Archives of Ophthalmology

TRAQUAIR, H. M.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120019001

Abstract As a rule it is only when defects of the visual field develop slowly that their initial stages can be examined. The study of the methods for the detection of early changes is therefore confined to conditions in which the onset is gradual, such as pressure from a tumor, chronic toxic amblyopia and chronic glaucoma, and is best undertaken with eyes in which the presence of defects is suspected although visual symptoms have not been noticed by the patient. The apparently normal field in cases of supposedly unilateral glaucoma or toxic amblyopia and the fields in cases of enlargement of the pituitary body in which there are no visual symptoms afford suitable material for investigation. These incipient changes can be elicited only by weak stimuli, such as are capable of disclosing a slight lowering of visual function in the affected area. In this connection two questions arise: First, what are

MacMILLAN, J. A.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120040002

Abstract Corneoscleral trephining for chronic glaucoma gives satisfactory results in only about 75 per cent of cases. Any procedure which will increase this percentage is therefore worthy of recording, and I wish to suggest that the routine injection of air beneath the conjunctival flap and into the anterior chamber at operation may be of value in this connection. My experience leads me to believe that the presence of air beneath the conjunctiva will prevent the adhesion of the flap to the underlying sclera for approximately eight days, as it requires about this length of time for complete absorption of the air. The injection of air into the empty anterior chamber restores it immediately and allows the aqueous to replace the air gradually. This is accomplished in about a week's time. BENEFITS OF PROCEDURE I shall first consider the benefits to be obtained from the two effects just stated. As advised by References 1. Elliot, R. H.: A Treatise on Glaucoma , ed. 2, London, Oxford Medical Publications, 1922, p. 600. 2. Moore, R. F.: A Watertight Suture in Trephining , Brit. J. Ophth. 7:257. 1923.Crossref 3. Fuchs, E.: Consequences of Softening of the Eyeball , Arch. Ophth. 3:419 ( (April) ) 1930.Crossref 4. Koster: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 40:340, 1902.

PISCHEL, D. K.;MILLER, MIRIAM

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120046003

Abstract In 1933 Lindner published the description of an operation which he called an eyeball-shortening operation. This procedure is a modification of a similar operation previously described by L. Müller and was suggested by Lindner for use in cases of retinal detachment in which operation by other methods had been unsuccessful. He also suggested and used it for the first operation in certain unfavorable cases. As can be imagined, this operation is most applicable when the detached retina is found to be held away from its normal bed by fine vitreous strands or by agglutination of retinal folds. The technic of the operation is fully described in Lindner's article1 and is easily understandable from the illustrations, even if the reader is not proficient in German. Essentially, the operation consists of excising a long, narrow crescentshaped piece of sclera lying concentric with the limbus and suturing the cut edges of the References 1. Lindner, K.: Ztschr. f. Augenh. 81:277, 1933. 2. Ramach, F.: Arch. f. Ophth. 136:78, 1936.

McDONALD, ROBB;ADLER, FRANCIS HEED

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120052004

Abstract The tremendous increase in the sensitivity of the retina when it is kept in the dark for a prolonged period is common knowledge, and the quantitative measurement of this phenomenon is not new. It is also well known that certain pathologic conditions may affect this process of dark adaptation and give rise to varying degrees of night blindness. However, it has been only within the past decade that the knowledge of this fundamental principle has aroused widespread interest. The impetus was given by the realization that in certain metabolic disorders the course of the dark adaptation and final threshold (minimum light visible after a prolonged period in the dark) was altered. These various metabolic disorders were linked to vitamin A deficiency by numerous investigators working in separate fields. The recognition of vitamin A as one of the products of decomposition of visual purple when acted on by light and its References 1. Hecht, S.: The Relation Between Vitamin A and Dark Adaptation , J. A. M. A. 112:1910 ( (May 13) ) 1939.Crossref 2. Wald, G.; Jeghers, H., and Arminio, J.: An Experiment in Human Dietary Night-Blindness , Am. J. Physiol. 123:732 ( (Sept.) ) 1938. 3. Wald, G.: Photo-Labile Pigments of the Chicken Retina , Nature, London 140:545 ( (Sept. 25) ) 1937.Crossref 4. Wilmer, W. H., and Berens, C.: Medical Studies in Aviation: V. The Effect of Altitude on Ocular Functions , J. A. M. A. 71:1394 ( (Oct. 26) ) 1918.Crossref 5. McFarland, R. A.; Knehr, C. A., and Berens, C.: The Effects of Anoxemia on Ocular Movements While Reading , Am. J. Ophth. 20:1204 ( (Dec.) ) 1937. 6. Evans, J. N., and McFarland, R. A. : The Effects of Oxygen Deprivation on the Central Visual Field , Am. J. Ophth. 21:968 ( (Sept.) ) 1938. 7. Hecht, S., and Shlaer, S.: An Adaptometer for Measuring Human Dark Adaptation , J. Optic. Soc. America 28:269 ( (July) ) 1938.Crossref 8. Analysis of gas at different times during the series of experiments showed that the oxygen content varied from 9.8 to 10.4 per cent (by volume). 9. Eli Lilly & Co. supplied the various vitamin concentrates used throughout these experiments, and the S.M.A. Corporation, the pure vitamin A. 10. The fact that the threshold did not continue to rise after the fifth week may be due to the fact that our subject was receiving 250 to 350 units of vitamin A per day in his prescribed diet, whereas both Hecht's and Wald's experimental subjects did not receive more than 200 units per day. A few days before the subject was returned to his normal diet he was given two large doses of vitamin A concentrate by mouth (50,000 and 100,000 U. S. P. units). We did not find any precipitous drop in the threshold as noted by Wald. After two weeks of a diet high in vitamin A but without any added concentrates, our subject's threshold levels were practically as high as at the peak cf his deficiency. He was then given 50,000 units (U. S. P.) of vitamin A in gelatin capsules per day. There was no appreciable improvement at the end of one week. 11. Fischer, F. P., and Jongbloed, J.: Untersuchungen über die Dunkeladaptation bei herabgesetztem Sauerstoffdruck der Atmungsluft , Arch. f. Augenh. 109: 452, 1936. 12. Bunge, E.: Verlauf der Dunkeladaptation bei Sauerstoffmangel , Arch. f. Augenh. 110:189, 1937. 13. McFarland, R. A., and Evans, J. N.: Alterations in Dark Adaptation Under Reduced Oxygen Tension , Am. J. Physiol. 127:37 ( (Aug.) ) 1939. 14. Lehmann, J. E.: The Effect of Asphyxia on Mammalian A Nerve Fibers , Am. J. Physiol. 119:111 ( (May) ) 1937. 15. Hartline, H. K.: The Response of Single Optic Nerve Fibers of the Vertebrate Eye to Illumination of the Retina , Am. J. Physiol. 121:400 ( (Feb.) ) 1938.

