Archives of Ophthalmology

ILIFF, CHARLES E.

1947 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1947.00900010426001pmid: 20269922

Abstract THE MAJORITY of reports on radiation therapy of the eyes are concerned with gamma rays. The purpose of this paper, however, is to discuss the use of the less well known beta rays in the treatment of nonmalignant lesions of the lids and the anterior ocular segment. Beta rays possess the same qualities as other rays in the power of selective tissue destruction, but, in contrast to gamma rays, they penetrate about 3 mm. of tissue only. This makes them ideally suited to treatment of the anterior ocular segment. In no single case in which this therapy has been used has any damage to the lens been observed. This has been true clinically, as well as in animal experiments, in which in 1 instance a rabbit cornea was given 300 gram seconds of beta rays without a resultant cataract.1 The ease of application is a great advantage in the References 1. Hughes, W. F., and Iliff, C. E.: The Effects of Beta Irradiation on the Rabbit Eye , Am. J. Roentgenol. 56:502 ( (Oct.) ) 1946. 2. Burnam, C. F., and Neill, W., Jr.: Use of Beta Ray of Radium Applicator: Description of Method and Results Obtained in Superficial Lesions of Eye , South. M. J. 33:279, 1940.Crossref 3. Kumer, L., and von Sallmann, L.: Die Radiumbehandlung in der Augenheilkunde , Vienna, Julius Springer, 1929. 4. Quick, D.: Radium in Vernal Catarrh , Arch. Ophth. 4:212 ( (Aug.) ) 1930.Crossref 5. Stallard, H. B.: Effect of Radium Emanations , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 53:224, 1933. 6. Robinson, G. A.: Benign Lesions of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat , Am. J. Roentgenol. 33:801, 1935. 7. Bowing, H. H., and Fricke, R.: Radium Treatment of Vernal Conjunctivitis , Am. J. Roentgenol. 38:740, 1937. 8. Pendergrass, E. P., and Andrews, J. R.: The Radium Emanation Treatment of Vernal Catarrh , Am. J. Roentgenol. 34:637, 1935. 9. Woods, A. C.: Treatment of Tuberculosis of the Anterior Portion of the Eye with Beta Rays of Radium , Arch. Ophth. 22:735 ( (Nov.) ) 1939.Crossref 10. Moore, J. I.: Increase in Antibody Production in Cornea with Beta Rays, paper read at a meeting of residents of the Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, April 1946. 11. Thompson, R.; Pfeiffer, R., and Gallardo, E.: Stimulation of Local Antibody Formation in the Cornea by Grenz Rays , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 36:179, 1937.

HARDY, LeGRAND H.;RAND, GERTRUDE;RITTLER, M. CATHERINE

1947 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1947.00900010455002

Abstract PROBABLY the demand most frequently made of those who have had experience in testing for color blindness is for a simple means of detecting the presence of defective color vision—in other words, for a simple screening test adequate to differentiate between normal and defective color vision. The demand comes from the military services; from ophthalmologists; from industry, with its increasing use of color, and from vocational high schools, where too often a boy is trained for a trade only to find near the end of his training that he cannot meet the requirements for color vision. Tests have been produced which when properly administered and the critical scores established will meet this need, as was shown by us in previous reports1; but these tests are of foreign make and are not now available in quantity. Therefore, their evaluation has at present more theoretic than practical value. Other tests are References 1. Hardy, L. H.; Rand, G., and Rittler, M. C.: (a) Tests for Detection and Analysis of Color Blindness: I. An Evaluation of the Ishihara Test , Arch. Ophth. 34:295 ( (Oct.) ) 1945Crossref 2. (b) II. Comparison of Editions of the Ishihara Test , Hardy Arch. Ophth. 35:109 ( (Feb.) ) 1946Crossref 3. (c) III. The Rabkin Test , Hardy Arch. Ophth. 35:251 ( (March) ) 1946.Crossref 4. Hardy, L. H.: Standard Illuminants in Relation to Color-Testing Procedures , Arch. Ophth. 34:278 ( (Oct.) ) 1945.Crossref 5. We have had the opportunity to study too few cases of tritanomaly and tritanopia to warrant their inclusion in the present study. The experimental subjects reported on here have predominantly defective red-green vision. 6. Hardy, L. H.; Rand, G., and Rittler, M. C.: Color Vision and Recent Developments in Color Vision Testing , Arch. Ophth. 35:603 ( (June) ) 1946.Crossref 7. Hardy, Rand and Rittler,1c p. 257. 8. Since this manuscript was submitted, the American Optical Company, with the approval of the Inter-Society Color Council, has issued a revised (18 plate) edition of Pseudo-Isochromatic Plates for Testing Color Perception, which follows the suggestions and instructions included in this report. 9. Hardy, L. H.; Rand, G., and Rittler, M. C.: Effect of Quality of Illumination on the Results of the Ishihara Test , Arch. Ophth. 36:685 ( (Dec.) ) 1946.Crossref

