Archives of Ophthalmology

BEDELL, ARTHUR J.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090015001

Abstract At the 1910 meeting of the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Congress Purtscher described a peculiar condition of the fundi, consisting of exudate and superficial hemorrhages in one eye and a large preretinal clot in the other. The condition followed a head injury. Purtscher called it "angiopathic retinae traumatica" and stated that it was caused by cerebrospinal fluid in the perivascular lymph spaces of the retina and in the choroidal space. Since that time several cases have been reported. In all probability Jacobi was the first to record the white peripapillary patches and the retinal hemorrhages seen after a fracture of the skull. His description of the fundus was brief. The appended bibliography covers the majority of the cases in which the condition can be likened to or mistaken for traumatic retinal angiopathy. Extravasation of blood in the fundus following a head injury or compression of the thorax had been described long before References 1. Dr. Traver gave me permission to report this case. 2. Amsler, M.: Ann. d'ocul. 171:568, 1934. 3. Béal, R.: Ann. d'ocul. 142:89, 1909. 4. Beaudoux, H. A.: Ophth. Rev. 10:449, 1901. 5. Berrisford, P. D.: Arch. Ophth. 50:411, 1921. 6. Best, F.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 63:578, 1919 7. 68:725, 1922. 8. Blair, C.: Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 30:186, 1910. 9. Burrell, H. L., and Crandon, L. R. S.: Boston M. & S. J. 146:13, 1902. 10. Chou, C. H.: Nat. M. J. China 15:592, 1929. 11. Crocco, A.: Semana méd. 32:1002, 1925. 12. Danis: Bull. Soc. belge d'opht. , 1933, no. (67) , p. 32. 13. Denti, A. V.: Boll. d'ocul. 15:1176, 1936 14. abstracted, Am. J. Ophth. 20:768, 1937. 15. Eales, H.: Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 5:126, 1885. 16. Farina, F.: Arch. di ottal. 37:209, 1930. 17. Fleming, R. A.: Edinburgh M. J. 12:297, 1903. 18. Giani, P.: Rassegna ital. d'ottal. 1:256, 1932 19. abstracted, Am. J. Ophth. 15: 1207, 1932. 20. Giqueaux, R. E.: Arch. de oftal. de Buenos Aires 11:681, 1936 21. abstracted, Am. J. Ophth. 20:769, 1937. 22. Gonin, J.: Ann. d'ocul. 147:102, 1912. 23. Jacobi, J.: Arch. f. Ophth. ( (pt. 1) ) 14:144, 1868. 24. Koerber: Centralbl. f. prakt. Augenh. 34:355, 1910. 25. Liebrecht: Arch. f. Augenh. 55:36, 1906. 26. Marchesani, O.: Arch. f. Augenh. 95:238, 1924. 27. Merigot de Treigny: Bull. Soc. d'opht. de Paris , 1923, p. 342 28. abstracted, Ann. d'ocul. 161:38, 1924. 29. Mitchell, L. J. C.: M. J. Australia 2:536, 1924. 30. Neck: Deutsche Ztschr. f. Chir. 57:166, 1900.Crossref 31. Nitsch, M.: Ztschr. f. Augenh. 52:229, 1924. 32. Parker, F. J.: Arch. Ophth. 40:159, 1911. 33. Perthes: Deutsche Ztschr. f. Chir. 50:436, 1899.Crossref 34. Purtscher, O.: Ber. ü. d. Versamml. d. ophth. Gesellsch. 36:294, 1911 35. Arch. f. Ophth. 82:347, 1912. 36. Rados, A.: Lymphorrhagia Retinae Traumatica , Arch. Ophth. 6:93 ( (July) ) 1931.Crossref 37. Reich, M. I.: Centralbl. f. prakt. Augenh. 5:100, 1881. 38. Rubel: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 78:176, 1927. 39. Scheer, M.: Arch. f. Ophth. 59:311, 1904. 40. Schneider, R.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 72:116, 1924 41. 93:171, 1934. 42. Spektor, S. A.: Sovet. vestnik oftal. 1:99, 1932 43. abstracted, Am. J. Ophth. 19:449, 1936. 44. Stähli, J.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 55:300, 1915. 45. Stoewer, P.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 48:559, 1910. 46. Stokes, W. H.: Unusual Retinal Vascular Changes in Traumatic Injury of the Chest: Angiopathia Retinae Traumatica (Purtscher) , Arch. Ophth. 7:101 ( (Jan.) ) 1932.Crossref 47. Tietze, A.: Arch. f. klin. Chir. 95:369, 1911. 48. Urbanek, J.: Arch. f. Ophth. 131:147, 1933. 49. Vogt, A.: Schweiz, med. Wchnschr. 53:945, 1923. 50. Vogt and Knüsel, O.: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 66:513, 1921. 51. Wagenmann: Arch. f. Ophth. 51:550, 1900. 52. Yuzefova, F. I.: Sovet. vestnik oftal. 7:539, 1935 53. abstracted, Am. J. Ophth. 19:449, 1936.

LUCIC, HUGO

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090025002

Abstract Approximately thirty years have elapsed since Elschnig1 first proposed the anaphylactic theory of sympathetic ophthalmia. During this time a considerable amount of evidence has accumulated, some of which indicates that allergy to uveal pigment may play some as yet undetermined part in the pathogenesis of this disease. Elschnig's work has been strongly supported abroad by several workers and in the United States notably by Woods,2 who has elaborated on the theory. In the main, the evidence presented in support of Elschnig's theory consists in the demonstration that uveal pigment possesses antigenic properties in the host; that it is organ specific, and that it materially lacks species specificity. The demonstration of these properties was attempted by various methods, among which the complement fixation reaction and the intracutaneous pigment test are of most value. Of these two, the intracutaneous test is easier to perform and interpret. This test was originally References 1. Elschnig, A.: Studien zur sympathischen Ophthalmie: II. Die antigene Wirkung des Augenpigmentes , Arch. f. Ophth. 75:459, 1910. 2. Woods, A. C.: Allergy and Immunity in Ophthalmology , Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1933, p. 67 3. Allergy in Its Relation to Sympathetic Ophthalmia , New York State J. Med. 36:1, 1936. 4. Woods, A. C.: Sympathetic Ophthalmia: The Use of Uveal Pigment in Diagnosis and Treatment , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom ( (pt. 1) ) 45:208, 1925. 5. Friedenwald, J. S.: Notes on the Allergy Theory of Sympathetic Ophthalmia , Am. J. Ophth. 17:1008, 1934. 6. Burky, E. L.: The Production in the Rabbit of Hypersensitive Reactions to Lens, Rabbit Muscle and Low Ragweed Extracts by the Action of Staphylococcus Toxin , J. Allergy 5:466, 1934.Crossref 7. Swift, H. F., and Schultz, M. P.: Studies in Synergy: The Synergic Action of Staphylotoxin and Beef Lens Extract in Rabbits , J. Exper. Med. 63:703, 1936Crossref 8. Studies in Synergy: The Synergic Stimulating Effect of Hypersensitivity to Foreign Protein and to Bacteria , Swift J. Exper. Med. 63:725, 1936.Crossref 9. A large piece of iris tissue was obtained from the same animal ; this was ground up in a sterile mortar and suspended in a small amount of physiologic solution of sodium chloride.