TERRY, T. L.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120061005

Abstract Mistakes in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma1 are numerous. They are of two general types, namely : (1) failure to discover the presence of the tumor and (2) confusion of some other pathologic condition with malignant melanoma. FAILURE TO DISCOVER THE PRESENCE OF THE TUMOR Failure to discover the presence of the tumor appears to be the more common error. In a recent statistical study of 94 cases of tumor2 it was found that 42 of the eyes were enucleated without the surgeon's suspecting that a neoplasm was in the eye. The correct diagnosis was established in the pathologic laboratory. The presence of the tumor always was obscured by some more obvious but usually closely related clinical entity (table 1). The fundus in many instances could not be examined ophthalmoscopically.Glaucoma, a common complication of the neoplasm, was found in 41 of 94 cases (44 per cent). The tumors References 1. Since the origin of this neoplasm may not be from mesodermal tissue, it is best to avoid the term sarcoma. 2. Terry, T. L., and Johns, J. P.: Am. J. Ophth. 18:903 ( (Oct.) ) 1935. 3. Franta ( Ceskoslov. oftal. 3:201, 1937) 4. The weight of the relatively normal eye is from 6.7 to 7.2 Gm., as determined by weighing a series of 147 eyes. Eyes unusually large from myopia or buphthalmos may be increased in weight up to 9 Gm. Eyes of relatively normal size weighing over 7.2 Gm. were found to contain hemorrhage, organized exudate, heavy coagulated subretinal exudate or malignant melanoma of the choroid, the last two conditions being the most frequent. Several eyes containing small tumors weighed well within the average. 5. Wintersteiner, H.: Die Geschwülste des Uvealtraktus , Ergebn. d. allg. Path. u. path. Anat. (supp.) 10:1044, 1907. 6. Scheerer, in discussion on Rönne, H. : Diagnosis of Choroidal Melanosarcoma , Arch. Ophth. 1:397 ( (Jan.) ) 1929. 7. Cohen, M.: Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 30:96, 1932. 8. Verhoeff, F. H.: Personal communications to the author. 9. Chance, B.: Am. J. Ophth. 17:48, 1934. 10. Verhoeff, F. H., and Grossman, H. P.: Pathogenesis of Disciform Degeneration of the Macula , Arch. Ophth. 18:561 ( (Oct.) ) 1937.Crossref 11. This unique and important case warrants a more detailed consideration than could be given properly in this paper. It will be reported fully by Gundersen at a later date. 12. Doherty, W. B., Jr.: Am. J. Ophth. 10:1, 1927. 13. Hill, E., and Dart, R. O.: Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 34:122, 1936. 14. Lemoine, A. N., and McLeod, J.: Bilateral Metastatic Carcinoma of the Choroid: Successful Roentgen Treatment of One Eye , Arch. Ophth. 16:804 ( (Nov.) ) 1936.Crossref 15. Greenwood, A.: Internat. Cong. Ophth. 1:565, 1922. 16. Reichling, W.: Ocular Metastasis of a Chorionepithelioma , Arch. Ophth. 19:156 ( (Jan.) ) 1938. 17. MacDonald, A. E.: Choroidal Chorionephithelioma Secondary to Teratoma of the Testicle , Arch. Ophth. 16:672 ( (Oct.) ) 1936.Crossref 18. Verhoeff, F. H.: Retinoblastoma: Report of a Case in a Man Aged Forty-Eight , Arch. Ophth. 2:643 ( (Dec.) ) 1929.Crossref 19. Wheeler, J. M.: Am. J. Ophth. 20:368, 1937. 20. Stough, J. T.: Intra-Ocular Neurofibroma: Report of a Case , Arch. Ophth. 18:540 ( (Oct.) ) 1937.Crossref 21. Freeman, D.: Neurofibroma of the Choroid , Arch. Ophth. 11:641 ( (April) ) 1934.Crossref 22. Benign melanoma more probably belongs under the list of conditions resembling malignant melanoma. It is placed here because no specific examples of benign melanoma simulating malignant melanoma are at hand. 23. Moore, R. F.: Roy. London Ophth. Hosp. Rep. ( (pt. 3) ) 19:411, 1914. 24. Cattaneo, D.: Ann. di ottal. e clin. ocul. 54:1097, 1926. 25. Cushing, H., and Eisenhardt, L.: Meningiomas , Springfield, Ill., Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1938, p. 287. 26. McLean, J. M.: Astrocytoma (True Glioma) of the Retina: Report of a Case , Arch. Ophth. 18:255 ( (Aug.) ) 1937.Crossref 27. Ewing, J.: Neoplastic Diseases , ed. 3, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1928, p. 931. 28. Evaluation of the true importance of the appearance of the fundus and of the faults of transillumination in diagnosis has long been discussed by F. H. Verhoeff in his lectures. So far as I can determine, it has not been published. 29. Friedenwald, J. S.: Clinical Studies in Slitlamp Ophthalmoscopy , Arch. Ophth. 1:575 ( (May) ) 1929.Crossref 30. Ginsberg, in Henke, F., and Lubarsch, O.: Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1928, vol: 11, pt. 1, p. 515. 31. Wood, C. A.: The American Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Ophthalmology , Chicago, Cleveland Press, 1914, vol. 5, p. 3938. 32. Lancaster, W. B.: Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 13:445, 1913. 33. Greenwood, A.: Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 13:503, 1913. 34. Burke, J. W.: Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. , 34:239, 1936. 35. van Manen, J. G.: Die diathermische Behandlung der Netzhautablösung in der Universitätsaugenklinik Utrecht und ihre Ergebnisse im Jahre 1935 , Utrecht, Keminken Zook, 1936. 36. This method was used by Weve and associates as a means of locating accurately on the sclera the correspondence of the hole in the retina for operation on the separated retina. It necessitates an opening into Tenon's capsule and the use of retractors. It may necessitate the cutting of an extraocular muscle if the suspicious area to be tested with transillumination is in the macular region or near the nerve head. Although I have used the method in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma once, with only moderate satisfaction, no doubt it could be developed with practice and refinements, such as use of a laryngeal type of mirror or with a properly developed endoscope to facilitate observation. 37. These observations are based in part on the results of routine transillumination of several hundred enucleated eyes in the laboratory. 38. A description of the transilluminator designed by Mattis and myself will be published (Arch. Ophth.). 39. Zondek, B., and Krohn, H.: Klin. Wchnschr. 11:405, 1932.Crossref 40. Lund, C. C.: Personal communications to the author. 41. Pfeiffer, R. L.: Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 40:131, 1935. 42. Ruddock, J. C.: West. J. Surg. 42:392, 1934. 43. Several of the ophthalmologists who supplied me with clinical material are purposely not mentioned. The errors in diagnosis that have arisen seem natural in view of the many hazards of diagnosis which this condition presents. No criticism is intended. 44. Routine fixation is done with a 10 per cent dilution of formaldehyde for forty-eight hours and hydrochloric acid (3 per cent) and alcohol (70 per cent) for sixteen hours. The eye is then opened, dehydrated in graded alcohols and embedded in pyroxylin. When the pyroxylin is sufficiently firm, sections are made and stained, usually with hematoxylin and eosin. This technic was used for all eyes except the eye in case 11, which remained in the solution of formaldehyde for a longer period. 45. Verhoeff and Grossman ( Arch. Ophth. 19:468 [ (March) ] 1938).Crossref