BODIAN, MARTIN

1947 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1947.00900010463003

Abstract TRACHOMA is one of the most widely spread diseases in the world. It may be a definite threat to the American soldier as a result of continued exposure in the Asiatic countries. It is conservatively reported that in China the disease has an incidence of about 25 per cent, implicating about 100,000,000 people.1 In 1928 Japan was reported to have 17 per cent of its conscripts infected.2 MacCallan3 found there was heavy seeding of trachoma throughout the British Colonial Empire. It was especially prevalent in the Asiatic countries. The Fiji Islands are a known endemic area of trachoma. The local health authorities find it a definite epidemiologic problem. Reliable public health figures have never been available because of the lack of trained personnel to conduct an adequate survey.4 My interest developed during the medical examination of a group of natives employed by the United States Army References 1. Miyashita, S.: Trachom in Japan und den grenzgebeiten Chinas , Internat. Cong. Ophth. 3:169, 1929. 2. Kusama, H.: Prevalence of Trachoma and of Its Preventive Measures in Japan , Japanese M. World 8:154 ( (June) ) 1928 3. Bull. Hyg. 4:264 ( (March) ) 1929. 4. MacCallan, A. F.: Trachoma in the British Colonial Empire , Brit. J. Ophth. 18:625 ( (Nov.) ) 1934.Crossref 5. Personal communication to the author. 6. Rotumans are a Polynesian-Chinese admixture derived from Rotuma, an island on the periphery of the Fiji group. 7. Forster, W. G., and McGibony, J. R.: Trachoma , Am. J. Ophth. 27:1107 (Oct., (pt. 1) ) 1944. 8. Footnote deleted by the author. 9. Thygeson, P.: Personal communication to the author, April 1945. 10. MacCallan, A. F.: Clinical Signs of Trachoma , Rev. internat. du trachome 11:3 ( (Jan.) ) 1934. 11. (d) Julianelle, L. A., and Smith, J. E.: A Statistical Analysis of Clinical Trachoma , Am. J. Ophth. 26:158 ( (Feb.) ) 1943. 12. (e) Thygeson, P.: Viruses and Virus Diseases of the Eye , Arch. Ophth. 29:285 ( (Feb.) ): 488 (March): 635 (April) 1943Crossref 13. (f) Trachoma , in Piersol, G. M.; Bortz, E. L., and others: Cyclopedia of Medicine , Philadelphia, F. A. Davis Company, 1935. 14. (g) Lindner, K., in Berens, C.: The Eye and Its Diseases , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1936. 15. Broadhurst, J.: Liming, R.: MacLean, E., and Taylor, I.: Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies in Human Throat , J. Infect. Dis. 58:134 ( (March-April) ) 1936.Crossref 16. Broadhurst, J.; MacLean, E., and Taylor, I.: Increased Incidence of Cytoplasmic Virus Bodies in Human Throats in New York City Area , J. Infect. Dis. 73:195 ( (Nov.-Dec.) ) 1943.Crossref 17. MacCallan, A. F.: Trachomatous Conjunctivitis: Its Surgery and Pathology (Hunterian Lecture) , Lancet 1:215 ( (Jan. 25) ) 1936.Crossref