NICHOLLS, JOHN V. V.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090036003

Abstract The term epithelial plaque was originated by Lister and Hancock1 in 1903 to denote local hyperplasia and cornification of the conjunctival and the corneal epithelium. It is a rare pathologic lesion when affecting the eye. Many other names have been used in the literature for these lesions, such as tyloma (Gallenga2), cornification of the conjunctiva (Best3), keratosis (Mohr and Schein4) and conjunctival callosities (Saemisch5). However, epithelial plaque would seem to be the most desirable term, as it is noncommital with regard to the type of hyperplasia and its etiology. It is usual for authors (Parsons6 and Duke-Elder7) to include under this name hyperplasias of several types. They were first described as occurring on the cornea by Bowman8 in 1849. Similar cases were described by Warlomont9 in 1860 and by Hocquart10 in 1881. Gallenga,2 Best,3 Mohr and Schein4 and References 1. Lister, W. T., and Hancock, W. I.: Epithelial Plaques of the Conjunctiva , Roy. London Ophth. Hosp. Rep. 15:346, 1903. 2. Gallenga, C.: Osservazione de tiloma della congiuntiva , Gior. d. r. Acad. di med. di Torino 33:789, 1885. 3. Best: Ueber Verhornung des Bindehautepithels (Tyloma conjunctivae) , Beitr. z. Augenh. , 1898, no. (34) , p. 1. 4. Mohr, M., and Schein, M.: Keratosis conjunctivae , Arch. f. Augenh. 39: 231, 1899. 5. Saemisch: Die Bindehautschwiele , in von Graefe, A., and Saemisch, E. T.: Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde , ed. 2, Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelmann, 1904, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 412. 6. Parsons, J. H.: The Pathology of the Eye , London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1904, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 130. 7. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1938, vol. 2, p. 1762. 8. Bowman, W.: Lectures on the Parts Concerned in the Operations on the Eye, and on the Structure of the Retina , London, Longman [and others], 1849. 9. Warlomont : Production épithélial de la conjunctive sclérotico kératique , Ann. d'ocul. 44:253, 1860. 10. Hocquart, E.: Placques épithéliales de la cornée , Arch. d'opht. 1:289, 1881. 11. Agricola, B.: Ueber kongenitale epitheliale Bindehautxerose , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. (supp.) 43:80, 1905. 12. Bornancini, V.: Cheratosi congenita dell'epitelio conjunctivale e cornale , Ann. di ottal. 39:190, 1910. 13. Koyanagi, Y.: Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Keratosis et corneae nebst Bemerkungen über ihre Beziehung zur Xerosis epithelialis congenita , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 69:52, 1922. 14. Bihler, W.: Ueber epitheliale Formen der Pinguecula , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 37:77, 1899. 15. Stock, W.: Ueber Verhornung des Bindehautepithels (Tyloma conjunctivae) , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 66:622, 1921. 16. Wilson, R. P.: Epithelial Placque of the Cornea , in Sixth Annual Report of the Giza Memorial Ophthalmic Laboratory , Cairo, Schindler's Press, 1931, p. 52. 17. Heilbrun, K.: Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Neubildungen am Limbus corneae , Arch. f. Ophth. 77:541, 1910. 18. Wollenberg, A.: Ein neuer Fall von Bindehautschwiele , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. (supp.) 78:135, 1927. 19. Elschnig, A.: Beitrag zur Aetiologie und Therapie der chronischen Conjunctivitis , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 34:1133, 1908.Crossref 20. Wolff, E.: A Pathology of the Eye , Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1934, p. 35. 21. Contino, A.: Neue Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen über die Papillome des Limbus und der Hornhaut , Arch. f. Augenh. 68:366, 1911. 22. Jacqueau and Bujadoux: Keratosis épibulbaires à multiples récidives , Bull. et mém. Soc. franç. d'opht. 37:329, 1924. 23. Yamagiwa, K., and Ishikawa, K.: Experimentelle Studie über die Pathogenese der Epithelialgeschwülste , Mitt. a. d. med. Fak. d. k. Univ. zu Tokyo 15: 295, 1916. 24. Chichkanov, A. H.: Rare Case of Leucoplakia of the Conjunctiva of the Upper Lid , Rusk. oftal. zhurn. 10:728, 1929. 25. Fox, H.: Leucoplakia Buccalis , J. A. M. A. 85:1523 ( (Nov. 14) ) 1925.Crossref 26. Mantilla, P. L.: Leucoplasies et cancer, Thesis, Paris, no. 324, 1901. 27. Bloodgood, J. C.: Cancer of the Tongue: A Preventable Disease , J. A. M. A. 77:1381 ( (Oct. 29) ) 1921.Crossref 28. Graves, W. P., and Smith, G. V.: Kraurosis Vulvae , J. A. M. A. 92: 1244 ( (April 13) ) 1929.Crossref 29. Singer, H.: Beiträge zur Pathologie und Therapie der Leucoplakia und des Pruritus vulvae , Zentralbl. f. Gynäk. 53:634, 1929. 30. Zikmund, E.: Cancroid auf der Basis einer Leukoplakie und Craurosis vulvae , Zentralbl. f. Gynäk. 53:634, 1929. 31. Trenz, M.: Epithelioma de la région clitoridienne , Bull. Soc. franç. de dermat. et syph. 35:69, 1928. 32. Lévy, G., and Glasser, M.: Leucoplasie végétante (Kraurosis vulvae) et épithélioma de la région clitoridienne , Bull. Soc. franç. de dermat. et syph. 35: 70, 1928.

