used to determine the size and relative sensitivity of the pair of corresponding areas. It was pointed out in the paper just mentioned that tests (such as the Howard) which are used today to test distance discrimination are scored in a manner which yields a single measure rather than the two parameters, Es and Sx. This single measure, while enabling the comparison of References 1. Hirsch, M. J., and Weymouth, F. W.: Distance Discrimination: I. Theoretic Considerations, Arch. Ophth., to be published. 2. Hirsch, M. J.; Horowitz, M. W., and Weymouth, F. W.: Distance Discrimination: III. Effect of Rod Width on Threshold , Arch. Ophth. , this issue, p. 325. 3. The Vision Laboratory received from Prof. Kenneth B. Stoddard, University of California School of Optometry, the three aniseikonic size lenses used in this experiment. 4. Weymouth, F. W., and Hirsch, M. J.: The Reliability of Certain Tests for Determining Distance Discrimination , Am. J. Psychol. 58:379-390, 1945.Crossref 5. Burian, H. M.: Influence of Prolonged Wearing of Meridional Size Lenses on Spatial Localization , Arch. Ophth. 30:645-666 ( (Nov.) ) 1943.Crossref
RESULTS OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF CONGENITAL CATARACTOWENS, WILLIAM COUNCILMAN;HUGHES, WILLIAM F.
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020346009pmid: 18879881
Abstract THERE are few statistical studies on the results of operation for congenital cataract or on the various factors which influence these results.1 Hence, the best method of treating patients with this defect and the visual result to be expected have not been definitely established.2 To obtain more information on this subject, a study was made of 148 patients with congenital cataract. The study included an analysis of the results of operations performed on 231 eyes at the Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute between January 1925 and October 1943. The fol- low-up period for the group ranged from no return visit to a maximum of twenty-two years, the average period being nineteen months. The importance of various factors on the final visual result was first studied. These factors were then analyzed for their influence on the occurrence of operative or postoperative complications and on the necessity of secondary operations. FACTORS INFLUENCING References 1. Horay, G.: Ueber Staroperationen im Kindestalter , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 74:178, 1925. 2. Klare, D.: Klinische Erfahrungen bei der operativen Behandlung des grauen Stares im Kindesalter , Arch. f. Augenh. 102:165, 1930. 3. Kiss, W.: Sehscharfe der in früher Kindheit doppelseitig Staroperierten , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 98:523, 1937. 4. Falls, H. F.: Developmental Cataracts , Arch. Ophth. 29:210 ( (Feb.) ) 1943.Crossref 5. Ziegler, S. H.: Complete V-Shaped Discission for Zonular and Pyramidal Cataracts , J. A. M. A. 77:1100 ( (Oct. 1) ) 1921Crossref 6. Am. J. Ophth. 5:381, 1922. 7. Bell, G. H.: Operation for Juvenile Cataract in Two Stages , Am. J. Ophth. 9:433, 1926. 8. Dean, F. W.: Cataracts: Operation for Congenital and Juvenile , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 31:261, 1926. 9. Alexander, G. F.: The Immediate Removal of Congenital Cataracts , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 48:94, 1928. 10. Barkan, O.: A Procedure for Extraction of Congenital, Soft, and Membranous Cataracts , Am. J. Ophth. 15:117, 1932. 11. Green, J., and Beisbarth, C.: Congenital Cataract Extraction by Method of Barkan , Am. J. Ophth. 16:603, 1933. 12. Ballantyne, A. J.: Posterior Needling in the Treatment of Lamellar and Other Forms of Soft Cataract , Brit. J. Ophth. 20: 540, 1936.Crossref 13. von Hofe, K.: Beitrag zur Frage der Berufsfähigkeit derjenigen die in der Jugend wegen angeborenen Stars operient wurden , Arch. f. Augenh. 110: 34, 1937. 14. Flesicher: Zeitpunkt für die operation eines angeboren Stares , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 103:329, 1939. 15. Wolfe, O.: Removal of Soft Cataract by Suction , Arch. Ophth. 26:127 ( (July) ) 1941.Crossref 16. Boley, J. P.: Some Practical Points on Congenital Cataract , Bull. Acad. Med. Toronto 18:197, 1945. 17. Moncreiff, W. F.: Contributions to the Surgery of Congenital Cataract , Am. J. Ophth. 29:1513, 1946. 18. Broendstrup, P.: Amblyopia ex Anopsia in Infantile Cataract , Acta ophth. 22:52, 1944.Crossref 19. Goar, E., and Potts, C.: The Relationship of Rubella in the Mother to Congenital Cataracts in the Child , Am. J. Ophth. 29:566, 1946. 20. Wilder, W. H.: The Operative Procedures and Methods of Handling Juvenile Cataracts , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. , 33:113, 1928. 21. Knapp, A.: Operative Prognosis of Congenital Cataract , Arch. Ophth. 32:519 ( (June) ) 1944.Crossref 22. Moore, F.: Diathermy in Ophthalmology , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 53:487, 1933. 23. Shapland, C. D.: Retinal Detachment in Aphakia , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 54:176, 1934. 24. Philps, S.: Treatment and Post-Operative Care of Cataract in Children , M. Press 216:376, 1946. 25. Hughes, W. F., Jr., and Owens, W. C.: Postoperative Complications of Cataract Extraction , Arch. Ophth. 38:577 ( (Nov.) ) 1947.Crossref 26. Hughes, W. F., Jr., and Owens, W. C.: Extraction of Senile Cataract , Am. J. Ophth. 28:40, 1945.