BOCKHOVEN, STERLING;LEVATIN, PAUL

1947 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1947.00900010474004pmid: 20269925

Abstract LINDAU'S disease is an angiomatosis of the central nervous system characterized by the occurrence of single or multiple hemangioblastomas in the cerebellum, brain stem or spinal cord, associated with angiomatosis of the retina (von Hippel's disease). In addition, there are present various congenital lesions of other organs, such as cystic disease of the kidneys and pancreas. Lindau found that the retinal lesions made their appearance at the average age of 25, while cerebellar symptoms did not become manifest until about fourteen years later, when partial blindness had usually set in. Cox and Trumble1 pointed out that autopsy of patients with this disease has frequently revealed a hemangioma of the spinal cord which clinically had shown no evidence of its presence. The case to be described is unique in that compression of the cord by a vascular tumor was the primary and outstanding feature and only later was a typical, References 1. Cox, L. B., and Trumble, H. C.: Tumors and Malformations of Blood Vessels of Brain and Spinal Cord , M. J. Australia 2:308-319 ( (Aug. 26) ) 1939. 2. Weve, H.: Bowman Lecture: On Diathermy in Ophthalmic Practice , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 59:43-80, 1939. 3. Lewis, P.M.: Angiomatosis Retinae: Successful Treatment (Puncture Diathermy) in One Case , Arch. Ophth. 30:350-354 ( (Aug.) ) 1943. 4. Guyton, J. S., and McGovern, F. H.: Diathermy Coagulation in Treatment of Angiomatosis Retinae: Case , Am. J. Ophth. 26:675-684 ( (July) ) 1943. 5. Turner, O. A., and Kernohan, J. W.: Vascular Malformations and Vascular Tumors Involving the Spinal Cord , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 46:444-463 ( (Sept.) ) 1941. 6. Bailey, O. T., and Ford, R.: Sclerosing Hemangiomas of the Central Nervous System , Am. J. Path. 18:1-27 ( (Jan.) ) 1942. 7. Davison, C.; Brock, S., and Dyke, C. G.: Retinal and Central Nervous Hemangioblastomatosis with Visceral Changes , Bull. Neurol. Inst. New York 5:72-93 ( (Aug.) ) 1936. 8. Craig, W. M.; Wagener, H. P., and Kernohan, J. M.: Lindau-von Hippel Disease , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 46:36-54 ( (July) ) 1941. 9. MacDonald, A. E.: Lindau's Disease: Report of Six Cases with Surgical Verification in Four Living Patients , Arch. Ophth. 23:564-576 ( (March) ) 1940. 10. MacNab, G. H. Lindau's Disease: Case Report , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 34:324-325 ( (April) ) 1941. 11. Cushing, H., and Bailey, P.: Tumors Arising from the Blood Vessels of the Brain , Springfield, I11., Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1928. 12. König, E., and Schoen, H.: Diffuse Angiomatosis of Medulla and Spinal Cord with Syringomyelia (Lindau Syndrome) , Beitr. z. klin. Chir. 170:239-265, 1939. 13. Hirschfeld, M. H.: Hemangioblastoma of Medulla: Lindau's Disease; Response to Radiation Therapy , J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis. 99:656-659 ( (May) ) 1944.

