Archives of Ophthalmology

OBERNDORF, C. P.

1944 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1944.00890120023001

Abstract In everyday speech, and especially in slang, one encounters terms which indicate that common people recognize the influence of emotional response on bodily sensation. Such expressions as "eyes bulging" (with fear or desire), "kill with a look" or "I can't see him" are vivid examples of commonly known reactions associated with the eye. A mechanism known in psychoanalytic theory as displacement consists in the moving of genital affects from a primary object or function to a secondary one. When displaced associations become attached with sufficient tenacity to the secondary object, the latter may assume the functions of the first and may eventually become a welcome substitute for the primary one in fulfilling certain emotional needs of the organism. Such substitutes are utilized in the unconsciousness of sleep or unconsciously in the waking state. During waking hours substitutions springing from the unconscious as a result of a persistent and constant repression References 1. Greenacre, P.: The Eye Motif in Delusion and Fantasy , Am. J. Psychiat. 5:553, 1925. 2. Jones, E.: Papers on Psychoanalysis , ed. 3, London, Baillière, Tindall & Cox, 1923. p. 363. 3. Derby, G. S.: Ocular Neuroses , J. A. M. A. 95:913 ( (Sept. 27) ) 1930.Crossref 4. Briehl, W., and Kulka, E. W.: Lactation in a Virgin , Psychoanalyt. Quart. 4:488, 1935.

KRONFELD, PETER C.

1944 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1944.00890120027002

Abstract That the qualitative, as well as the quantitative, response to the local administration of miotics varies greatly with the various types and stages of glaucoma is a common, if not daily, experience in the practice of ophthalmology. It has been the subject of extensive discussion in the literature, although during the last decade more stress seems to have been laid on the effect of new miotics, and not so much on their specific effect in certain types of glaucoma. Since the advent of gonioscopy, progress seems to have been made with regard to the sharper definition of some forms of glaucoma, and it appears worth while to review a series of cases of conservatively treated glaucomas with the aim of determining to what extent gonioscopically defined types of glaucoma possess the quality of responsiveness to miotics, or, more specifically, whether responsiveness to miotics has a gonioscopic correlate. It would obviously References 1. Peters, A.: Das Glaukom , in Graefe, A., and Saemisch, T. : Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde , ed. 3, Berlin, Julius Springer, 1930, pp. 243-244. 2. Sugar, H. S.: Am. J. Ophth. 24:851, 1941. 3. Hess, C. V.: Accommodation in Man , in Bethe, A.; von Bergmann, G.; Embden, G., and Ellinger, A.: Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1929, vol. 1, p. 145. 4. Kronfeld, P. C., and McGarry, H. I.: Am. J. Ophth. 27:1023, 1944. 5. Sugar, H. S.: Am. J. Ophth. 25:1341, 1942. 6. To what extent examination of the eye with the slit lamp without a contact lens furnishes clues to the width of the entrance of the angle is being studied by Dr. Paul Sternberg, of this institution. 7. Serr, H.: Ber. u. d. Versamml. d. deutsch. ophth. Gesellsch. 45:22, 1925. 8. Dixon, W. E., and Ransom, F., in Heffter, A.: Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1924, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 765. 9. Hruby, K.: Arch. f. Ophth. 141:517, 1940. 10. Larsson, S.: Acta ophth. 17:297, 1939.Crossref 11. Cogan, D. C.: Am. J. Ophth. 26:551, 1943. 12. Sugar, H. S.: Gonioscopy and Glaucoma , Arch. Ophth. 25:674 ( (April) ) 1941.Crossref 13. Bangerter, A., and Goldmann, H.: Ophthalmologica 102:21, 1941. 14. Footnote deleted by the authors. 15. Elschnig, A., in Henke, F., and Lubarsch, O.: Handbuch der speziellén pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1928, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 880. 16. Kronfeld, P. C.; McGarry, H. I., and Smith, H. E. : Am. J. Ophth. 25:1163, 1942. 17. Friedenwald, J.: Personal communication to the author. 18. In my opinion, this condition represents a clinical entity. 19. Fralick, F. B.; Cooper, J. H., and Armstrong, R. C.: Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 47:92, 1942. 20. Sugar, H. S.: Am. J. Ophth. 23:853, 1940. 21. Kronfeld, P. C., and Grossman, E. E.: Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. (1940) 45:184, 1941. 22. Gradle, H. S., and Sugar, H. S.: Am. J. Ophth. 23:982, 1940. 23. Irvine, R.: Exfoliation of Lens Capsule (Glaucoma Capsularis) , Arch. Ophth. 23:138 ( (Jan.) ) 1940.Crossref 24. Mueller, H. K.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 98: 653, 1937. 25. Linn, J. G.: Exfoliation of the Anterior Capsule of the Lens , Arch. Ophth. 21:717 ( (April) ) 1939.