PATON, R. TOWNLEY

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090043004

Abstract Neoprontosil, formerly called prontosil soluble or prontosil, is disodium sulfamidophenyl-2′-azo-7′-acetylamino-1′-hydroxynaphthalene-3′,6′-disulfonate. It is employed in a 2.5 or 5 per cent aqueous solution or in tablets. Its action on the various infective organisms in the body is similar to that of sulfanilamide (paraaminobenzenesulfonamide) but not identical. Long, Bliss and Feinstone1 assumed from results of experiments on animals that its action depends on the chemical reduction in the body. There is a relatively small amount of sulfanilamide present in the solution; on analysis neoprontosil yields only 11 grains, or 0.7 Gm., of sulfanilamide per hundred cubic centimeters of the 2.5 per cent solution. Much has already been written on the use of sulfanilamide in the treatment of trachoma and gonococcic infections of the eye. The names of Loe,2 Rychener,3 Lian,4 Kirk, McKelvie and Hussein5 and Thygeson6 should be mentioned for the favorable results obtained in the References 1. Long, P. H.; Bliss, E. A., and Feinstone, W. H.: Mode of Action, Clinical Use and Toxic Manifestations of Sulfanilamide , J. A. M. A. 112:115 ( (Jan. 14) ) 1939.Crossref 2. Loe, F.: Sulfanilamide Treatment of Trachoma : Preliminary Report , J. A. M. A. 111:1371 ( (Oct. 8) ) 1938.Crossref 3. Rychener, R. O.: Trachoma Treated with Sulfanilamide , Memphis M. & S. J. 13:158, 1938. 4. Lian, S. B.: Prontosil Treatment of Trachoma , Geneesk. tidjschr. v. Nederl.-Indië 78:1058, 1938. 5. Kirk, R.; McKelvie, A. R., and Hussein, H. A.: Sulphanilamide in the Treatment of Trachoma , Lancet 2:994, 1938. 6. Thygeson, P.: Treatment of Conjunctivitis , Arch. Ophth. 19:586 ( (April) ) 1938. 7. Newman, H. W.: Sulfanilamide in Gonorrheal Ophthalmia in Young Children , Texas State J. Med. 33:585, 1937. 8. Perry, C. S.: Gonorrheal Conjunctivitis: Treatment with Sulfanilamide and Fever Therapy , Ohio M. J. 34:176, 1938. 9. Willis, T.: Sulfanilamide in Ophthalmia Neonatorum , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 10:275, 1938. 10. Goldenbury, M.: Sulfanilamide in Ophthalmology, with Report of a Case , Am. J. Ophth. 21:54, 1938. 11. Fernandez, L. J., and Fernandez, R.: Sulfanilamide in Gonorrheal Ophthalmia , Am. J. Ophth. 21:763, 1938. 12. Thygeson, P.: Sulfanilamide Therapy of Inclusion Conjunctivitis , Am. J. Ophth. 22:179, 1939. 13. Heinz, K.: Subkonjunctivale Injektion von Prontosil solubile (Bayer) bei exogener und endogener Infektion des Augeninnern , Ztschr. f. Augenh. 95:365, 1938. 14. Brav, A.: Use of Sulfanilamide in Corneal Infections , Mod. Med. 7:84, 1939. 15. Glover, L. P.: Some Uses of Sulfanilamide in Ophthalmology , Am. J. Ophth. 22:180, 1939. 16. Rambo, V. C.: Effects of Sulfanilamide on Rabbits' Eyes , Am. J. Ophth. 21:739, 1938. 17. Bucy, P. C.: Toxic Optic Neuritis Resulting from Sulfanilamide , J. A. M. A. 109:1007 ( (Sept. 25) ) 1937.

ROSENTHAL, CHARLES M.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090051005

Abstract In 1938 Evans and McFarland1 showed a relation between oxygen deprivation and angioscotomas. They demonstrated a widening of the defects, the extent of which varied with the degree of oxygen deprivation. They suggested that these changes arose because of a relative anoxemia at the synapses of the first and second retinal neurons. According to Peters and Van Slyke,2 the hemoglobin in the arterial blood of persons free from disorders of the respiratory tract has an oxygen saturation of approximately 95 to 96 per cent at sea level. The additional amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood is small even when the oxygen tension in the inspired air is elevated. It corresponds at most to the remaining 5 per cent of the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin plus a small amount physically dissolved in the plasma (which is proportional to the arterial oxygen tension). It is generally References 1. Evans, J. N., and McFarland, R. A.: Effects of Oxygen Deprivation on Visual Fields , Am. J. Ophth. 21:968 ( (Sept.) ) 1938. 2. Peters, J. P., and Van Slyke, D. D.: Quantitative Clinical Chemistry , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1932, vol. 1, chap. 12. 3. One subject (chart 1, 6) had keratoconus; another (chart 2, 11) had an alternating exotropia measuring 25 prism diopters. 4. MSA Comfo respirator. 5. Evans, J. N. : An Introduction to Clinical Scotometry , New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1938, chap. 6. 6. This physiologic scotoma may be explained as being due to a relative edema of the inferior portion of the retina as a result of its dependency. 7. Evans,5 chap. 13, p. 154. 8. Bellows, J. D., and Chinn, H.: Distribution of Sulfanilamide in the Eye , J. A. M. A. 112:20 ( (May 20) ) 1939.

BRALEY, ALSON E.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090059006

Abstract The association of inclusion blennorrhea of the newborn with a genital disease of the mother was first discussed by Fritsch, Hofstätter and Lindner.1 They showed that the secretion from the vagina of a mother whose baby had inclusion blennorrhea was infectious for the conjunctivas of baboons. Thygeson and Mengert2 were able to infect the cervix of a baboon with material from a person with inclusion blennorrhea. In a previous communication3 it was shown that the inclusion bodies found in the conjunctival epithelial cells occurred in similar types of cells in the cervix. Lindner4 recommended the term "paratrachoma" for all diseases produced by the genital inclusion virus and suggested that they may be closely related to trachoma ; he5 expressed the belief that "paratrachoma" may represent an initial stage of mild trachoma that does not result in scarring or in pannus formation. Lindner4 inoculated the virus References 1. Fritsch, H.; Hofstätter, A., and Lindner, K.: Experimentelle Studien zur Trachomfrage, Arch. f. Ophth. 76:36 and 661, 1910. 2. Thygeson, P., and Mengert, W. F.: The Virus of Inclusion Conjunctivitis , Arch. Ophth. 15:377 ( (March) ) 1936.Crossref 3. Braley, A. E.: Inclusion Blennorrhea: A Study of the Pathologic Changes in the Conjunctiva and Cervix , Am. J. Ophth. 21:1203 ( (Nov.) ) 1938. 4. Lindner, K.: Infektionsversuche von Trachom mit Paratrachom des Neugeborenen (Einschlussblennorrhöe) , Arch. f. Ophth. 133:479, 1935. 5. Lindner, K.: Trachom und Paratrachom , Wien. klin. Wchnschr. 48:1487 ( (Nov. 29) ) 1935. 6. Braley, A. E.: Unpublished data. 7. Julianelle, L. A.; Harrison, R. W., and Lange, A. C.: Studies on Inclusion Blennorrhea: II. Experimental Transmission , Am. J. Ophth. 21:1137 ( (Oct.) ) 1938. 8. Braley, A. E.: The Rickettsia Question in Trachoma : II. The Louse as a Possible Disseminating Agent for the Virus , Arch. Ophth. 22:262 ( (Aug.) ) 1939.Crossref 9. The cervix of a baboon is similar histologically to the human cervix, and it was necessary to place the material at the transitional epithelial zone just inside the external os.2 10. Rivers, T. M., cited by Topley, W. W. C., and Wilson, G. S. : The Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity, ed. 2, Baltimore, William Wood & Company, 1937. 11. Pulvertaft, R. J. V.: The Nature of the So-Called Follicles in the Second Stage of Trachoma (Trachoma IIa) , Rev. internat. du trachoma 13:19 ( (Jan.) ) 1936. 12. Julianelle, L. A.: The Etiology of Trachoma , New York, Commonwealth Fund, Division of Publications, 1938. 13. Thygeson, P.: The Nature of the Elementary and Initial Bodies of Trachoma , Arch. Ophth. 12:307 ( (Sept.) ) 1934.Crossref 14. Topley, W. W. C., and Wilson, G. S.: The Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity , ed. 2, Baltimore, William Wood & Company, 1937. 15. Rivers, T. M.: " Filtrable Viruses ," Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1928. 16. Lindner, K.: Gonoblenorrhöe, Einschlussblennorrhöe und Trachom , Arch. f. Ophth. 78:345, 1911. 17. Thygeson, P.: The Etiology of Inclusion Blennorrhea , Am. J. Ophth. 17: 1019 ( (Nov.) ) 1934.