KRIMSKY, EMANUEL

1947 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1947.00900010481005

Abstract Eyes normally work together in close harmony by virtue of an intimate understanding between the fovea or macula of one eye with that of the other. These retinal components are called corresponding retinal points, and when identical impulses strike both maculas they register a fusion response in the brain which is called bimacular, or binocular, fixation (fig. 1). It is quite possible that such identical impulses may strike these corresponding retinal points and not register fusion because of a break in some part of the visual pathway behind either eye, so-called monocular suppression. Therefore, the psychic assimilation or fusion of impulses on corresponding retinal points determines whether or not the person has retinal correspondence.1 RETINAL CORRESPONDENCE Any form of retinal correspondence, whether it is normal or abnormal, is associated with some form of psychic interpretation, in contradistinction to so-called corresponding retinal points, which have a purely geometric conception. The References 1. Bielschowsky, A.: Etiology of Strabismus , Am. J. Ophth. 20:478-489, 1937 2. Physiology of Ocular Movements , Bielschowsky Am. J. Ophth. 21:843-854, 1938. 3. Travers, T. a'B.: Origin of Abnormal Retinal Correspondence , Brit. J. Ophth. 24:58-64, 1940.Crossref 4. Krimsky, E. The Fixational Corneal Light Reflexes as an Aid in Binocular Investigation , Arch. Ophth. 30:505-521 ( (Oct.) ) 1943.Crossref 5. Travers, T. a'B.: Suppression of Vision in Squint and Its Association with Retinal Correspondence and Amblyopia , Brit. J. Ophth. 22:577-604, 1938.Crossref 6. Worth, C.: Squint , edited by F. B. Chavasse, Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1939. 7. Burri, C.: The Concept of Abnormal Retinal Correspondence , Arch. Ophth. 19:409-424 ( (March) ) 1938.Crossref 8. Krimsky, E.: The Cardinal Anglometer , Arch. Ophth. 26:670-674 ( (Oct.) ) 1941.Crossref 9. Krimsky, E.: Modification of the Brewster Stereoscope for Clinical Requirements , Arch. Ophth. 26:808-815 ( (Nov.) ) 1941.Crossref

GARTNER, SAMUEL;PRIESTLEY, BRUNO S.

1947 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1947.00900010500006pmid: 20269927

Abstract THIS experimental study was embarked on to determine the feasibility and limitations of transplanting the vitreous. The vitreous has proved to be one of the most difficult parts of the eye to deal with, and has been approached by a small number of workers in different ways, with scant success. The experimental studies on this structure have been remarkably few considering its importance and volume, probably because most ophthalmologists have a great fear of the vitreous and want to stay away from it. It does not take an ophthalmic surgeon long to learn that it is desirable never to see the vitreous, as its loss, injury or infection is poorly tolerated. The diseases of and degenerative changes in the vitreous are subtle and are not well understood; worst of all, they do not respond to the treatment heretofore available. Withdrawal of the vitreous as a therapeutic measure was performed by References 1. Ford, V.: Proposed Surgical Treatment of the Opaque Vitreous , Lancet 1: 462, 1890.Crossref 2. zur Nedden, M.: Ueber den Heilwert der Punktion des Glaskörpers , Arch. f. Ophth. 101:145, 1919-1920 3. Das Instrumentarium zur Glaskörperabsaugung , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 66:474, 1921 4. Ueber Glaskörperabsaugungen , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 67:305, 1921 5. Lanzenkanulen zur Glaskörperabsaugung , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 69:514, 1922. 6. Deutschmann, R.: Zur operativen Behandlung der Netzhautablösung , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 4:364, 1906. 7. Komoto: Ueber Glaskörperwaschung bei unheilbarer Glaskörperblutung , abstracted, Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 50:265, 1912. 8. Löwenstein, A., and Samuels, B.: Ueber Glaskörperersatz , Arch. f. Ophth. 80:500, 1911. 9. Elschnig, A.: Ueber Glaskörperersatz , Arch. f. Ophth. 80:514, 1911. 10. Cutler, N. L.: Transplantation of Human Vitreous , Arch. Ophth. 35: 615 ( (June) ) 1946.Crossref

FELDMAN, JACOB B.