PANNABECKER, C. L.

1944 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1944.00890120036003

Abstract Degenerative changes in the cornea following lesions of the trigeminal nerve have long been observed and are well known. Magendie demonstrated them experimentally in 1924 and postulated the presence of specific trophic nerve fibers in the trigeminal nerve, the function of which was to regulate the metabolism of the tissues. Since Magendie's time many other etiologic theories have been presented, the important factors which have been emphasized being vasomotor disturbance, trauma and desiccation. The concept of trophic fibers has now been generally rejected, but some control of cellular activity by the sensory nerves is recognized. Thus, Duke-Elder expressed the belief that lack of normal peripheral antidromic activity causes disturbance in metabolism and is the chief etiologic factor in neuroparalytic keratitis. It is also admitted that vasomotor disturbance, trauma and desiccation are of importance as secondary factors. The outstanding characteristic of all cases of this disease is anesthesia of the cornea, References 1. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1938. 2. Parsons, J. B.: Diseases of the Eye , London, J. & A. Churchill, Ltd., 1934, p. 222.

GARTNER, SAMUEL

1944 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1944.00890120044004

Abstract A new technic of high speed photography produces magnified pictures of an excellent character and offers an additional method for study of the eye. The blood vessels of the conjunctiva have been found to be unusually available for photography because they lie in an almost transparent medium, and the red vessels afford good contrast to the background of the opaque white sclera. I have photographed the eye with many types of cameras but have found drawbacks with all of them. The intensity of light is limited by the tolerance of the human eye, and that is greatly diminished with disease. As the eyeball is curved, it is difficult to get a large section of it in clear focus on a flat film. Even in a cooperative patient there is constant movement cf the eye, which blurs the picture. High speed photography overcomes many of these difficulties. THE CAMERA The essential References 1. Edgerton, H. E.; Germehausen, K. J., and Grier, H. E.: High Speed Photography , J. Roy. Photographic Soc. Great Britain 76:198, 1936. 2. Tisdall, F. F.; McCreary, J. M., and Pearce, H.: The Effect of Riboflavin on Corneal Vascularization and Symptoms of Eye Fatigue in R.C.A.F. Personnel , Canad. M. A. J. 49:5, 1943. 3. Leber, T.: Die Zirculations und Ernährungsverhältniss des Auges , in Graefe, A., and Saemisch, T.: Handbuch des gesamten Augenheilkunde , ed. 2, Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelmann, 1903, vol. 2, pt. 1. 4. Koeppe: Intravital Microscopy of Eye with Gullstrand-Nernst Lamp , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 46:630, 1920. 5. Ruedemann, A. D.: Conjunctival Vessels , Tr. Sect. Ophth., A. M. A. , 1933, p. 114. 6. Zeller, K.: Studien am Bindehautgefässen , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 66:609, 1921. 7. Krogh, A. : The Anatomy and Physiology of Capillaries , New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1930. 8. Lewis, T. : The Blood Vessels of the Human Skin and Their Responses , London, Shaw & Sons, Ltd., 1927. 9. Bessey, O. A., and Wolbach, S. B.: Vascularization of the Cornea of the Rat in Riboflavin Deficiency with the Note on Corneal Vascularization in Vitamin A Deficiency , J. Exper. Med. 69:1, 1939.Crossref 10. Kruse, H. D. ; Sydenstricker, V. P.; Sebrell ; W. H., and Cleckley, H. M.: Ocular Manifestations of Ariboflavinosis , Pub. Health Rep. 55:157, 1940.Crossref 11. Sydenstricker, V. P.; Sebrell, W. H.; Cleckley, H. M., and Kruse, H. D.: Ocular Manifestations of Ariboflavinosis , J. A. M. A. 114:2437 ( (June 22) ) 1940. 12. Lee, O. S., and Hart, W. M.: The Metabolism of the Cornea , Am. J. Ophth. 27:488, 1944. 13. Vail, D., and Ascher, K. W.: Corneal Vascularization Problems , Am. J. Ophth. 26:1025, 1943. 14. Pett, L. B.: Influence of Riboflavin and Vitamin A on Eye Strain , Canad. M. A. J. 49:293, 1943. 15. Theobald, G. D.: Schlemm's Canal , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 32:574, 1934. 16. Ascher,K. W.: The Aqueous Veins , Am. J. Ophth. 25:1174 and 1301, 1942. 17. Hudack, S., and McMaster, P. D.: The Permeability of the Wall of the Lymphatic Capillary , J. Exper. Med. 56:223, 1932.Crossref 18. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1942, vol. 1, p. 435. 19. Peshkin, M. M.: Dry Pollen Ophthalmic Test in Pollen Asthma and Hay Fever Patients Negative to Cutaneous Tests , J. Allergy 3:20, 1931.Crossref 20. Feldman, L. A., and Sherman, H.: Hypersensitiveness of the Mucous Membrane , Arch. Ophth. 29: 989 ( (June) ) 1943.Crossref 21. Ratner, B.: Allergy, Anaphylaxis and Immunotherapy , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1943.