PASCAL, JOSEPH I.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090065007

Abstract Although this paper concerns the form and power of contact lenses, what I have to say holds true of regular lenses as well. The reason, or rather reasons, why I specify contact lenses are these : In the first place, while the oddities in lenses which I am going to mention are theoretically true of all lenses, practically they are feasible mainly in the small, sharply curved contact lenses. In the second place, it was while talking about contact lenses with a number of physicians that I learned of a few erroneous ideas commonly held regarding lenses in general and contact lenses in particular. It was to point out and correct these errors that I was prompted to present this subject. Incidentally, there is a good reason why physicians who have not gone into the theory of lenses extensively should get a few false notions about contact lenses, and this is References 1. Models of intersecting spheres and the resulting lens shapes were used in the presentation.

EGGERS, HARRY

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090069008

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract It may fairly be stated that the stock ground contact lenses with spherical scleral shapes cannot be worn successfully by over 90 per cent of all persons. This means comfortable wear, without irritation, for a period of four hours or longer. One reason for this failure is the fact that the contour of the anterior sclera usually is paraboloid and not spherical. The spherical scleral band of the contact lens almost never conforms to the shape of the eye. Only a very narrow, almost linear band of contact, usually the edge of the lens, exists between the sclera and the lens. The entire pressure from the lids is transmitted along this narrow rim of contact and results in an impression of the sclera and discomfort. The whole width of the scleral portion of a lens need not be in apposition to the eye, but the band of contact should be

MENGEL, WILLARD G.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090072009

Abstract Sulfanilamide (paraaminobenzenesulfonamide) has been used extensively for systemic infections of various types and has been especially valuable when streptococci, pneumococci and gonococci were found. Prior to 1936 there was no mention of sulfanilamide in the ophthalmic literature, but recently numerous papers have appeared relating to this drug. Reports on the value of sulfanilamide in ocular infections have been made by L. J. and R. F. Fernandez,1 Rambo,2 Mullen and others. Engelfried3 reported that after the oral administration of sulfanilamide to rabbits the drug was found to be widely diffused throughout the body. Rambo found sulfanilamide in the aqueous, lens and vitreous of rabbits' eyes ; he reported the beneficial effect of the drug when cultures of hemolytic streptococci were injected into the vitreous and aqueous of rabbits' eyes. However, a search of the available literature revealed no reports on the determination of sulfanilamide in the aqueous and vitreous References 1. Fernandez, L. J., and Fernandez, R. F.: Sulfanilamide in Gonorrheal Ophthalmia: A Preliminary Report , Am. J. Ophth. 21:763 ( (July) ) 1938. 2. Rambo, V. C.: Effects of Sulfanilamide on Rabbits' Eyes , Am. J. Ophth. 21:739 ( (July) ) 1938. 3. Engelfried, J. J.: Observations on the Absorption, Distribution and Excretion of Sulfanilamide in Normal Rabbits: A Preliminary Report , Univ. Hosp. Bull., Ann Arbor 4:4 ( (Jan.) ) 1938. 4. Lockwood, J. S.; Coburn, A. F., and Stokinger, H. E.: Mechanism of Action of Sulfanilamide , J. A. M. A. 111:2259 ( (Dec. 17) ) 1938.Crossref 5. These determinations were made in the Harrison Surgical Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania by Miss Helen Lynch, through the courtesy of Dr. I. S. Ravdin, professor of surgical research. 6. Marshall, E. K., Jr.: Determination of Sulfanilamide in Blood and Urine , J. Biol. Chem. 122:263 ( (Dec.) ) 1937. 7. Marshall, E. K., Jr., and Litchfield, J. T., Jr.: Determination of Sulfanilamide , Science 88:85 ( (July 22) ) 1938.Crossref

EVANS, JOHN N.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090076010

Abstract I. NEUROSCOTOMETRY When the progress of a branch of medicine seems retarded, it is well to review the material at hand. New views on familiar subjects may open new avenues of activity. I shall review certain of these well known ideas with regard to defects of the visual field and will show how one can interpret such defects in a better way by consideration of factors often overlooked. About twenty-five years ago perimetry (in its clinical application) began to expand rapidly, and in consequence there was much confusion for a while ; studies of the peripheral field gradually became more reliable as a diagnostic aid, and the ophthalmologist began also to find that enlargements of the blindsopt of Mariotte had great significance. Soon changes in the central field came into their own, and the ophthalmologist learned to recognize the classic defects of glaucoma, of retrobulbar neuritis and of certain degenerations. Then References 1. One might speculate that blind areas similar to defects of the fiber bundles might originate from lesions of the primary and cortical centers. In the present presentation I wish the reader to include depressed function of these centers as giving rise to true neurogenic defects. One can hope—though there is, at present, nothing to warrant it—that defects of this origin will eventually be recognizable by characteristic changes in the visual field. 2. Transient variations, spontaneous or induced, appearing during the actual plotting of a defect. 3. Even Bjerrum recognized that arteriosclerosis could give rise to the scimiterlike defect which he described. 4. The word raphe is confusing. One must not compare it to other anatomic raphae. There is no dense line of compact tissue for the insertion of structures. It is a terminal line of end organs. A similar line of terminal end organs must also exist on the macular line, else there would be no vertical demarcation in the hemianopias. I am confident that the nasal fibers do not cross the horizontal meridian of the retina, yet their low arching and lineal termination of end organs (rods or cones) produces no so-called raphe. Since the fibers do not cross, one would expect that the horizontal defect would be bound to occur from causes similar to those giving rise to the Rönne nasal step. The excessive crowding of fiber bundles of the nasal nerve head may explain this lack of horizontal defect in the temporal field. Thus, if a flaring bundle of fibers above the horizontal meridian and another below were overlapped by a third bundle, pinching in the horizontal meridian would always produce a wedge-shaped defect with a slanting upper or lower edge and never a horizontal edge. This seems to be the actual finding. One must still recognize the horizontal arrangement of the end organs in altitudinal hemianopias.