1947 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1947.00900010507007pmid: 20269928

Abstract THIS paper is a preliminary report on the prognosis and treatment of a number of patients with ametropia, with vision ranging from 20/40 to 20/70 (amblyopic types) and higher refractive errors. All these patients had no definite pathologic condition of the eyes to account for the low vision, nor could the visual defect be corrected with glasses. With the routine treatment as practiced in the clinic, if the patient was a young child, the mother was advised either to use atrophine or to keep a continuous patch on the good eye, depending on the degree of amblyopia. The purpose of this measure was to encourage the eye with the poorer vision to function properly. If with this treatment several months elapsed with no visual improvement, the case was placed in the category of congenital amblyopia, with its accompanying poor prognosis. Occasionally the patient was unaware of his poor vision because References 1. Feldman, J. B., and Taylor, A. F.: Obstacle to Squint Training—Amblyopia , Arch. Ophth. 27:851 ( (May) ) 1942.Crossref 2. Eggers, H.: Estimation of Uncorrected Visual Acuity in Malingerers , Arch. Ophth. 33:23 ( (Jan.) ) 1945.Crossref 3. Mrs. S. B., aged 47, the wife of a physician, had complete suppression of the left eye and yet had normal vision with a + 1.25 D. sphere for each eye. Mrs. L. W., aged 27, had alternating suppression and yet had normal vision with a -1.25 D. sphere for the right eye and a -2.00 D. sphere for the left eye. Still another patient, Mrs. R. R., aged 35, had unilateral suppression of the right eye with normal vision with a correction of + 3.50 D. sph. + 2.25 D. cyl., axis 105; yet the left eye, with vision of 6/12 + with a correction of + 3.00 D. sph. + 2.25 D. cyl., axis 80, had no suppression. It is of interest to note that in case 19 (table 2) of the present series vision was 20/20 in the right eye and 20/300 in the left eye and yet there was no suppression in either eye. (These 4 patients were not included with the 50 patients discussed in the body of the paper.) 4. The illumination of the chart was 70 foot candles, evenly distributed over the entire chart. 5. Lebensohn, J. E.: Visual Rating, and Presentation of Improved Unlearnable Letter Chart , U. S. Nav. M. Bull. 41:744, 1943. 6. All patients' vision was taken with the glasses on. 7. Pugh, M. A.: Squint Training , London, Oxford University Press, 1936, p. 39. 8. A case similar to case 7, that of M. K., a woman aged 61, was not included in this series because of the patient's age, and particularly because of the ocular condition, which was such that little could be expected from any treatment. The patient had rotary nystagmus, right convergent squint of 45 degrees and palsy of the inferior oblique and superior rectus muscles. Vision was equal to light perception in the right eye and 6/300 in the left eye. After several irregularly taken lessons, vision in the left eye improved to 12/300. She also felt that the nystagmus was less. She was enthusiastic about her improvement in vision, saying that she could see the cracks in the sidewalk and that the curb was more clearly visible. Since she was so enthusiastic about the treatment, it was deemed unnecessary to explain to her that although the treatment was partially successful the improvement was not of the kind desired, that it might represent extramacular vision. 9. Lancaster, W. B.: Present Status of Eye Exercises for Improvement of Visual Functions , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. (1943) 48:413, 1944. 10. Dobson, M.: Binocular Vision and the Modern Treatment of Squint , New York, Oxford University Press, 1933, p. 29. 11. Travers, T. a'B.: Distinction Between Amblyopia and Organic Defects of Vision , Tr. Ophth. Soc. Australia (1941) 3:82, 1942.

ELWYN, HERMAN

1947 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1947.00900010519008pmid: 20269929

