Archives of Ophthalmology

VERHOEFF, F. H.

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020011001

Abstract The perception of depth in stereoscopic vision is obviously dependent on the spatial differences in the two retinal images of the view, for it is known that the act of convergence is not an essential factor in this perception. For the brain to detect these differences, the representations of the two retinas in the brain must be accurately correlated. A retinal area in one eye and another in the other eye between which, during stereoscopic vision, the brain cannot distinguish any spatial difference may be called corresponding retinal areas, and images on such areas must appear to coincide. Anatomic, clinical and experimental observations have conclusively shown that in the occipital lobes the two retinas are represented spatially. But just how precisely each retina is represented in the brain is not really known. The visual acuity of each eye is normally so great, however, especially as revealed by the alinement References 1. Howard, H. J.: A Test for Judgment of Distance , Am. J. Ophth. 2:656 ( (Sept.) ) 1919. 2. Anderson, E. E., and Weymouth, F. W.: Visual Perception and the Retinal Mosaic , Am. J. Physiol. 64:561, 1923. 3. It may be of some importance to state that my visual acuity in each eye, with correction of moderate errors of refraction, is 20/10 by the Snellen test, and 20/12.5 by my circle test. My ocular motor balance and torsional deviation are within normal limits, my perception of colors is normal, and my binocular perception of depth is unexcelled. I no longer have any disturbing accommodation. For over thirty-five years I have been able to unify stereoscopic photographs or diagrams by convergence or divergence without the help of a stereoscope. 4. The details of this experiment were suggested to me by Dr. Z. W. Colson. 5. Sherrington, C. S.: On Binocular Flicker and the Correlation of Activity of Corresponding Retinal Points , Brit. J. M. Psychol. 1:26, 1904 6. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System , New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1911. 7. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text Book of Ophthalmology , London, Henry Kimpton, 1932, vol. 1, p. 1035. 8. von Kries, in von Helmholtz, H. L. F.: Treatise on Physiological Optics , translated by James P. C. Southall, Ithaca, N. Y., Optical Society of America, 1924-1925, vol. 3, p. 396. 9. Tschermak, A., and Hoefer, P.: Ueber binoculare Tiefenwahrnehmung auf Grund von Doppelbildern , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 98: 299, 1903.Crossref 10. Washburn, M. F.: Retinal Rivalry as a Neglected Factor in Stereoscopic Vision , Proc. Nat. Acad. Sc. 19:773, 1933.Crossref 11. Le Conte ( Sight , ed. 2, New York, D. Appleton & Company, 1897, p. 248) 12. Henschen, S. E.: On the Visual Path and Center , Brain 16:179, 1893Crossref 13. Zur Anatomie der Sehbahn und des Sehzentrums , Arch. f. Ophth. 117:403, 1926 14. Die Vertretung der beiden Augen in der Sehbahn und in der Sehrinde , Arch. f. Ophth. 1926117, p. 419. 15. Verhoeff, F. H.: A Theory of Binocular Perspective , Ann. Ophth. 11:201 ( (April) ) 1902 16. republished with corrections in Am. J. Physiol. Optics 6:416 ( (Sept.) ) 1925. 17. Verhoeff,erhoeff, F. H.: Effect on Stereopsis Produced by Disparate Retinal Images of Different Luminosities , Arch. Ophth. 10:640 ( (Nov.) ) 1933.Crossref 18. von Graefe, A.: Ueber das Doppelsehen nach Schiel-Operationen und Incongruenz der Netzhäute , Arch. f. Ophth. 1:82, 1854 19. Donders, F. C.: On the Anomalies of Accommodation and Refraction of the Eye , translated by W. D. Moore, London, New Sydenham Society, 1864, p. 165. 20. Verhoeff, F. H.: Theory of the Vicarious Fovea Erroneous , Ophth. Rec. 10:300 ( (June) ) 1901.

KOFOID, CHARLES A.;WILLIAMS, OWEN L.