COHEN, MARTIN

1944 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1944.00890120057005

Abstract The absence of any report in the ophthalmologic literature on the disease known as torulosis, especially its association with Hodgkin's disease, has prompted the presentation of this case. Before describing the case, I shall state briefly the main factors concerned in the two diseases and their association. As early as 1861 a yeastlike organism causing symptoms of disturbance of the central nervous system was mentioned in the literature.1 In 1916 Stoddard and Cutler2 differentiated the pathogenic yeast organism from true yeast and named it Torula histolytica. By 1942, 78 cases of torulosis had been reported,3 in a large percentage of which lesions of the fundus existed.4 It is noteworthy that in at least 10 per cent of the cases the torulosis was associated with Hodgkin's disease.5 This is too frequent an occurrence to be a mere coincidence, but so far the relationship of the two References 1. Zenker: Encephalitis mit Pilzentwickelung im Gehirn , Jahresb. d. Gesellsch. f. Natur- u. Heilk. in Dresden , 1861-1862, p. 51. 2. Stoddard, J. L., and Cutler, E. C.: Torula Infection in Man, Monograph 6 , Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 1916. 3. Warvi, W. N., and Rawson, R. W.: Torula Meningitis , Arch. Int. Med. 69:90 ( (Jan.) ) 1942.Crossref 4. (a) Torula Meningitis; Lymphoblastoma, Hodgkin's Type, Cabot Case 20241 , New England J. Med. 210:1291 ( (June 14) ) 1934.Crossref 5. (b) McKendree, C. A., and Cornwall, L. H.: Meningoencephalitis Due to Torula , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 16:167 ( (Aug.) ) 1926. 6. (c) Fitchett, M. S., and Weidman, F. D.: General Torulosis Associated with Hodgkin's Disease , Arch. Path. 18:225 ( (Aug.) ) 1934. 7. (d) Ginsburg, S.: Lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's Disease , Ann. Int. Med. 8:14 ( (July) ) 1934 8. 10:337 (Sept.) 1936. 9. (e) von Hansemann: Ueber eine bisher nicht beobachtete Gehirnerkrankung durch Hefen , Verhandl. d. deutsch. path. Gesellsch. 9:21, 1905. 10. (a) Wile, U. J.: Cutaneous Torulosis , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 31:58 ( (Jan.) ) 1935. 11. Davison, C., and Michaels, J. J.: Lymphosarcoma with Involvement of Central Nervous System , Arch. Int. Med. 45:908 ( (June) ) 1930. 12. Forbus, W. D.: Reaction to Injury , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1943, pp. 744-746. 13. Miss Gladys Morton, of the bacteriologic laboratory, made the culture of the spinal fluid.

BELLOWS, JOHN G.