Abstract GLAUCOMA is a condition in which the intraocular pressure is intermittently or continuously higher than the optimum pressure which the organism has developed as a physiologic norm. The chief problem which this condition presents is the means by which the intermittent or continuous increase in intraocular pressure is brought about. Assuming that there is an acceptable theory which explains the manner in which the increase in pressure is brought about, how do the various clinical forms of glaucoma fit such a theory? In a publication in 1938,1 I presented a new concept of the maintenance of normal intraocular pressure and a new theory of the pathogenesis of chronic simple glaucoma. In the following discussion, I shall restate (1) the concept of the maintenance of normal intraocular pressure, and (2) the theory of the manner in which an increased intraocular pressure is brought about. I shall then attempt to show References 1. Elwyn, H.: Pathogenesis of Chronic Simple Glaucoma , Arch. Ophth. 19: 986 ( (June) ) 1938.Crossref 2. Eisler, P.: Die Anatomie des menschlichen Auges , in Schieck, F., and Brückner, A.: Kurzes Handbuch der Ophthalmologie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1930, vol. 1, p. 70. 3. Abderhalden, E.: Lehrbuch der physiologischen Chemie in dreissig Vorlesungen , ed. 1, Berlin, Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1925, vol. 2, p. 317. 4. Velhagen, K., Jr.: Zur Frage der vagotropen Substanzen im Auge , Arch. f. Augenh. 105:573, 1932. 5. Engelhart, E.: Der humorale Wirkungsmechanismus der Oculomotoriusreizung , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 227:220, 1931.Crossref 6. Bloomfield, S.: Parasympathomimetic Effect of Aqueous Humor in Human Eyes With and Without Chronic Simple Glaucoma , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 60:293, 1945. 7. Gaskell, W. H.: The Involuntary Nervous System , London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1920. 8. Bloomfield, S., and Lambert, R. K.: The Lability of Ocular Tension: A Test to Determine Individual Variations , Arch. Ophth. 34:83 ( (Aug.) ) 1945.

TOWER, PAUL

1947 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1947.00900010534009pmid: 20269930

Abstract THE ADVANTAGE derived from the use of contact lenses for the correction of refractive defects of the eye, as well as their value in the compensation of certain pathologic conditions of the cornea, has been extensively discussed in the literature. Rugg-Gunn1 described the improvement in visual acuity obtained with contact lenses in different types of ametropia; O'Rourke2 and Sitchevska3 reported on the optical correction of keratoconus by means of contact glasses, and Cogan4 demonstrated their value in cases of bullous keratitis. But little experience seems as yet to exist concerning the indication of contact lenses for compensation of visual impairment due to myopia concomitant with degenerative processes in the fundus of the eye. As far as could be ascertained, such a use of contact lenses has been reported only by Mihalyhegyi,5 who in a series of 7 cases found contact lenses to be superior to References 1. Rugg-Gunn, A.: Contact Glasses for Ametropia , Lancet 2:1067 ( (Nov. 15) ) 1930.Crossref 2. O'Rourke, D. H.: Optical Correction of Conical Cornea with Contact Glasses , Am. J. Ophth. 12:187 ( (March) ) 1929. 3. Sitchevska, O.: Contact Glasses in Keratoconus and in Ametropia , Am. J. Ophth. 15:1028 ( (Nov.) ) 1932. 4. Cogan, G.: Bullous Keratitis , Arch. Ophth. 25:941 ( (June) ) 1941.Crossref 5. Mihalyhegyi, G.: Improvement of Visual Acuity with Contact Glasses in the Presence of Lesions of the Retina and Choroid , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 108:200 ( (March-April) ) 1942. 6. Duke-Elder, S.: Practice of Refraction , ed. 3, Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1938, p. 337. 7. Thier, P. F. X., in Ridley, F., and Sorsby, A.: Modern Trends in Ophthalmology , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1940, p. 308.

Rand, Gertrude

1947 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1947.00900010542010pmid: 20269931

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract To the Editor: —In an article entitled "Recent Advances in the Physiology of Vision—Part II," published in the British Medical Journal (1:913-916 [June 28] 1947), the author, H. Hartridge, protests against the continued acceptance of the so-called trichromatic theory of color vision, first postulated by Thomas Young. The value of his report to the ophthalmologist, however, will probably lie in the information concerning recent researches on color vision rather than in the arguments for or against any one type of color theory. Hartridge believes that the results of more critical methods of research demand that the three receptor form of theory be abandoned in favor of some polychromatic form. Special reference is made to Granit's work, reviewed by the author in Part I of this report (Brit. M. J.1: 637-639 [April 27] 1946), in which a microelectrode technic was applied to individual nerve fibers of the retina of