KLIEN, BERTHA A.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090098011

Abstract E. Fuchs1 in 1908 suggested the name diktyoma for a group of rare tumors arising from the pars ciliaris retinae, as their main characteristic is the production of membranes resembling the embryonic retina. Before 1908 4 instances of such tumors were reported. In chronologic sequence, the authors of these reports were Badal and Lagrange,2 who classified the tumor as an adenocarcinoma; Emanuel,3 who termed it a glioma of the pars ciliaris retinae; Verhoeff,4 who gave it the rather appropriate name of teratoneuroma, and Ginsberg,5 who called it a malignant epithelioma of the ciliary body. Since then a total of 3 other cases has been added—one by Greeves,6 a second by Velhagen7 and the third by Böck.8 These tumors have the following features in common: (1) the young, usually infantile, age of the patient (the respective ages in the aforementioned reports were 8, References 1. Fuchs, E.: Wucherungen und Geschwülste des Ziliarepithels , Arch. f. Ophth. 68:534, 1908. 2. Badal and Lagrange, F.: Carcinome primitif des procès et du corps ciliaire , Arch. d'opht. 12:143, 1892. 3. Emanuel, C.: Ein Fall von Gliom der Pars ciliaris retinae , Virchows Arch. f. path. Anat. 161:338, 1900.Crossref 4. Verhoeff, F. H.: A Rare Tumor Arising from the Pars Ciliaris Retinae (Teratoneuroma), of a Nature Hitherto Unrecognized and Its Relation to the So-Called Glioma Retinae , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 10:351, 1904. 5. Kuthe, R., and Ginsberg, S.: Malignes Epitheliom des Ciliarkörpers bei einem fünfjährigen Kinde: Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der epithelialen Gliomeinschlüsse , in Beiträge zur Augenheilkunde: Festschrift Julius Hirschberg von Schülern und Freunden , Leipzig, Veit u. Co., 1905, p. 127. 6. Greeves, R.: A Rare Case of Primary Malignant Growth of the Ciliary Body , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 31:261, 1911. 7. Velhagen, C.: Gliomähnliche Geschwülste des Ziliarkörpers , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 62:571, 1919. 8. Böck, J.: Zur Kenntnis des Diktyoma retinae , Ztschr. f. Augenh. 69:7, 1929. 9. Meller, J.: Ueber die Tätigkeit des Ziliarkörperepithels bei der Aufsaugung von Glaskörperblutungen , Ztschr. f. Augenh. 69:113, 1929. 10. von Hippel, E., in Henke, F., and Lubarsch, O. : Handbuch der speciellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1928, vol. 11. pt. 2, p. 42.

HORNER, WARREN D.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090105012

Abstract Serious injury to the ocular globe from broken eyeglasses is not common, despite the enormous number of spectacles in every day use. I recently took care of such an injury which, peculiarly enough, is the second serious injury of this type that I recall having seen in twenty years. In mentioning the incident to some of my confreres, I was surprised to learn that three of them had encountered similar injuries within the five months previous to the writing of this report. I am reporting the series of 4 cases, 3 of them with the permission of these colleagues who have given me the necessary clinical synopses. REPORT OF CASES Case 1. —Mrs. A. B., aged 30, seen by Dr. George S. Campion on Sept. 21, 1938, gave a history of being struck over the right eye, the blow shattering her rimless glasses. Examination in the hospital one hour later disclosed References 1. Vogt, cited by Berens, C.: The Eye and Its Diseases , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1936, p. 936. 2. Wieser, St.: Mitteilungen über die skelettfreie Röntgenaufnahme des vorderen Bulbusabschnittes nach Prof. Dr. Vogt , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 81:234, 1928.

PFEIFFER, RAYMOND L.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090112013

Abstract Under the title of "Welche Bildnisse besitzen wir von Albrecht von Graefe," Prof. Dr. R. Greeff1 published three papers in the Archiv fur Ophthalmologie in which he thoughtfully listed and described all the existing paintings, sculptures and photographs known to him of the father of ophthalmic surgery. The excellent bust of von Graefe at the Institute of Ophthalmology of the Presbyterian Hospital in New York, which has a most interesting history, was not mentioned, and I should like to record its existence. This statue was given to Donders by his students and colleagues in 1872 on the twenty-fifth anniversary of his professional teaching at the University of Utrecht (Netherlands). It stood in his study with busts of Johannes Müller and Herman von Helmholtz, which were also given to him at the same time. At the death of Donders, these busts came into the possession of Frau Prof. Paul Krais References 1. Greeff, R.: Arch. f. Ophth. 138:211, 1937 2. 138:303 and 737, 1938.

Pascal, Joseph I.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090114014

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract Every optical system has six important points, called cardinal points, associated with, and inherent in, the system. These are two principal focal points, F1 and F2, two principal points, P1 and P2, and two nodal points, N1 and N2. In the simplest optical system, such as a curved spherical mirror, these six cardinal points are reduced to three, as each pair of points coincide; i. e., F1 coincides with F2, P1 with P2 and N1 with N2. In a slightly more complex optical system, such as a single refracting surface, the six cardinal points are reduced to four, as two pairs of points coincide, i. e., P1 with P2 and N1 with N2. In a lens situated in air, the six cardinal points also are reduced to four but by a different kind of coincidence.

Bair, Hugo L.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090115015

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract A frequently troublesome phase in the performance of enucleation is the control of hemorrhage after section of the optic nerve. The commonest practice is to section the nerve with scissors, remove the globe, and then pack the socket until hemorrhage has ceased. This frequently prolongs the operation and does not always result in satisfactory hemostasis, particularly when a glass ball is to be inserted in Tenon's capsule. Another practice is first to apply a small curved hemostat to the optic nerve well back toward the apex of the orbit, then to insert the scissors, the curve of which fits that of the hemostat, between the hemostat and the globe and thus sever the optic nerve. This prevents hemorrhage satisfactorily, but it is often difficult to manipulate the two separate instruments within the orbit. Frequently there is left only a short length of optic nerve attached to the globe, as in

Waugh, David D.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090116016

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract When motion is imparted to the test object in perimetry, a source of error is introduced. The motion of the object holder may be seen while the test object itself is invisible, and an inaccurate field is thus charted. After seeing two instances of this error in various clinics, in which an immediate check revealed the discrepancy, I devised the following test object. It consists of a glass-headed pin on the end of a holder, the pin being bent at an angle of 90 degrees, 5 mm. from the center of the bead. When the handle is rotated between the fingers on its long axis, the bead will describe a circle of 1 cm. The bead will appear to the patient to be moving back and forth over a linear distance of 1 cm. The handle will appear stationary.

Lemere, Henry B.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090116017

Abstract Barbara E. was brought to the Marion Davies Clinic when she was 6 months old with anophthalmos on the left side (A of the accompanying illustration). The socket was extremely small, and there was no evidence of any globe. The child otherwise was perfect. There was no history of hereditary disease or of consanguinity. Gestation had been without any disturbing or toxic incident, even morning sickness being absent. Consultation of the literature and among my friends brought no suggestions for the improvement of this condition, and nothing was done for four years. After reading Paul Gougelman's article1 again got in touch with the parents and they brought the child in. The socket had little changed since I saw the patient when she was a baby (B of the illustration). It was impossible to introduce anything except extremely small objects into the conjunctival sac. The conjunctiva was healthy. There was References 1. Gougelman, P.: Fitting of Prostheses for Patients with Cryptophthalmos and Extreme Microphthalmos , Arch. Ophth. 18:774 ( (Nov.) ) 1937.Crossref 2. Prijibylskaya, Y. : A Nonoperative Method of Dilatation of the Conjunctival Sac in Anophthalmos , Russk. j. opht. 13:493 ( (May-June) ) 1931 3. abstracted, Arch. Ophth. 8:608 ( (Oct.) ) 1932.