1944 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1944.00890120062006

Abstract A pigmented spindle of the cornea was first described by Krukenberg1 in 1899; he stated the belief that it arose as a result of fusion between the pupillary membrane and the cornea in fetal life. He referred to the condition as congenital melanosis of the cornea. This abnormality is a vertical band on the posterior surface of the central portion of the cornea composed of brown pigmented particles, which are dense in the center and thin out at the ends and edges. A scattering of fine, dustlike granules is seen outside the spindle, particularly inferiorly. The spindle is usually centrally located ; less commonly it is slightly nasal or temporal. The Krukenberg spindle is a rare anomaly. Evans, Odom and Wenaas2 were able to collect 202 cases, only a small number of which had been reported. They stated that many busy ophthalmologists have never observed a Krukenberg spindle. Further, References 1. Krukenberg, F.: Beiderseitige angeborene Melanose der Hornhaut , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 37:254-258, 1899 2. Weitere Mittheilung über angeborene doppelseitige Melanose der Hornhaut , Krukenberg Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 37:478-480, 1899. 3. Evans, W. H.; Odom, R. E., and Wenaas, E. J.: Krukenberg's Spindle , Arch. Ophth. 26:1023-1056 ( (Dec.) ) 1941.Crossref 4. Zentmayer, W.: Association of Annular Band of Pigment on the Posterior Capsule of the Lens with Krukenberg Spindle , Arch. Ophth. 20:52-57 ( (July) ) 1938.Crossref 5. Cameron, W.: Krukenberg Spindle Associated with Megalocornea and Posterior Pigmentation of the Lens , Am. J. Ophth. 24:687-689, 1941. 6. Goldberg, H.: Pigmentkorperchen an der Hornhautinterfläche , Arch. f. Augenh. 58:324-336, 1907. 7. Moeschler, H.: Untersuchungen über Pigmentierung der Hornhautrückfläche bei 395 am Spaltenlampmikroskop Untersuchten Augen gesunder Personen , Ztschr. f. Augenh. 48:195-202, 1922. 8. Kraupa, E.: Studien über die Melanosis des Augapfels , Arch. f. Augenh. 82:67-93, 1917. 9. von Sallmann, L.: Ueber eine dystrophische Endothelveränderung und Pigmentierung der Hornhautrückfläche , Ztschr. f. Augenh. 58:348-357, 1926. 10. Gifford, S. R.: Epithelial Dystrophy of the Cornea and Its Relation to Endothelial Dystrophy , Am. J. Ophth. 9:81-85, 1926. 11. Korobova, V.: On the Etiology of Krukenberg's Spindle , Rusk. opht. j. , (April) 1929, pp. 476-484 12. abstracted, Am. J. Ophth. 12:699 ( (Aug.) ) 1929. 13. Goar, E. L.: Congenital Pigmentation of the Cornea (Krukenberg Type) , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 25: 346-353, 1928 14. Dystrophy of the Corneal Endothelium (Cornea Guttata) with Report of Histological Examination , Am. J. Ophth. 17:215-221, 1934. 15. Puglisi-Duranti, G.: Pigmentazione a fuso della faccia posteriore della cornea (fuso de Krukenberg) , Arch. di ottal. 42:183-197, 1935. 16. Mann, I. : Developmental Abnormalities of the Eye , London, Cambridge University Press, 1937. 17. Bellows, J.: Cataract and Anomalies of the Crystalline Lens , St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1944.

BELLOWS, JOHN G.