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020036002

Abstract Nematodes of the genus Thelazia occur as natural parasites in the conjunctival sac and on the surface of the eyeball of certain mammals and birds in various parts of the world. Rarely, and probably abnormally, the human eye is parasitized with nematodes of this genus. Up to the present time only four cases of infestation of the human eye are on record, all of these reported from China. SUMMARY OF FOUR CASES RECORDED PREVIOUSLY Case 1.—A Chinaman, aged 25, with relatively slight symptoms, had six worms removed from the right eye. The case was reported by Stuckey.1 Case 2.—A Chinaman had severe symptoms ; he had marked ectropion of the right eye and excessive lacrimation ; he was very nearly dismissed as having incurable facial paralysis. Two worms were removed from the right eye. The case was reported by Trimble.2 Case 3.—A Canadian missionary in China, a man aged References 1. Stuckey, E. J.: Circumocular Filariasis , China M. J. 31:24, 1917 2. Trimble, C. G.: Circumocular Filariasis , China M. J. 31:266, 1917. 3. Howard, H. J.: Thelaziasis of the Eye and Its Adnexa in Man , Am. J. Ophth. 10:807, 1927 4. Hsü, H. F.: On Thelazia Callipaeda Railliet and Henry, 1910 Infection in Man and Dog , Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyg. 37:363, 1933 5. Faust, E. C.: Studies on Thelazia Callipaeda Railliet and Henry, 1910 , J. Parasitol. 15:76, 1928Crossref

WEINSTEIN, PAUL

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020041003

Abstract The aqueous and the vitreous body in the eyeball are under a certain pressure; this pressure, developed within the eyeball, is transmitted to the semielastic sclera, and is called the ocular tension. If one disregards the condition of the sclera one finds that the normal tension is the result of a thermodynamic balance. This balance is maintained by the blood pressure in the capillary arteries and by the osmotic pressure of the blood albumins. The blood pressure causes the filtration of the aqueous, while the albuminous content of the blood lessens this filtrating pressure. The higher, therefore, the hydrostatic capillary blood pressure and the lower the oncotic pressure (the suction of the blood colloids) the greater is the ocular tension. Under pathologic circumstances (glaucoma) this balance is influenced by the osmotic pressure of the aqueous albumin and by the swelling property of the vitreous body. Besides these factors, however,

KRAUSE, ARLINGTON C.

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020047004

Abstract The relation of lenticular lipids to cataract has been a point of interest to ophthalmologists for many years. However, in spite of numerous investigations the lenticular lipids have not been well characterized. For this reason much confusion has arisen in ophthalmologic literature in the discussion of lipids in cataracts. Lipids in myelin forms are frequently seen in cataracts. The lipids which may give rise to these forms are: (1) the phospholipids, that is, lecithin, cephalin and sphingomyelin, and (2) the cerebrosides, namely, kerasin, phrenosin, nervone and hydroxynervone. Myelin is a term often applied to birefractive substances as well as to substances with a myelin form. In addition to unmasked phospholipids and cerebrosides many organic and inorganic substances, such as calcium salts and cholesterol esters, may also be birefractive. It is unfortunate that the term myelin is so poorly defined that it causes confusion in the ophthalmologic literature. Myelin forms References 1. Mettenheimer: Cor.-Bl. d. Ver. f. gemeinsch. Arb. z. Förd. d. wissensch. Heilk. , 1857, no. (24) 2. 1858, no. 31. 3. Metzger: Lipoidbefunde bei Cataracta coronaria , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 87:850, 1931. 4. Hoffmann, M.: Der kataraktöse Zerfallsprozess der Linse und seine Darstellung in Reagenzglase , München. med. Wchnschr. 61:584, 1914. 5. Kranz, H. W.: Die polarisationsmikroskopische Untersuchung der kataraktös getrübten Linse , Arch. f. Ophth. 118:571, 1927. 6. Wessely, K.: Zwei kleine Beiträge zur Pathologie der Linse , Arch. f. Augenh. 91:158, 1922. 7. O'Brien, C. S., and Salit, P. W.: Chemistry of the Lens , Am. J. Ophth. 16:863, 1933. 8. Krause, A. C.: The Lipids of the Sclera, Cornea, Choroid and Iris , Am. J. Physiol. 110:182, 1934.

DUNNINGTON, JOHN H.;MACNIE, JOHN P.

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020051005

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the operative results in 150 cases of retinal detachment seen in the ophthalmologic department of the Presbyterian Hospital between October 1930 and April 1, 1934. One hundred and ninety-seven operations were performed on 155 eyes; both eyes were operated on in 5 cases. Since no attempt was made to select the cases, many so-called hopeless ones were included in this group. All patients for whom the possibility of spontaneous cure had been eliminated were offered a chance by surgical intervention. This attitude was assumed with the hope that we might learn by experience more about the indications for operating for this condition. With the same idea in mind, we have analyzed the failures as well as the successes. The operative technics employed were the Gonin cautery puncture, chemical cauterization as described by Guist and Lindner and the electrocoagulation method of Walker. References 1. Shapland, C. D.: Retinal Detachment and Its Treatment by Surgical Methods , Brit. J. Ophth. 18:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1934.Crossref