WALLS, GORDON L.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090118018

Abstract When Froriep said, "Like Athena from the brow of Zeus springs the vertebrate eye into existence," he expressed the near despair which has been felt by many students of the problem of the origin of the vertebrate eye. The comparative anatomy of this intricate organ affords few clues to the history of the parts of the eyeball previous to their present association. The eye of the fish is as complex as that of man, and the structural variations of eyes are largely expressions of habit differences rather than stages in a majestic phylogenetic progress of increasing complexity and perfection, such as one sees in the heart, the brain, the ear or indeed in almost any other organ. It is a commonplace to say of the retina that it is in reality a portion of the brain wall. The homologizations of the sclera and uvea with the dura and pia-arachnoid, respectively, References 1. However, the old concept of the sclera as a derivative of a hypothetic detached portion of the ancient chondrocranium—the "optic capsule"—is far from defunct in the textbooks, and no continuity of the choroid with the pial sheath of the optic nerve is demonstrable. 2. The reader may profitably study Hagedoorn's (1936) ingenious derivation of the vertebrate eye from "phylogenetically antique" invertebrate prototypes of its various parts. 3. Balfour seems not to have noticed that the same difficulty is offered to his interpretation of the ascidian eye as a derivative of the vertebrate organ. He perhaps imagined the eye to have lost its outer lens entirely and later to have recovered partially from its degeneration by producing an inner lens. 4. In fact, independently of Schimkewitsch (v. i.) Jelgersma explained the regenerated Triton lens as atavistic and comparable to the "retinal" lens of the ascidian eye. He and other proponents of the ascidian theory might have strengthened the latter considerably by borrowing Schimkewitsch's view, that the "inner (retinal) lens" must have become functionless before the "outer (definitive) lens" appeared. 5. But von Kupffer (1890) had claimed a median ventral anlage for the lateral eye of Petromyzon which would fit into Boveri's series of diagrams. Keibel (1928) found no such initial unpaired stage, however, and it is probable that von Kupffer had misidentified the embryonic infundibulum. 6. It also retains its pigmentation; but the foveolae opticae are pigmented in some forms (Froriep, 1906 b). 7. See footnote 4. One wonders why more critics of the ascidian theory have not asked, like Tretjakoff, why the "outer lens" should ever have evolved. If the regeneration of a lens from the pupillary margin, such as can occur in lower vertebrates, is atavistic, it would seem that the eye need never have abandoned this "inner," or "retinal," lens. Schimkewitsch, to be sure, placed it in a useless location (fig. 12 b) in his 1902 diagram of the invagination stage of the hypothetic ancestral eye; but Tretjakoff has pointed out the many other locations of the regenerated lenses and lentoids besides this one and interpreted the regeneration as merely indicatory of the capacity of ectoderm everywhere to form lenses in the vicinity of the optic cup or even in the latter's own tissue. 8. I have not been able to see Schimkewitsch's 1910 edition or his 1919 paper in which, as quoted by others, substantially the same views appear to have been expressed. 9. Studnička (1918) called attention to the fact that a strikingly similar situation occurs in cephalopod molluscs, where of course it can have no meaning for vertebrate evolution. 10. Tretjakoff's (1913) belief in such a connection (fig. 4 d) was held for reasons which bear no relation to the placode theory, and the connection he visualized was imagined to have been made secondarily. The delicate bridges which temporarily connect the optic cup with the lens vesicle and which contribute to the primary vitreous are, as Miss Mann (1928) pointed out, matched by similar protoplasmic strands between cell layers throughout the embryo and have no particular meaning for the eye as such. 11. See Jelgersma (1906), who likens the rods and cones to the neuroepithelial portion, and the retinal bipolar layer to the spinal ganglions, of other sense organs. He considered that the retina as a whole cannot be compared with other sense organs since it includes the entire peripheral and central nervous portions of other sensory complexes. It is nowadays more the fashion to compare the layers of the retina with those of the brain wall (Mann, 1928) ; but with the exception of the single (cellular) layer which they share in common, the ependyma, the lamination of the retina is unique and is expressive only of its own physiology. 12. He was perhaps misled in his choice by the mistaken supposition that the photogenic organs of the lateral line in deep-sea fishes are eyes, which indeed they can strikingly resemble in structure. 13. However, they have done so with these differences. In Jelgersma's thesis the skin lens is obtained by the retina before its own ("retinal") lens ceases to function; whereas according to Schimkewitsch, it is because the "retinal" lens has been rendered useless by the invagination of the retinal vesicle that the "outer" lens becomes necessary (fig. 12). In Studnička's hypothesis no inner, retinal lens is involved. The vertebrate eye has had two lenses in its history (fig. 3 a, b′, c′ and d′) according to Froriep (1906 a), but he does not suggest a source of the second, definitive lens. 14. However, Jelgersma expressed the belief that it is unreasonable for a sense organ to originate so distant from its stimulus and that Hesse's organs must originally have been derived from the skin. It is difficult to see, however, how a photoreceptor can well be "distant from its stimulus" in a transparent animal! 15. Wollenhaupt, 1934. 16. Compare the similar view of Tretjakoff (1913), based on the early ideas of His. 17. Schimkewitsch supposed that as the lateral eyes swung outward and ventrad into their definitive position they were passively indented ventrally, thus forming the embryonic fissure, by the resistance of tissue in their pathway (fig. 12). The lateral eyes were thus carried laterally from their original dorsal and paramedian position by the same process which has caused the cranial nerves to take up a ventral departure, i. e., the growth of the dorsal brain wall. He expressed the belief that the migration of the eyes has ontogenetic reflection in the invasion of the embryonic fissure by mesoderm which plays no subsequent part in the elaboration of the ocular tissues sensu strictu and explained the optic chiasma by suggesting that the ventrad duction of the optic nerves was so strong that the process "overshot." Tretjakoff (1913) quoted and supported Vialleton's criticism in this connection, asking why only one pair of eyes became displaced laterally, and decried the brutal "passive invagination" as quite foreign to the delicacy of most developmental movements. Schimkewitsch, however, made the point that the roof plate of the diencephalon has never expanded laterally ; hence the pineal and parapineal eyes have remained in their original location. 18. However, Agduhr (1932) inclined to the view that in all such organs there must be ectopic neurons which are the actual receptors. 19. Tretjakoff (1913) considered that the absence of such elements from the pineal eye destroyed any comparability of the latter with the lateral eyes; but if the identical origins of the respective sensory elements are kept in mind, it must at least be admitted that the two types of eyes are homologous if not actually serially homologous. 20. It has been vigorously denied that ependymal cilia and flagella are motile (Fuchs, 1902, who considered them hygrophoric stereocilia adaptive to the secretory activity of the cells), but Stoklasa (1930) and his witnesses have watched them beating in many animals. 21. It was a clumping of these structures which Krause (1875) at first imagined to form the rod and cone cytosomes, and the present neglect of the ependymal theory is largely due to the widespread knowledge of their transitory character. They are not true cilia and are not provided with basal granules, since during the time they are present the centrosomes are occupied with mitosis. They are gone by the 10 mm. stage in the human embryo (Mann, 1928), and it is not until the 34 mm. stage that the centrosomic filaments which are the visual cell outer segment anlages appear (Seefelder, 1910). 22. It would be unfair, however, to lay emphasis on the spiral organization of the mitochondria, for such organization is no longer widely credited to the mitochondria of the massive flagellum of the spermatozoon. 23. By this is meant the evocation of a sensation by a stimulus which the receptor is not specifically designed to receive, the experience being interpreted as due to the other, more usual kind of stimulus. 24. Agduhr, E.: Choroid Plexus and Ependyma , in Penfield, W.: Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1932, vol. 2, pp. 537-573. 