1944 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1944.00890120065007

Abstract Pigmented lines on the lens were first described by Brueckner1 in 1907. Vogt2 referred to this condition as retroiridal pigmented lines on the anterior capsule of the lens and described 9 cases in his "Atlas." Lugli3 and Streiff4 reported 5 and 3 cases respectively. Twenty-two cases in Geneva, Switzerland, were reported by Bischler.5 As far as I can determine, this abnormality has never been described in the American or the English literature. The purpose of this report is to bring the condition to the attention of American ophthalmologists and to report 2 new cases, 1 of a soldier aged 27. His case is unique because in all previously reported cases the condition occurred in persons over 40 years of age. Pigmented lines in the retroiridal region of the anterior capsule of the lens occur nearly always bilaterally, although they may be more pronounced on one References 1. Brueckner, A.: Ueber Persistenz von Resten der Tunica vasculosa lentis , Arch. f. Augenh. (supp.) 56: 5-149, 1907. 2. Vogt, A.: Atlas der Spaltlampenmikroskopie des lebenden Auges , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1921 3. Lehrbuch und Atlas der Spaltlampenmikroskopie des lebenden Auges , ed. 2, Vogt1930. 4. Lugli, L.: Sui resti della "tunica vasculosa lentis retroiridalis" all' osservazione biomicroscopica , Rassegna ital. d'ottal. 2:1334-1347, 1933. 5. Streiff, E. B.: Indagine biomicroscopica sui residui delle tunica vascolare retroiridea del cristallino (linee pigmentate retroiridee di Vogt) , Atti d. Cong. d. Soc. oftal. ital. , 1935, pp. 89-94. 6. Bischler, V.: Ueber die Natur der Vogtschen Streifen (retroiridale Pigmentlinien der Vorderkapsel) an Hand von 22 neuen Fällen , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 103:517-524, 1939. 7. Evans, W. H.; Odom, R. E., and Wenaas, E. J. : Krukenberg's Spindle , Arch. Ophth. 26:1023-1056 ( (Dec.) ) 1941.Crossref 8. Bellows, J. G.: Krukenberg Spindle and Its Relation to Annular Pigmented Band on the Periphery of the Lens , Arch. Ophth. , this issue, p. 480. 9. Abramowicz, I.: Opacifications striées coronaires superficielles du cristallin , Ann. d'ocul. 170:602-604, 1933.

GIFFORD, HAROLD

1944 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1944.00890120067008

Abstract The problem of dacryocystitis is not one for the ophthalmologist or the rhinologist alone, but for both specialists. The patient's first complaint is that of tearing. This usually brings him to the ophthalmologist. There has been too much dissension over who is the proper authority. It is my opinion that cases of this condition are primarily the ophthalmologist's problem, but certainly a rhinologist who has studied the subject is just as capable of handling them. The region is a sort of no-man's land and has been neglected by both groups of specialists. Since the patient's complaint and the complications (conjunctivitis and corneal ulcer) are concerned with the eye, the problem should primarily be that of the ophthalmologist, but he should consult with the rhinologist in every case and with the internist in special instances. I shall present my concept of the cause and treatment of dacryocystitis, my conclusions having been References 1. Burch, F. E.: Conservation of the Lacrimal Sac: A Method , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. , 1920, p. 137. 2. Speciale-Cirincione, F.: Sulla dacriorinostomia (secondo Toti) , Clin. ocul. 14:1639, 1913. 3. Toti, M. A.: Nuovo metodo conservatore di cura radicale delle suppurazioni cronische del sacco lacrimale (dacriocistorhinostomia) , Clin. mod. 10:385, 1904. 4. Forsmark, E.: On Dacryocystorhinostomy , Hygiea 73:1432, 1911. 5. Neumayer, in discussion on von Eicken, C.: Ein neues Verfahren zur Beseitigung von Stenosen des Tränennasenkanals , Verhandl. d. Ver. deutsch. Laryng. , 1911, p. 600. 6. Stock, W.: Ueber die Erfolge der Operation der Tränensackeiterung nach Einpflanzung des unteren Endes des Tränensacks in die Nase , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 92:433, 1934. 7. Stokes, W. H.: Transplantation (Implantation) of the Lacrimal Sac in Chronic Dacryocystitis , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. , 1938, p. 342 8. Arch. Ophth. 22:193 ( (Aug.) ) 1939.Crossref

SPAKE, LaVERNE B.

1944 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1944.00890120070009

Abstract Treatment of chronic dacryocystitis from the rhinologist's point of view involves classification of the condition into certain types : (1) infection of the sac with intranasal abnormalities; (2) infection of the sac with involvement of accessory nasal sinuses; (3) infection of the sac without intranasal involvement, and (4) recurrent infection of the sac with or without a fistulous tract or stenosis of the duct. The etiologic factor in these cases is generally a suppurative lesion in the anterior ethmoid cells, and recovery will not occur until the cells are removed surgically, even though total extirpation of the sac has been performed. The first symptom of dacryocystitis is tearing (epiphora). Later there is suppuration (due to bacteria), which is recognized by expression of pus into the conjunctiva on pressure over the lacrimal sac. The sac may dilate and rupture, or it may be incised, with a remaining fistula. The patency of the References 1. Diggle, F. H.: Intranasal Dacryocystostomy for Relief of Lachrymal Obstruction , Brit. M. J. 1:391 ( (March 7) ) 1931.Crossref 2. Spaeth, E. B.: Principles and Practice of Ophthalmic Surgery , ed. 3, Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1944. 3. Mosher, H. P.: Unsolved Problems in Otolaryngology , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 42:27, 1937. 4. Ballenger, W. L., and Ballenger, H. C.: Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear , ed. 8, Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1943.