EFFECT OF A PRISM ON THE CORNEAL LIGHT REFLEXKRIMSKY, EMANUEL
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020358010pmid: 18879882
Abstract ONE IS accustomed to think of a prism as a wedge-shaped piece of glass which bends a ray of light traversing it in the direction of its base. That this ray of light affects the position of the corneal light reflex in a paradoxic manner is not generally known. Displacement of a corneal light reflex from a fixational position is known to indicate ocular deviation, and any artificial method which could restore such displacement to a fixational position can likewise serve to register the amount of such deviation. Such artificial restoration by binocular instruments employing flexibly moving lighted targets through a measured range is established practice. That a corrective prism could likewise restore a displaced corneal light reflex to a fixational position was noted by me in a previous report.1 Maddox,2 in his excellent treatise entitled "The Clinical Use of Prisms," devoted a chapter to the internal reflection References 1. Krimsky, E.: The Fixational Corneal Light Reflex as an Aid in Binocular Investigation , Arch. Ophth. 30:505-521 ( (Oct.) ) 1943.Crossref 2. Maddox, E.: The Clinical Use of Prisms , London, John Wright & Sons, Ltd., 1893. 3. Cowan, A.: Ophthalmic Optics , Philadelphia, F. A. Davis Company, 1927. 4. Wood, C. A.: The American Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Ophthalmology , Chicago, Cleveland Press, 1916, vol. 8, p. 6174. 5. Thorington, J.: Prisms: Their Use and Equivalents , Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Sons & Co., 1913. 6. Hardy, L. H.: Clinical Uses of Ophthalmic Prisms (Metric) , Arch. Ophth. 34:16-23 ( (July) ) 1945.Crossref 7. Krimsky, E.: The Cardinal Anglometer , Arch. Ophth. 26:670-674 ( (Oct.) ) 1941.Crossref 8. Krimsky, E.: Modification of the Brewster Stereoscope for Clinical Requirements , Arch. Ophth. 26:808-815 ( (Nov.) ) 1941.Crossref
LIGAMENT OF LOCKWOOD IN RELATION TO SURGERY OF THE INFERIOR OBLIQUE AND INFERIOR RECTUS MUSCLESFINK, WALTER H.
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020378011pmid: 18879883
Abstract AN ANATOMIC study of the suspensory ligament of the eye, (ligament of Lockwood) based on a series of dissections, is presented. Certain phases of the anatomic structure of the ligament which seem to be of importance in the management of abnormalities of the inferior oblique and inferior rectus muscles are presented. The suspensory ligament, as described by Lockwood, consists of a blending of the sheaths of the inferior oblique and inferior rectus muscles to form a special thickening of the fascial structure. The lateral expansion of this sheath extends upward laterally and medially to join the sheaths of the lateral and medial rectus muscles, thereby gaining indirect attachment to the orbital margin. There is thus formed a continuous band about 0.1 inch (0.25 mm.) thick beneath the globe, which supports it like a hammock. Generally speaking, the ligament is thought of as a ``suspensory hammock" which functions as a support References 1. Motais, E.: Recherches sur l'anatomie humaine et l'anatomie comparée de l'appareil moteur de l'oeil , Arch. d'opht. 4:532-537, 1885. 2. Maddox, E. E.: Tests and Studies of Ocular Muscles , Bristol, J. Wright & Co., 1898, p. 32. 3. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1933, vol. 1, p. 181. 4. Whitnall, S. E.: Anatomy of the Human Orbit , New York, Oxford University Press, 1932, p. 297. 5. Fuchs, E.: Textbook of Ophthalmology , translated by A. Duane, ed. 7, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1923, p. 58.