KRAVITZ, DANIEL

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020061006

Abstract It has long been known that the eyes may be affected in cases of ergot poisoning, but instances of this complication are rare in this country, as I was unable to find a single case recorded in the literature. The report of a case of neuroretinitis following the ingestion of a small amount of ergot is deemed of sufficient interest to warrant the writing of this paper. Meier,1 an ophthalmologist, was the first person to record ocular complications in ergot poisoning. In 1852, there was an epidemic in the district in which he practiced in which 283 people were affected. He reported that amblyopia was a frequent sequel, but he failed to describe the fundi in these cases. In 23 cases, cataract, usually bilateral, developed, taking from six weeks to three months to mature ; unless amblyopia was also present, operative removal gave good results. Von Bechterew,2 a neurologist, References 1. Meier, L.: Arch. f. Ophth. 8:120, 1862. 2. von Bechterew, W.: Ueber neuro-psychische Störungen bei chronischem Ergotismus ; nach den Beobachtungen von Dr. N. Reformatzki , Neurol. Centralbl. 11:769, 1892. 3. Kortneff, A.: Vestnik oftal. 9:14, 1892. 4. Kolosoff, G. A.: Ergotism: Its Etiology, Clinical Signs, Course and Treatment ; Principally According to Data of Epidemics of 1909-1910 , Russk. Vrach 11:55, 120 and 198, 1912. 5. Barger, G.: Ergot and Ergotism , Edinburgh, Gurney & Jackson, 1931. 6. Robertson, J., and Ashly, H. T.: Ergot Poisoning Among Rye Bread Consumers , Brit. M. J. 1:302 ( (Feb. 25) ) 1928.Crossref 7. Lonicerus, A.: Kreuterbuch, Frankfort-on-Main , M. Lechlern, 1582, chap. 370 , p. 285. 8. Schelenz, H.: Geschichte des Pharmazie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1904, p. 70. 9. Stearns, J.: M. Reposit. 5:308, 1808. 10. Akerly, S.: M. Reposit. 6:341, 1809. 11. Spalding, L.: New England J. Med. & Surg. 7:145, 1818. 12. Hosack, D.: Essays on Various Subjects of Medical Science , New York, J. Seymour, 1824, vol. 2, p. 295. 13. Dale, H. H.: Action of Ergotoxine; Existence of Sympathetic Vasodilators , J. Physiol. 34:163, 1906. 14. Rothlin, E.: Specific Action of Ergot Alkaloids on the Sympathetic Nervous System , J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. 36:657 ( (Aug.) ) 1929. 15. Minkowski, O.: Insulin Treatment of Diabetes , Med. Klin. 22:479 ( (March 26) ) 1926. 16. Moretti, H.: L'action hypoglycemiante de l'ergotamine dans le diabète , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 97:320 ( (July 8) ) 1927. 17. Boukaert, J. P., and Schaus, J.: Ann. Soc. sc., Bruxelles (series C, sc. med.) 40:81, 1927. 18. Marine, D.; Deutch, M., and Cipra, A.: Effect of Ergotamine Tartrate on Heat Production of Normal and Thyroidectomized Rabbits , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 24:662 ( (April) ) 1927. 19. Epstein, E. Z.: Ueber die Beeinflussung der Thyroxindiurese durch Schlafmittel und andere Pharmaka , Arch. f. Exper. Path. u. Pharmakol. 142:214, 1929. 20. Abderhalden, E., and Wertheimer, E.: Beziehungen der Thyroxinwirkung zum sympathischen Nervensystem , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 216:697, 1927. 21. Trautmann, E.: Die Beeinflussung migräneartiger Zustände durch ein sympathikushemmendes Mittel (Gynergen) , München. med. Wchnschr. 75:513 ( (March) ) 1928. 22. Tzanck, A.: Le traitement des migraines par le tartrate d'ergotamine , Bull. et mém. Soc. méd. d. hôp. de Paris 52:1057 ( (June 28) ) 1928. 23. Fuchs, A.: Ergotismus and Tetanie , Wien. klin. Wchnschr. 28:494, 1915. 24. Orlow, A.: Nevrol. vestnik 9:304, 1905 25. abstr., Arch. f. Augenh. 53:9, 1905. 26. Kaunitz, J.: Chronic Endemic Ergotism: Its Relation to Thrombo-Angiitis Obliterans , Arch. Surg. 25:135 ( (Dec.) ) 1932.Crossref