BERLINER, MILTON L.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120095006

Abstract Two cases of opacification of the lens associated with jaundice and loss of weight occurring in young women following the inhalation of paradichlorobenze vapor suggested the toxic action of this drug on human beings and prompted some experimental investigations. The first patient, a 27 year old American housewife, was seen in the wards of the New York Hospital. She had been exposed to the fumes of this drug for two years. The second patient, a young housewife of 25 years, was seen in private practice. She had been exposed to the fumes of paradichlorobenzene for over a year. Paradichlorobenzene, a by-product of the manufacture of trinitrophenol, is a white crystalline compound ; it is slightly soluble in water and is soluble in alcohol, ether and benzene and closely resembles naphthalene in physical properties. The compound is chemically indifferent. The vapor is noninflammable, does not cling to fabrics, disappears rapidly on exposure References 1. Sollmann, T. H. : Manual of Pharmacology , ed. 5, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1936, p. 626. 2. Flury, F., and Zernik, F. : Schädliche Gase, Dämpfe, Nebel, Rauch- und Staubarten , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1931, p. 540. 3. Hamilton, A. : Industrial Poisons in the United States , New York, The Macmillan Company, 1925, chap. 3 . 4. Heffter, A. : Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1923, vol. 1, p. 890. 5. Benzene Derivatives, in Occupation and Health : Encyclopedia of Hygiene, Pathology and Social Welfare , International Labour Office, Boston, World Peace Foundation, 1930, vol. 1, p. 238. 6. The experiments on the guinea pigs were carried out by Dr. Wilbur G. Downs, in the Department of Public Health, Cornell University Medical College, under the supervision of Dr. Morton C. Kahn. 7. García Miranda, A.: Contribución al estudio de las lesiones oculares naftalínicas , Arch. de oftal. hispano-am. 34:76, 1934. 8. Bourne, M. C., and Young, L.: The Metabolism of Naphthalene in Rabbits , Biochem. J. 28:803, 1934. 9. Bourne, M. C., and Campbell, D.: The Role of Calcium in Naphthalene Cataract , Brit. J. Ophth. 17:220, 1933.Crossref 10. Kirby, D. B.: Pathogenesis of Senile Cataract , Arch. Ophth. 8:97 ( (July) ) 1932.Crossref 11. Borley, W. E., and Tainter, M. L.: Effects of Dinitrophenol on the Permeability of the Capsule of the Lens , Arch. Ophth. 18:908 ( (Dec.) ) 1937.Crossref 12. Day, P. L.; Langston, W. C., and O'Brien, C. S.: Cataract and Other Ocular Changes in Vitamin G Deficiency: Experimental Study on Albino Rats , Am. J. Ophth. 14:1005, 1931. 13. Day, P. L.; Darby, W. J., and Langston, W. C.: Identity of Flavin with Cataract-Preventive Factor , J. Nutrition 13:389, 1937. 14. Hawley, E., and Pearson, O.: Vitamin C and Its Relation to Cataract , Arch. Ophth. 19:959 ( (June) ) 1938.Crossref 15. Tainter, M. L., and Borley, W. E.: Influence of Vitamins and Dinitrophenol on the Production of Experimental Cataract , Arch. Ophth. 20:30 ( (July) ) 1938.Crossref 16. Ahlgren, G.: Gibt es einen Stoffwechsel in der Kristallinse? Skandinav. Arch. f. Physiol. 44:196, 1923.Crossref 17. Lewis, H. P.: Chemistry of the Metabolism of the Compounds of Sulphur , in Luck, J. M.: Annual Review of Biochemistry , Stanford University, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1935, vol. 4, p. 149. 18. Krause, A. C.: Biochemistry of the Eye , Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1934. 19. Goldschmidt, M.: Die Autoxydation der normalen und pathologischen Linse , Arch. f. Ophth. 113:160, 1924. 20. Jess, A.: On the Chemistry of Senile Cataract , Arch. Ophth. 42:45, 1913. 21. Müller, H. K.: Reducing Property of the Aqueous Humor , Nature, London 132:280, 1933Crossref 22. Kammerwasser und Linsenstoffwechsel , Arch. f. Augenh. 108:41, 1934. 23. Monyukova, N. K., and Fradkin, M. Y.: New Experimental Data on the Pathogenesis of Cataract , Sovet. vestnik oftal. 5:97, 1934. 24. Curtis, P. M.; Hauge, S. M., and Kraybill, H. R.: The Nutritive Value of Certain Animal Protein Concentrates , J. Nutrition 5:503, 1932.

GOAR, EVERETT L.;SCHULTZ, JACOB F.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120107007