25. Arey, L. B.: (a) Retina, Chorioid and Sclera , in Cowdry, E. V.: Special Cytology , ed. 2, New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1932, vol. 3, pp. 1213-1304 26. Arey (b) Retina, Chorioid and Sclera , in Penfield, W.: Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System , 1932, vol. 2, pp. 743-835. 27. Ayers, H.: Contribution to the Morphology of the Vertebrate Head , Zool. Anz. 13:504-507, 1890. 28. Babuchin, A.: Beiträge zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Auges, besonders der Retina , Würzb. naturw. Ztschr. 4:71-90, 1863. 29. Balfour, F. M. : A Treatise on Comparative Embryology , London, Macmillan & Co., 1881, vol. 2. 30. Benoit, J.: Étude du mécanisme de la stimulation par le lumière de l'activité testiculaire chez le canard domestique : Rôle de l'hypophyse , Bull. biol. France 71:393-437, 1937. 31. Béraneck, E.: L'oeil primitif des vertébrés , Arch. d. sc. phys. et nat. 24:361-380, 1890. 32. Bielschowsky, M., and Pollack, B.: Zur Kenntnis der Innervation des Säugetierauges , Neurol. Zentralbl. 23:387-394, 1904. 33. Boveri, T.: Ueber die phylogenetische Bedeutung der Sehorgane des Amphioxus , Zool. Jahrb. , 1904, (supp. 7) , pp. 409-428. 34. Burckhardt, R.: Die Einheit des Sinnesorgansystems bei den Vertebraten , Verhandl. internat. Zoologencong. (1901) , 1902, pp. 621-628. 35. Choi, M. H.: Production of Limb by Grafting of a Nose Anlage , Folia anat. japn. 10:29-33, 1932.Crossref 36. Conel, J.: On the Origin of the Neural Crest , Anat. Rec. ( (supp. 3) ) 70:17, 1938. 37. Crozier, W. J.: The Photoreceptors of Amphioxus , Anat. Rec. 11:520, 1917. 38. Dohrn, A.: Studien zur Urgeschichte des Wirbelthierkörpers: X. Zur Phylogenese des Wirbelthierauges , Mitth. a. d. zool. Station zu Neapel 6:432-480, 1885. 39. DuShane, G. P.: An Experimental Study of the Organ of Pigment Cells in Amphibia , J. Exper. Zoöl. 72:1-31, 1935.Crossref 40. Edinger, L.: Einiges vom "Gehirn" des Amphioxus , Anat. Anz. 28:417-428, 1906. 41. Embden, G.: Primitivfibrillenverlauf in der Netzhaut , Arch. f. mikr. Anat. 57: 570-583, 1901.Crossref 42. Estable, C.: Apuntes sobre la retina , An. Inst. Neurol., Montevideo 1:328-345, 1928. 43. Franz, V.: Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Ependyms im Fischgehirn , Biol. Centralbl. 32:375-383, 1912. 44. Haut, Sinnesorgane und Nervensystem der Acranier , Jenaische Ztschr. f. Naturw. 59:401-526, 1923. 45. (a) Vergleichende Anatomie des Wirbeltierauges , in Bolk, L.; Göppert, E.; Kallius, E., and Lubosch, W.: Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbeltiere , Berlin, Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1934, vol. 2, pp. 989-1292. 46. (b) Die Spirale in den Stäbchen der Wirbeltiernetzhaut und der vermeintliche Plättchenzerfall nach verschiedenen Untersuchungsmethoden , Biol. Zentralbl. 54:76-84, 1934. 47. von Frisch, K.: Beiträge zur Physiologie der Pigmentzellen in der Fischhaut , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 138:319-387, 1911.Crossref 48. Froriep, A.: (a) Die Entwickelung des Auges der Wirbeltiere , in Hertwig, O.: Handbuch der vergleichenden und experimentellen Entwicklungslehre der Wirbeltiere , Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1906, vol. 2, pt. 2, chap. 7. 49. (b) Ueber die Herleitung des Wirbeltierauges vom Auge der Ascidienlarve , Anat. Anz. (supp.) 29:145-151, 1906. 50. Fuchs, H.: Ueber das Ependym , Anat. Anz. (supp.) 21:226-235, 1902. 51. Fürst, C. M.: Zur Kenntnis der Histogenese und des Wachstums der Retina , Acta univ. lunden., Lunds univ. årsskr. ( (pt. 2) ) 40:1-45, 1904. 52. Gatenby, J. B., and Beams, H. W.: The Cytoplasmic Inclusions in the Spermatogenesis of Man , Quart. J. Micr. Sc. 78:1-29, 1935. 53. Greeff, R.: Die mikroskopische Anatomie des Sehnerven und der Netzhaut , in von Graefe, A., and Saemisch, E. T.: Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde , ed. 2, Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelmann, 1900, vol. 1, chap. 5. 54. Hagedoorn, A.: Comparative Anatomy of the Eye , Arch. Ophth. 16:783-803 ( (Nov.) ) 1936.Crossref 55. Hescheler, K., and Boveri, V.: Zur Beurteilung des Parietalauges der Wirbeltiere , Vrtljschr. d. naturf. Gesellsch. in Zürich 68:398-419, 1923. 56. Hesse, R.: Untersuchungen über die Organe der Lichtempfindung bei niederen Tieren: IV. Die Sehorgane des Amphioxus , Ztschr. f. wissensch. Zool. 63: 456-464, 1898. 57. Jelgersma, G.: Der Ursprung des Wirbeltierauges , Morphol. Jahrb. 35:377-394, 1906. 58. Joseph, H.: Ueber eigentümliche Zellstrukturen im Zentralnervensystem von Amphioxus , Anat. Anz. (supp.) 25:16-26, 1904. 59. Morphologische-physiologische Anmerkungen über Amphioxus , Biol. generalis 4:237-256, 1928. 60. Keibel, F.: Die Entwickelungsgeschichte des Wirbeltierauges , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 44:112-132, 1906. 61. Beiträge zur Anatomie, zur Entwicklungsgeschichte und zur Stammesgeschichte der Sehorgan der Cyklostomen , Jahrb. f. Morphol. u. mikr. Anat. (Abt. 2) 12:391-456, 1928. 62. von Kennel, J.: Die Ableitung der Vertebratenaugen von den Augen der Anneliden, Dorpat, Dissert., 1881 63. Dorpat, Schnakenburg, 1891. 64. Kohl, C.: Einige Bemerkungen über Sinnesorgane des Amphioxus lanceolatus , Zool. Anz. 13:182-185, 1890. 65. Kolmer, W.: Ueber die Struktur der Sehzellen von Branchiostoma lanceolatum , Biol. generalis 4:256-258, 1928. 66. Kowalevsky, A.: Weitere Studien über die Entwicklung der einfachen Ascidien , Arch. f. mikr. Anat. 7:101-130, 1871.Crossref 67. Krause, W.: Der Ventriculus terminalis des Rückenmarks , Arch. f. mikr. Anat. 11:216-230, 1875.Crossref 68. Die Nerven-Endigung in der Retina , Krause Arch. f. mikr. Anat. 12:742-790, 1876.Crossref 69. von Kupffer, C.: Zur Entwickelung der einfachen Ascidien , Arch. f. mikr. Anat. 8:358-396, 1872.Crossref 70. Die Entwicklung von Petromyzon planeri , von Kupffer Arch. f. mikr. Anat. 35:469-558, 1890.Crossref 71. Studien zur vergleichenden Entwicklungsgeschichte des Kopfes der Kranioten: II . Die Entwicklung des Kopfes von Ammocoetes Planeri , Munich, J. F. Lehmann, 1894. 72. Lange, O.: Eine Erklärung der verschiedenen Anordnung der Netzhautschichten im Wirbeltiere und dem Auge der Wirbellosen , Centrabl. f. prakt. Augenh. 32:131-133, 1908. 73. Langerhans, P.: Zur Anatomie des Amphioxus lanceolatus , Arch. f. mikr. Anat. 12:290-348, 1876.Crossref 74. Lankester, E. R.: Degeneration, a Chapter in Darwinism and Parthenogenesis , London, Macmillan & Co., 1880. 75. Leboucq, G.: Contribution à l'étude de l'histogenèse de la rétine chez les mammifères , Arch. d'anat. micr. 10:555-606, 1908-1909. 76. Leplat, G.: Les plastosomes des cellules visuelles et leur rôle dans la différentiation des cônes et des bâtonnets , Anat. Anz. 45:215-221, 1913. 77. Locy, W. A.: The Derivation of the Pineal Eye: Preliminary Announcement , Anat. Anz. 9:169-180, 1894. 78. Lubosch, W.: Besprechung einer neuen Theorie der Lichtempfindung nebst einem Exkurs über die Stammesgeschichtliche Entstehung des Wirbeltierauges , Morphol. Jahrb. 39:147-153, 1909. 79. Magitot, A.: Étude sur le développement de la rétine humaine , Ann. d'ocul. 143: 241-282, 1910. 80. Mangold, O.: Das Determinationsproblem: III. Das Wirbeltierauge in der Entwicklung und Regeneration , Ergebn. d. Biol. 7:193-403, 1931. 81. Mann, I. C.: The Development of the Human Eye , New York, The Macmillan Company, 1928. 82. Marchesani, O.: Die Morphologie der Glia im Nervus opticus und in der Retina dargestellt nach den neuesten Untersuchungsmethoden und Untersuchungsergebnissen , Arch. f. Ophth. 117:575-605, 1926. 83. Mawas, J.: Notes cytologiques sur les cellules visuelles de l'homme et de quelques mammifères , Compt. rend. de l'Assoc. d. anat. 12:113-118, 1910. 84. Müller, W.: Ueber die Stammesentwicklung des Sehorgans der Wirbelthiere, in Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie als Festgabe Carl Ludwig gewidmet von seinen Schülern , Leipzig, F. C. W. Vogel, 1874. 85. Nagel, W. A.: Der Lichtsinn augenlöser Tiere: Eine biologische Studie , Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1896. 86. Nowikoff, M.: (a) Les analogies dans la structure des yeux chez les animaux cordés et acordés , Acad. Tchèque d. sc., Bull. internat., Cl. d. sc. math., nat. et méd. 33:131-135, 1932. 87. (b) Ueber die morphologische Bedeutung der Sehorgane von Chordaten , Biol. Zentralbl. 52:548-565, 1932. 88. Zur Frage der morphologischen Beziehungen zwischen Sehorganen und Drüsen , Ztschr. f. Morphol. u Ökol. d. Tiere 29:374-380, 1934.Crossref 89. Nuel, J. P.: Du développement phylogénétique de l'organe visuel , Arch. de biol. 7:389-409, 1887. 90. Parker, G. H.: (a) The Sensory Reactions of Amphioxus , Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sc. 43:415-455, 1908. 91. (b) The Origin of the Lateral Eyes of Vertebrates , Am. Natur. 42:601-609, 1908. 92. The Integumentary Nerves of Fishes as Photoreceptors and Their Significance for the Origin of the Vertebrate Eyes , Am. J. Physiol. 25:77-80, 1909. 93. Patten, W.: Eyes of Molluscs and Anthropods , Mitth. a. d. zool. Station zu Neapel 6:542-756, 1886. 94. Penfield, W.: Neurologia and Microglia: The Interstitial Tissue of the Central Nervous System , in Cowdry, E. 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Knapp, Arnold