GOLDSTEIN, ISADORE;WEXLER, DAVID

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020067007

Abstract The most frequent primary source of metastatic carcinoma of the choroid is the female breast. In the cases collected by Krukenberg1 and Behr2 about 70 per cent of the metastatic lesions originated from this organ. A later estimate by Usher3 indicated a similar incidence in a larger group of cases. The lung and the stomach are next in order of frequency as primary seats of the growths, while isolated instances have been reported of tumors metastatic from the liver, the mediastinum, the thyroid gland, the suprarenal glands and the prostate.4 The case to be described differs from those previously reported in that the primary malignant growth was an adenocarcinoma of the testis. This tumor belongs to the group of teratoid tumors of the testis. These embryonal tumors in which there is a sudden overgrowth of primary elements of the germ layer are highly malignant. While in References 1. Krukenberg: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 41:145, 1903. 2. Behr: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 79:788, 1922. 3. Usher, cited by Hudson.4 4. Hudson, A. C.: Metastatic Carcinoma of the Choroid , Arch. Ophth. 11:916 ( (May) ) 1934. 5. This solution was made up as follows: solution of formaldehyde, U. S. P., 500 cc.; distilled water, 1,500 cc.; glacial acetic acid, 100 cc., and trinitrophenol to the point of saturation.

FERREE, C. E.;RAND, G.;LEWIS, E. F.

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020072008

Abstract In any consideration of the effect of an increase in the intensity of light on the visibility of objects the following principles should be borne in mind. Roughly speaking, objects are seen because of their size and their difference from the background. With a given physical difference from the background, i. e., a given difference in the coefficient of reflection, the apparent or sensation difference increases rapidly with an increase in the intensity of light. This difference is greater in the case of white on black or light objects on a dark background than for black on white or dark objects on a light background. Whether there is also an effect on the apparent size of the object has not yet been fully determined. It is well known that an increase in the size of the object functions in some unknown relation as an increase of brightness, but the converse References 1. Ferree, C. E., and Rand, G.: Effect of Intensity of Light on the Near Point of Vision and a Comparison of the Effect for Presbyopic and Non-Presbyopic Eyes , Tr. Illumin. Engin. Soc. 28:590, 1933. 2. Ferree, C. E., and Rand, G.: Visual Acuity at Low Illumination and the Use of the Illumination Scale for the Detection of Small Errors in Refraction , Am. J. Ophth. 3:408, 1920 3. Intensity of Illumination and Other Factors Influencing the Sensitivity of the Radial Line Test for Astigmatism , Ferree Am. J. Ophth. 12:809, 1929. 4. Ferree, C. E., and Rand, G.: Lantern and Apparatus for Testing the Light Sense and for Determining Acuity at Low Illuminations , Am. J. Ophth. 3:335, 1920. 5. Ferree, C. E., and Rand, G.: Lamp for Determination and Measurement of the Preferred Intensity of Light for Reading and Other Work , Arch. Ophth. 12:45 ( (July) ) 1934.Crossref 6. Ferree, C. E., in discussion on Ives, H. E.: The Measurement of Brightness and Its Significance , Tr. Illumin. Engin. Soc. 9:192, 1914. 7. Ferree, C. E., and Rand, G.: Distance of Projection of the Visual Image in Relation to Its Apparent Intensity , Am. J. Psychol. 43:678, 1931Crossref 8. Ways in Which Distance of the Test Field Affects Determinations of Retinal Sensitivity , Arch. Ophth. 7:383, 1932.Crossref 9. Ferree, C. E., and Rand, G.: An Acuity Apparatus with Attachments for Testing the Light and Color Sense and for Color Mixing , Arch. Ophth. 55:245, 1926. 10. The refractions for these observers were as follows ows: E. L.: M. E.: M. S.: J. B.: R. E., L. E., R. E., L. E., R. E., L. E., R. E., L. E., For —1.75 ., —1.75 .,+0.25 .,+0.25 , + 0. .,+0.37 +1.50 +1.75 near, 75 sph. 75 sph. 25 sph. .25 sph. +0.25 sph. ( +0.37 cyl., axis 165° sph. —0.25 cyl., axis 25° —0.37 cyl., axis 155° +0.25 cyl., axis 90° +0.25 cyl., axis 90° 50 sph. ( ) 75 sph. add +0.75 ( ) +0.25 cyl., axis 30° 5 sph. A. L.: R. E., +2.25 sph. L. E., +2.25 sph. ( ) +0.25 cyl., axis 180° For near, add +2.25 sph. D. S.: R. E., no glasses for distance L. E., no glasses for distance For near, add +2.25 sph. R. S.: R. E., +1.50 sph. ( ) +0.75 cyl., axis 180° L. E., +1.50 sph. For near, add +2.25 sph.