USE OF COATED LENSES IN RETINOSCOPYZUGSMITH, GEORGE S.
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020390012pmid: 18879884
Abstract RECENT experience in reduction of reflection on coated camera and spectacle lenses suggested the use of coated trial case lenses1 in retinoscopy. The earlier work on coating of lenses, according to Graham,2 was done by Dennis Taylor, in England, as early as 1892. He observed that the layer of dust or discoloration which appeared on old camera lenses did not reduce the light they transmitted but tended to increase it. It also reduced reflection. Taylor endeavored to reproduce the effect of age but was unable to get a coating with a wavelength necessary to intercept the incident light so as to counteract its effect. However, Strong, at the California Institute of Technology, and Cartwright and Turner, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, developed a process which was used extensively in World War II on optical instruments and camera lenses. This process is the coating of the finished spectacle References 1. Suggested by Mr. J. Wetmore. 2. Graham, R.: Reduction of Reflection , Arch. Ophth. 36:315-320 ( (Sept.) ) 1946.Crossref 3. Lane Wells Company, Lester-Lite Division, Pasadena, Calif.
APPEAL FOR DONATIONS OF SLIT LAMPS AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS FOR CHINACogan, David G.
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020397016
This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract To the Editor: —For the past several years a nationwide campaign has been carried on in China to combat trachoma. This is largely supported by the National Blind Welfare Association, whose sister organization in the United States is the Institute for Chinese Blind, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York. The former secretary of the campaign organization, Dr. Pang Hsien Chen, writes that the need for instruments and supplies is most urgent. Six centers and twenty-one full time and part time clinics have been set up in Free China, but such equipment as slit lamps, ophthalmoscopes, operative instruments, tonometers, microscopes, etc., are lacking. Accordingly the Howe Libray of Ophthalmology is acting as a clearing house for the sending of available material to China. It is hoped that those ophthalmologists and others who have used slit lamps or other ophthalmologic equipment which they care to part with for this purpose will contact us
GLASS IRRIGATOR TIP IN ANTERIOR CHAMBERSmith, James W.
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020397015
This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract To the Editor: —A case of ointment in the anterior chamber following a penetrating wound of the cornea was reported by Donald K. Binder, M.D., in the December 1947 issue of the Archives, page 830. I have seen several instances of ointment globules after operation for cataract prior to the introduction of closure of the section with corneoscleral sutures. It was not deemed advisable to open the anterior chamber in order to remove a globule because the antiseptic salve always absorbed.A more unpleasant incident is brought to mind. Low grade inflammation was noted after a cataract extraction performed on my service in a large metropolitan hospital. Biomicroscopically, a glistening reflex was observed in an exudate near the superior limbus. Examination of the glass anterior chamber irrigators revealed one with a broken tip. After the wound was opened a small piece of glass was removed which exactly matched the defect
News and NotesBenedict, W. L.
1948 Archives of Ophthalmology
doi: 10.1001/archopht.1948.00900020398017
This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract SOCIETY NEWS Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft Heidelberg. —This society held its fifty-fourth annual meeting in Heidelberg on Aug. 2 to 3, 1948. Prof. Dr. Engelking is secretary. Ophthalmologic Society of the United Kingdom. —The annual congress of the Ophthalmological Society of the United Kingdom was held on April 8, 9 and 10, 1948, with A. J. Ballantyne, M.D., LL.D., president, presiding. The program consisted in a discussion of "Subjective Disorders of Vision" (excluding those due to local ocular diseases), which was opened by Prof. H. Cohen, Dr. Denis Williams and Mr. J. H. Doggat. The Bowman Lecture for 1948 was delivered by Prof. Marc Amsler, of Zurich, Switzerland, on "New Clinical Aspects of the Vegetative Eye."The following papers were presented: "Ocular Palsies Due to Infection of the Nasal Sinuses," Dr. Helen Dimsdale and Mr. D. G. Phillips; "Preliminary Survey of Forty-Five Consecutive Cases of Congestive Glaucoma," Mr. J. P. F.