THEODORE, FREDERICK H.;BONSER, WILLIAM H.

1944 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1944.00890120074010

Abstract While all types of aneurysm of the larger branches of the central retinal artery are extremely rare, the occurrence of an uncomplicated, asymptomatic arterial aneurysm of congenital origin is unique. It is felt worth while, therefore, to report a case of this exceptional lesion and to review the related literature. REPORT OF A CASE A youth aged 19 was seen in the course of a routine examination of aviation cadets. The patient had never had trouble with his eyes, and there was no family history of ocular or cerebral disease.Vision in each eye was 20/15 (6/5). Ocular examination revealed nothing remarkable except for the fundus of the left eye. This presented a most unusual picture (figure). The optic disk was almost entirely obscured by a serpentine aneurysmal dilatation of the inferior temporal artery, which occupied the temporal seven eighths of the nerve head. The aneurysm consisted of sausage-like, saccular References 1. Graefe, C. F.: Angiectasie , Leipzig, K. F. Köhler, 1808, p. 32. 2. Cited by Leber,12 p. 20. 3. Cited by Leber.2 4. Sous, G.: De l'aneurysme de l'artère centrale de la rétine , Ann. d'ocul. 53:241, 1865. 5. Raehlmann, E.: Ueber ein pulsirendes Dehnungsaneurysma der Arteria centralis retinae , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 27:203, 1889. 6. Raehlmann, E.: Ueber die ophthalmoscopische Diagnose sclerotischer Erkrankungen der Netzhautgefässe , Ztschr. f. Augenh. 7:425, 1902. 7. Mannhardt, F.: Ruptur der Chorioidea , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 13:132, 1875. 8. Oeller, J.: Ein miliares Aneurysma einer Macularterie , Arch. f. Augenh. 22:68, 1891. 9. Gertz, O.: Demonstration af 2 patienter med karanomali i øjegrunden , Hospitalstid. 61:283, 1918. 10. Liouville, H.: Note sur la coexistence d'altérations anévrysmales dans la rétine avec des anévrysmes des petites artères dans l'encéphale , Gaz. d'hop. 43: 141, 1870. 11. Litten, M.: Apoplexie des Gehirns und der Retina bedingt durch miliare Aneurysmen , Berl. klin. Wchnschr. 18:25, 1881. 12. Leber, T.: Die Krankheiten der Netzhaut , in Graefe, A., and Saemisch, T.: Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde , ed. 2, Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelmann, 1915, vol. 7, p. 27. 13. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1941, vol. 3, p. 2617. 14. Theodore, F. H.; Johnson, R. M.; Miles, N. E., and Bonser, W. H.: Causes of Impaired Vision in Recently Inducted Soldiers , Arch. Ophth. 31:399 ( (May) ) 1944.Crossref 15. Leber,12 p. 37. 16. Ehlers, H.: Aneurysma Racemosum Arteriovenosum Retinae , Acta ophth. 2:374, 1924-1925.Crossref 17. Stokes, W. H.: Racemose Arteriovenous Aneurysm of the Retina , Arch. Ophth. 11:956 ( (June) ) 1934.Crossref 18. Bonnet, P.; Dechaume, J., and Blanc, E.: L'anévrysme cirsoïde de la rétine (Anevrysme racémeux). Ses relations avec l'anévrysme cirsoïde de la face et avec l'anévrysme cirsoïde du cerveau , J. de méd. de Lyon 18: 165, 1937. 19. Mozzetti, M.: Sulle anomalie dei vasi retinici ed in particular modo sull'aneurisma cirsoide della retina , Boll. d'ocul. 17:455, 1939. 20. Kaufmann, E.: Pathology , translated by S. P. Reimann, Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1929, vol. 1, p. 134. 21. Aschoff, L.: Pathologische Anatomie , ed. 6, Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1923, vol. 2, p. 81. 22. Ewing, J.: Neoplastic Diseases , ed. 4, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1940, p. 261.