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090153019

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090154020

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract SOCIETY NEWS European Society of Structive Surgery. —The fourth international congress under the auspices of the European Society of Structive Surgery will be held in Paris, France, Oct. 5 to 7, 1939. The honorary president of the congress is Prof. P. Sebileau, a member of the Academy of Medicine of Paris, and the president is Dr. L. Dufourmental. During the congress the two following subjects will be discussed : (1) treatment of destructions and deformities resulting from scar retraction of the eyelid and (2) treatment of deformities of the jaw.Other communications, which will be strictly limited to subjects which come within the scope of reconstructive and plastic surgery, will also be presented. Operative clinics on plastic surgery will be held during the congress. A program of artistic entertainment and a banquet will be featured.Further information concerning the conference, including the rates which are available for the voyage and the

Zentmayer, William

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090155021

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.

Fewell, Alexander G.;Reese, Warren S.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090175022

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White, James W.;Aebli, Rudolf

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090179023

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Bruce, G. M.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090187024

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract Ever since Homo sapiens became Homo faber he has been subject to occupational mishaps, and Egyptian papyri prove that he wrote about them almost as soon as he could write. The bibliography is enormous, and the industry shown by Coutela in assembling and digesting it is apparent in every page of this monograph. The task of classification was the first and most difficult problem, and the author has solved it with skill and judgment. The chapter on dust is a revelation. I counted sixty-five headings denoting the types of dust, each type being subdivided several times. A convenient simplification divides the types into (1) inert, (2) active (caustics and similar agents) and (3) primarily inert but subsequently active. The effect of each type of dust on the lids, corneas, conjunctivas and lacrimal passages is considered in detail. The author discusses every foreign body encountered in industry. The familiar stone, marble,

Knapp, Arnold

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090188026

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract The reprints of articles published by the staff of the Wilmer Institute from 1935 to 1938 are collected in a bound volume dedicated to the memory of W. H. Wilmer, whose portrait appears as the frontispiece. The sixty-two articles on important subjects were contributed by Drs. Alan C. Woods, Jonas S. Friedenwald, Frank B. Walsh, Earl L. Burky, C. A. Clapp, Louise L. Sloan and many others. These valuable contributions to ophthalmic literature in the United States make an imposing volume, which bears witness to the excellent work which is being done at the Wilmer Institute. The staff and the able director are to be congratulated.

Finlay, C. E.

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090188025

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract This book is the most exhaustive and complete treatise on strabismus yet published and is based on personal conceptions and observations with a review and discussion at considerable length of all the views hitherto propounded by different authors. The first part is purely physiologic and pertains to visual perception and spatial optic sense in single and binocular vision, with a special study of the latter and a discussion of the different conceptions and theories thereon ; the physiology of the optic movements, and fusion, with the methods for its investigation. The second part is devoted to the pathologic process of ocular motility and deals successively with disturbances in the muscular equilibrium of the eyes; manifest squint, with a study of spatial projection in concomitant squint, of binocular vision in this condition with variations of normal and abnormal correspondence, of the visual field in squint and of strabismal amblyopia; the examination of

1939 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1939.00860090189027