Abstract The fact that so many operations have been described for the relief of ocular hypertension indicates that none are entirely satisfactory. The procedure we have used for several years is not original, but as it is not widely used we feel that our experience with it is worth recording. After several unsatisfactory experiences with other kinds of filtering operations, some ten years ago one of us adopted iridotasis for certain types of glaucoma. This was satisfactory so far as the relief of hypertension was concerned, but the updrawn pupil caused a rather unsightly eye. For a number of years then we used iridencleisis through the usual keratome incision. Occasionally when the anterior chamber was shallow we scratched the anterior lens capsule with the lance point. While this does not necessarily produce a cataract, it may do so, and it often produces monocular diplopia. This accident happens occasionally in the hands References 1. Cited by Pischel, K.: Glaucoma: An Historical Review , Am. J. Ophth. 11:789, 1928. 2. Herbert, H.: Subconjunctival Fistula Formation in the Treatment of Primary Chronic Glaucoma , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 23:324, 1903. 3. Bader, C., in Graefe, A., and Saemisch, T.: Handbuch der gesammten Augenheilkunde , Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelmann, 1874-1880, vol. 3, p. 363 4. Sclerctomy in Glaucoma , Tr. Internat. M. Cong., London 3:98, 1881. 5. Holth, S.: Ein neues Prinzip der operativen Behandlung des Glaukoms (Fistulasubconjunctivalis camerae anterioris) , Ber. ü. d. Versamml. d. ophth. Gesellsch. (1906) , 1907, p. 123. 6. Wolfe, O. R.: Iridencleisis for Glaucoma with Aphakia , Am. J. Ophth. 14:769, 1931. 7. Gifford, S. R.: Iridencleisis in Buphthalmcs , Arch. Ophth. 11:751 ( (May) ) 1934.Crossref 8. Pillat, A.: Die Fillrationsnarbenbildenden Glaukomoperation mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Iridencleisis antiglaucomatosa Holth , Ztschr. f. Augenh. supp. , 1928, p. 1. 9. Gjessing, H. G. A.: Holth's Iridencleisis Antiglaucomatosa: Follow-Up Examination of One Hundred and Twenty-Two Eyes from Six to One Hundred and Fifty-Nine Months After Operation , Arch. Ophth. 6:489 ( (Oct.) ) 1931.Crossref 10. Holth, S.: Iridencleisis antiglaucomatosa , Ann. d'ocul. 137:345, 1907. 11. Constantine, K. W.: Lundgaard's Modification of Holth's Iridencleisis , Am. J. Ophth. 20:728, 1937. 12. Wilmer, W. H., and others: Discussion on Results of Operative Treatment of Glaucoma , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 47:230, 1927. 13. Holst, J. C.: Results of Iridencleisis in the Years 1928 to 1932 , Acta ophth. 12:348, 1934.Crossref 14. Hagen, S.: Comparative Value of Holth's Tangential Sclerectomy and Iridencleisis , Acta ophth. 10:88, 1932.Crossref 15. Blaickner, J.: Ueber Iridenkleisisoperationen , Ztschr. f. Augenh. 72:265, 1930. 16. Herbert, H.: The Future of Iris Inclusion in Glaucoma , Brit. J. Ophth. 14:433, 1930.Crossref 17. Collins, in discussion on Herbert.15 18. Holth, S.: Anatomical Examination of Six New Cases of Subconjunctival Fistula Scars from Five to Seventy-Two Months After Successful Iridencleisis or Limbal Sclerectomies in Chronic Glaucoma , Brit. J. Ophth. 6:10, 1922.Crossref 19. Holth, S.: New Technic in Punch Forceps Sclerectomy for Chronic Glaucoma: Tangential and Extralimbal Iridencleisis Operations Epitomized 1915 to 1919 , Brit. J. Ophth. 5:544, 1921.Crossref 20. Greenwood, A.: Combined Iridencleisis and Sclerectomy for Chronic Glaucoma , Am. J. Ophth. 13:301, 1930. 21. Gifford, S. R.: Iridencleisis with Water Tight Closure of the Conjunctiva , Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. 33:117, 1927. 22. Jervey, J. W.: Sclero-Post-Iridectomy, a Rational Operation in Glaucoma , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 25:160, 1927. 23. Ziporkes, J.: Modification of the Iridencleisis Technic , Arch. Ophth. 19: 583 ( (April) ) 1938.Crossref 24. Wille, W. A.: Sclerectomy with Iridencleisis , Brit. J. Ophth. 20:229 ( (April) ) 1936.Crossref 25. Horner, W. D.: Treatment of Iris Bombé by Iridectomia ab Externo: Report of Cases , Arch. Ophth. 15:70 ( (Jan.) ) 1936.Crossref 26. del Barrio, A.: Internal Fistualization by Sclerociliary Iridencleisis in Glaucoma , Ann. d'ocul. 171:977, 1934. 27. Roeder, J. G.: Cyclodialysis and Subscleral Iridencleisis , Acta ophth. 6:390, 1928.Crossref 28. Butler, T. H.: Iridencleisis and Trap-Door Iridectomy in the Treatment of Glaucoma , Brit. J. Ophth. 16:741, 1932.Crossref 29. Erola, A.: Frequency of Late Infection After Elliots' Trephine and Holth's Iridencleisis , Acta ophth. 12:137, 1934.Crossref

OGLE, KENNETH N.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120118008

Abstract Differences in size between the retinal images of the eyes may arise in asymmetric convergence because the object fixated will be at a different distance from the two eyes.1 The magnitude of the difference will obviously increase with the nearness of the object and with the degree of the lateral turning of the eyes. In the normal use of the eyes when looking sideways at near objects, retinal images of objects subtending unequal visual angles to the two eyes are fused into a single composite image. No apparent difficulties arise in this act. Difficulties may arise, however, when it is necessary to fuse images of unequal size produced artificially with size or power lenses or when patterns of unequal size are presented in the stereoscope. Fusion may not then be possible if the difference in size is outside fusional areas (so-called Panum's areas of sensation2). However, apart from References 1. Desaguliers, J. T., cited by von Rohr, M.: Zur Kenntnis älterer Ansichten über das beidäugige Sehen , Ztschr. f. Instrumentenk. 36:226, 1916 2. C. Wheatstone ( Contribution to the Physiology of Vision : I. On Some Remarkable, and Hitherto Unobserved, Phenomena of Binocular Vision , Phil. Tr., London , 1838, p. 371). 3. Tschermak, A.: Optischer Raumsinn, in Bethe, A.; von Bergmann, G.; Embden, G., and Ellinger, A.: Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1930, vol. 12, pt. 2, p. 894. 4. Ames, A., Jr., and Ogle, K. N.: Size and Shape of Ocular Images: III. Visual Sensitivity to Differences in the Relative Size of the Ocular Images of the Two Eyes , Arch. Ophth. 7:904 [ (June) ] 1932).Crossref 5. Ames, A., Jr.; Ogle, K. N., and Gliddon, G. H.: Corresponding Retinal Points, the Horopter and Size and Shape of Ocular Images , J. Optic. Soc. America 22:538, 1932.Crossref 6. Ogle, K. N.: The Induced Size Effect: I. A New Phenomenon in Binocular Vision Associated with the Relative Sizes of the Ocular Images of the Two Eyes , Arch. Ophth. 20:604 ( (Oct.) ) 1938.Crossref 7. Ames, A., Jr.: Aniseikonia: A Factor in the Functioning of Vision , Am. J. Ophth. 18:1014, 1935 8. in discussion on Jackson, E.: Importance of Aniseikonia , Tr. Sect. Ophth., A. M. A. , 1936, p. 34. 9. Ogle, K. N.: The Correction of Aniseikonia with Ophthalmic Lenses , J. Optic. Soc. America 26:323, 1936.Crossref 10. (a) Carleton, E. H., and Madigan, L. F.: Size and Shape of Ocular Images: II. Clinical Significance , Arch. Ophth. 7:720 ( (May) ) 1932.Crossref 11. (b) Doane, H. C.: The Clinical Significance of Differences in the Relative Size and Shape of Ocular Images , Am. J. Optometry 11:390, 1934.Crossref 12. (c) Hughes, W. L.: Aniseikonia: Some Clinical Observations , Am. J. Ophth. 18:607 and 715, 1935 13. 20:887, 1937. 14. (d) Bielschowsky, A.: Aniseikonia , Acta ophth. 16:188, 1938.Crossref 15. E. J. Ludvigh: ( Aniseikonia , Am. J. Ophth. 19:292, 1936). 16. These values are strictly correct only in the vertical meridian of the two eyes, for in the horizontal meridian the geometric difference in size depends also on the position of the object, in the sense of a rotation about a vertical axis at the fixation point. If the face of the object observed remains normal to the line joining the fixation point on the object and the midpoint of the interpupillary base line, then the geometric difference in size will be approximately the same in all meridians and of the amount given in the table. 17. Ames, A., Jr.; Ogle, K. N., and Gliddon, G. H.: Corresponding Retinal Points, Horopter and Size and Shape of Ocular Images , J. Optic. Soc. America 22:575, 1932.Crossref 18. Ames, A., Jr. ; Gliddon, G. H., and Ogle, K. N.: Size and Shape of Ocular Images : I. Methods of Determination and Physiologic Significance , Arch. Ophth. 7:576 ( (April) ) 1932.Crossref 19. Burian, H. : Fusional Movements : The Role of Peripheral Retinal Stimuli , Arch. Ophth. 21:486 ( (March) ) 1939.Crossref 20. Ames, A., Jr., and Gliddon. G. H.: Ocular Measurements , Tr. Sect. Ophth., A. M. A. , 1928, p. 102. 21. This assumes, of course, that the fixation disparity is not influenced by the position of the fusable patterns. 22. These experiments were performed in the spring of 1936. 23. These results must be compared, on the other hand, with the after-image tests of W. Herzau and A. Tschermak in which a different technic was used (Herzau and Ogle, cited in footnote 1). 24. This finding is to be differentiated from the nonius-horopter experiments 4 in which kinesthetic factors involved in the movement of the half-images aid in their perception. 25. Another way in which the problem can be attacked is by determining the changes in the limits of the regions of single binocular vision. In the vertical meridian this can be done on the haploscope, and in the horizontal meridian it can be accomplished best on the horopter apparatus (see the footnote indicated with an asterisk on the first page). Preliminary data have been obtained by using these methods, but these will not be reported here. 26. In that respect it would logically be of greater importance to compensate for the difference in the sizes of the retinal images in the vertical meridian, since that arising in the horizontal meridian may be reinterpreted through the stereoscopic processes. 27. Schubert, G.: Zur "Aniseikonia"-Frage , Arch. f. Ophth. 140:55, 1939

English, Bernice C.;Shmukler, B. Cecelia;Cowan, Alfred

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120140009

Abstract This study was undertaken for the purpose of determining the relative value of each of the following methods : the visual safety telebinocular method (Betts), the N.E.A.M.A.1 method of testing vision and the ordinary routine medical inspection in schools. For the purpose of this investigation all children tested were taken from the third grade. Their ages ranged between 8 and 10 years. This was done in order to eliminate as far as possible any variable factors which might be influenced by age, experience or intelligence. The N.E.A.M.A. method and the Betts method were carried out by the same school nurses. Four hundred and eighty-five children were tested by all three methods. A description of these three screening methods is presented. SCHOOL MEDICAL INSPECTION The manual issued by the Pennsylvania State Department of Health presents the following instruction for the school medical inspector :Hang the Snellen chart against a dark background

Cowan, Alfred;McDonald, Robb

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120146010

Abstract Despite the fact that the extraction of the cataractous lens is probably the most frequently performed ophthalmic operation, there have been surprisingly few reports of the anatomic changes after operation. Within the past few years Knapp,1 Ellett,2 Greenwood and Grossman,3 O'Brien4 and others have reported before the American Ophthalmological Society the visual results and immediate complications of cataract operations. One of us (A. C.5) a number of years ago reported on the anterior limiting membrane of the vitreous. However, we feel that the subject is still of sufficient interest to warrant this presentation. This report is based on the biomicroscopic appearance of 218 eyes one or more years after extraction of senile cataract. The purpose of the investigation was merely to note the late anatomic or pathologic changes in an aphakic eye. No attempt has been made to compare the visual results or to evaluate References 1. Knapp, A.: The Complications of the Forceps in Intracapsular Cataract Operation , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 34:162, 1936. 2. Ellett, E. C.: The Results of Cataract Extraction Five and More Years After Operation , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 33:341, 1935. 3. Greenwood, A., and Grossman, H. P.: An Analysis of 1,343 Intracapsular Cataract Extractions , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 33:353, 1935. 4. O'Brien, C. S.: Detachment of the Choroid After Cataract Extraction , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 33:325, 1935. 5. Cowan, A.: Concerning a Membrane Between the Vitreous and Anterior Chamber Seen After Removal of the Crystalline Lens and Its Capsule , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 29:179, 1931. 6. Cowan, A., and Fry, W. E. : Secondary Cataract , Arch. Ophth. 18:12 ( (July) ) 1937.Crossref

Alvaro, M. E.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120150011

Abstract The optic axis of the globe only exceptionally coincides with the visual axis. The angle formed by these two axes has had several denominations, according to the points of reference. Thus the angle formed by these two axes when their intersection is at the nodal point of the eye had been called angle alpha by Helmholtz.1 The angle formed by the line uniting the rotation center of the eye to the point of fixation with the optic axis is the angle gamma (Donders2). The angle formed by the central pupillary line, that is, a line perpendicular to the cornea and passing through the center of the pupil and the visual axis, is the angle kappa (Landolt3 ). Helmholtz' angle alpha was called beta by Brubaker,4 and Landolt's angle kappa was christened delta by Howe.5 In 1866 Helmholtz6 himself gave a definition of angle alpha, according References 1. Helmholtz, H. : Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiologic Optics , translated from the third German edition by J. P. C. Southall, Ithaca, N. Y., The Optical Society of America, 1924. 2. Donders: On the Anomalies of Accommodation and Refraction of the Eye , translated by W. D. Moore, London, New Sydenham Society, 1864. 3. Landolt, E., and Landolt, M.: Defective Ocular Movements and Their Diagnosis , translated by A. Roemmele and E. W. Brewerton, London, Oxford University Press, 1914. 4. Brubaker, in Duke-Elder,8 p. 759. 5. Howe, cited by Cords, R., in Schieck, F., and Brückner, A.: Kurzes Handbuch der Ophthalmologie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1930, vol. 3, p. 468. 6. Helmholtz, in Duke-Elder,8 p. 759. 7. Landolt, in Duke-Elder.8 8. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Textbook of Ophthalmology , London, Henry Kimpton, 1932, vol. 1, p. 760. 9. Dashevsky, A. I., and Booshmitch, D. G.: Optical Decentration of the Eye , Am. J. Ophth. 21:125 ( (Feb.) ) 1938. 10. Howe,5 p. 740. 11. Alvaro, M. E.: Apparelhos para medição do estrabismo , in Actas Cong. argent. de oftal., Buenos Aires , 1937, vol. 1, p. 392. 12. This preparation is a combination of cinchophen sodium (0.5 Gm.), sodium salicylate (0.5 Gm.) and procaine hydrochloride (0.008 Gm.) in 5 cc. of solvent. 13. Comberg, W. : Ein neues Verfahren zur Röntgenlokalisation am Augapfel , Arch. f. Ophth. 118:175, 1927.

PRANGEN, AVERY deH.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120155012

Abstract The status of myopia in ophthalmic practice is still uncertain and debatable. No unanimity of opinion exists as to its nature and treatment. In this article I have attempted to review and coordinate the opinions of various writers on the subject and to include some ideas on the problem as seen from my own experience. A review of the literature seems to show certain rather definite periods of contrasting trends of thought on the subject of myopia. There seems to have occurred a definite evolution from the older mechanistic theory of myopia (elongated globe) toward the more recent biologic variant point of view. It appears difficult for ophthalmologists to discard some of the mechanistic theories. The theories and teachings of the earlier writers taint the therapeutics of myopia even at the present time. Mackenzie1 (1833), Donders2 (1864), Landolt3 (1886), and Beer,4 who was the first professor References 1. Mackenzie, cited by Jackson.5 2. Donders, F. C.: On the Anomalies of Accommodation and Refraction of the Eye , London, New Sydenham Society, 1864, p. 343. 3. Landolt, cited by Jackson 5 ; cited by Randall.6 4. Beer, cited by Jackson.5 5. Jackson, E.: The Control of Myopia , Am. J. Ophth. 14:719-725 ( (Aug.) ) 1931. 6. Randall, B. A.: Can Hypermetropia Be Healthfully Outgrown? Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 26:657-668, 1890. 7. Cohn, H., cited by Randall 6 ; cited by Randall.9 8. (a) Harman, N. B.: An Analysis of Three Hundred Cases of High Myopia in Children, with a Scheme for the Grading of Fundus Changes in Myopia , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 33:202-220, 1913. 9. (b) Harman, N. B.; Sorsby, A., and Henderson, T.: Discussion on the Problem of Myopia , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom ( (pt. 2) , 1937) 57: 366-412, 1938. 10. Randall, B. A.: The Refraction of the Human Eye: A Critical Study of the Statistics Obtained by Examinations of the Refraction, Especially Among School Children , Am. J. M. Sc. 90:123-152, 1885Crossref 11. Stilling, cited by Randall.6 12. Harlan, G. C.: Constant Correction of High Myopia , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 28:373-387, 1892. 13. Foerster: On the Influence of Concave Glasses and Convergence of the Ocular Axes in the Increase of Myopia , Arch. Ophth. 15:399-435, 1886. 14. Duane, A.: Some Considerations on the Hygienic and Prophylactic Treatment of Myopia , New York State J. Med. 75:983-986 ( (June 7) ) 1902. 15. Hallett, De W.: The Prevention of Myopia , Am. J. Ophth. 14:143-146 ( (Feb.) ) 1931. 16. Cited by Hallett.14 17. Lancaster, W. B., in discussion on Jackson: The Control of Myopia , J. A. M. A. 105:1412-1416 ( (Nov. 2) ) 1935.Crossref 18. Luedde, W. H.: Monocular Cycloplegia for the Control of Myopia , Am. J. Ophth. 15:603-610 ( (July) ) 1932. 19. Morse, S.: Myopia as a Disease Which May Be Preventable , Am. Med. 34:115-121 ( (Feb.) ) 1928. 20. Lipschutz, H.: Myopia and Nearwork , Brit. J. Ophth. 19:611-612 ( (Nov.) ) 1935.Crossref 21. Levinsohn, G.: Zur Kritik der Myopiegenese , Med. Klin. 24:1707-1708 ( (Nov. 2) ) 1928. 22. Sourasky, A.: Race, Sex and Environment in the Development of Myopia (Preliminary Communication) , Brit. J. Ophth. 12:197-212 ( (April) ) 1928Crossref 23. The Growth of the Eye and the Development of Myopia: A Study in the Changes of Refraction During the School Period , Sourasky Brit. J. Ophth. 12:625-644 ( (Dec.) ) 1928.Crossref 24. Parsons, J.: Developmental Myopia and the Treatment of Myopes , Lancet 2:795-797 ( (Oct. 7) ) 1933.Crossref 25. Sorsby, A.: The Control of School Myopia , Brit. M. J. 2:730-733 ( (Oct. 21) ) 1933Crossref 26. The Pre-Myopic State: its Bearing on the Incidence of Myopia , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 54:459-465, 1934. 27. Tron, E., cited by Sorsby.23 28. Steiger, A., cited by Sorsby.23 29. Henderson, T.: The Constitutional Factor in Myopia , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 54:451-459, 1934. 30. Haseltine, S. L.: Suprarenal Gland in the Treatment of Glaucoma, Progressive Myopia, and Some Allergic Conditions , J. M. Soc. New Jersey 34:729-731 ( (Dec.) ) 1937. 31. Wiener, M.: (a) Use of Epinephrine in Progressive Myopia , Tr. Sect. Ophth., A. M. A. , 1930, pp. 256-277 32. (b) Myopia: Cause, Progress and Treatment , South. M. J. 24:529-534 ( (June) ) 1931.Crossref 33. Bothman, L.: The Relation of the Basal Metabolic Rate to Progressive Axial Myopia , Am. J. Ophth. 14:918-924 ( (Sept.) ) 1931. 34. Costello, J. P.: Obesity and Ocular Symptoms in Mentally Alert Children Due to Hypothyroidism , Endocrinology 20:105-106 ( (Jan.) ) 1936.Crossref 35. Walker, J. P. S.: Progressive Myopia, a Suggestion Explaining Its Causation, and for Its Treatment , Brit. J. Ophth. 16:485-488 ( (Aug.) ) 1932.Crossref 36. Law, F. W.: Calcium and Parathyroid Therapy in Progressive Myopia , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 54:281-290, 1934. 37. Knapp, A.: Personal communication to the author. 38. Laval, J.: Vitamin D and Myopia , Arch. Ophth. 19:47-53 ( (Jan.) ) 1938.Crossref 39. Hird, R. B., in discussion on Harman, Sorsby and Henderson.8b 40. Dvorak, J. E.: The Present Status of Management of Myopia , J. Iowa M. Soc. 26:25-31 ( (Jan.) ) 1936. 41. Malone, J. F.: Unpublished data. 42. Marlow, F. W.: Muscle Imbalance in Myopia , Arch. Ophth. 13:584-597 ( (April) ) 1935.Crossref 43. Snell, A. C.: A Statistical Study of Functional Muscle Tests in Axial Myopia , Tr. Sect. Ophth., A. M. A. , 1936, pp. 49-64. 44. Jackson, E.: The Control of Myopia , J. A. M. A. 105:1412-1416 ( (Nov. 2) ) 1935.Crossref 45. Ball, J. M.: The Abbé Desmonceaux and Removal of the Lens for Myopia , Am. J. Ophth. 11:223-224 ( (March) ) 1928. 46. O'Connor, R.: Lens Removal for High Myopia: Results in Ten Eyes , Am. J. Ophth. 16:516-518 ( (June) ) 1933. 47. Elschnig, A.: Lens Extraction , Am. J. Ophth. 17:1118-1121 ( (Dec.) ) 1934. 48. Hess, cited by Wiener.28b 49. Rasmussen, O. D.: Incidence of Myopia in China: Data and Theses from Periodical Investigations Covering Thirty Years Residence, and Association with Refracting and Hospital Centres, in a Score of the Larger Cities , Brit. J. Ophth. 20:350-360 ( (June) ) 1936.Crossref 50. Mills, L.: Peripheral Vision in Art , Arch. Ophth. 16:208-219 ( (Aug.) ) 1936.Crossref 51. Banerjee, J.: State of Vision of Indian Students in Calcutta , Calcutta M. J. 33:53-63 ( (Feb.) ); 285-295 (June) 1938. 52. Von Arlt, cited by Wiener.28b 53. Steiger, cited by Wiener.28b 54. Prangen, A. de H.: Some Problems and Procedures in Refraction , Arch. Ophth. 18:432-447 ( (Sept.) ) 1937.Crossref

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120169013

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract GENERAL NEWS The Herman Knapp Memorial Eye Hospital. —The Herman Knapp Memorial Eye Hospital at 500 West Fifty-Seventh Street, New York, will be taken over by the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center and Columbia University on Jan. 1, 1940. The Hospital will close on that date, and the hospital activities and the care of the outpatient department will be continued by the Institute of Ophthalmology of the Presbyterian Hospital and the Vanderbilt Clinic. The assets and funds of the Knapp Memorial Eye Hospital, including the present building, will go to Columbia University to found the Knapp Memorial Foundation in Ophthalmology. The income is to be used for study, postgraduate teaching and fellowships. The foundation will be directed by a committee consisting of Dr. Arnold Knapp, Dr. Phillips Thygeson, executive officer of the department of ophthalmology of Columbia University, and Dr. Willard C. Rappleye, dean of the Columbia University College of Physicians and

Zentmayer, William

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120173014

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.

Beach, S. Judd;Vail, Derrick

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120194015

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.

Burch, Frank E.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120216016

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.

Knapp, Arnold

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120218017

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract The ophthalmologists of Rosario, Argentina, have founded a Society of Ophthalmology in the Littoral. The transactions of this society will appear in the Anales argentinos de oftalmologia, which will also publish the scientific papers from the department of ophthalmology of the University of Rosario. This new magazine will be issued quarterly. The editor is Prof. Carlos Weskamp. The first copy contains a number of original articles and a review of the European journals.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860120219018