SALIT, P. W.;O'BRIEN, C. S.

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020087009

Abstract The cholesterol content of normal and cataractous crystalline lenses is an old and unsettled question. Most of the early work was fragmentary and qualitative. This paper includes a discussion of the literature and a report of data from analyses of more than one hundred cataractous lenses which, before removal, were studied with the slitlamp microscope, then extracted by the intracapsular method and carefully analyzed. Von Graefe,1 in 1854, was the first to see and recognize cholesterol in the lens. In 1857, Mettenheimer2 reported having seen double refractive substances, which he regarded as myelin, in cataractous lenses and also in the normal lens of a 28 year old woman. From one comparatively clear lens he succeeded in isolating myelin and cholesterol by boiling in alcohol. Eleven years later, Kühne3 reported the finding of fat and cholesterol in the normal lenses of oxen, with greater quantities in References 1. von Graefe, A.: Seltene Fälle von Cataract , Arch. f. Ophth. 1:323, 1854. 2. Mettenheimer: Cor.-Bl. d. Ver. f. gemeinsch. Arb. z. Förd. d. wissensch. Heilk. , 1857, no. (24) , p. 331 3. 1858, no. 31, p. 467 4. Kühne, W.: Lehrbuch der physiologischen Chemie , Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1868, p. 104. 5. Tweedy, J.: Cholesterin in the Eye , Lancet 2:519, 1873.Crossref 6. Laptschinsky, M.: Ein Beitrag zur Chemie des Linsengewebes , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 13:631, 1876.Crossref 7. Knies, M.: Zur Chemie der Altersveränderungen der Linse , Untersuch, a. d. physiol. Inst. d. Univ. Heidelberg 1:114, 1877 8. abstr., Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 15:332, 1877. 9. Zehender, W.; Matthiessen, L., and Jacobsen, O.: Ueber die Brechungscoefficienten und die chemische Beschaffenheit kataraktöser Linsensubstanz , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 15:311, 1877 10. 17:307, 1879. 11. Cahn, A.: Zur physiologischen und pathologischen Chemie des Auges , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 5:213, 1881. 12. Michel and Wagner: Chemische Untersuchungen des Auges , Arch. f. Ophth. 32:155, 1886. 13. Lang, W.: Cholesterin Crystals in the Lens , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 15:117, 1895. 14. Krautschneider: Ein Fall von Krystallbildung in der Linse , Beitr. z. Augenh. 26:34, 1897 15. Gross, O.: Beiträge zur Linsenchemie , Arch. f. Augenh. 57:107, 1907. 16. Goldschmidt, M.: Die Lipoide der Linse , Biochem. Ztschr. 127:210, 1922. 17. Leinfelder, P. J., and Salit, P. W.: Unpublished data; The Lipids of Retina, Brain and Blood , Am. J. Ophth. 17:619, 1934. 18. Jess, A.: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Chemie der normalen und der pathologischveränderten Linse des Auges , Ztschr. f. Biol. 61:93, 1913. 19. Salit, P. W.: Chemical Studies of Lipids of Normal Animal Lenses, Cataractous Human Lenses and the Blood of Patients with Cataract , Arch. Ophth. 5:354 ( (March) ) 1931.Crossref 20. Authenrieth, W., and Funk, A.: Ueber kolorimetrische Bestimmungsmethoden: Die Bestimmung des Gesamtcholesterins im Blut und in Organen , München. med. Wchnschr. 60:1243, 1913. 21. Bloor, W. R.: Studies on Blood Fat: II. Fat Absorption and the Blood Lipoids , J. Biol. Chem. 23:317, 1915 22. The Determination of Small Amounts of Lipid in Blood Plasma , Bloor J. Biol. Chem. 77:53, 1928. 23. Bürger, M., and Schlomka, G.: Beiträge zur physiologischen Chemie des Alterns der Gewebe: I. Untersuchung am menschlichen Rippenknorpel , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 55:287, 1927Crossref 24. Untersuchungen an der Rinderlinse , Bürger Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 58:710, 1928.Crossref 25. Burdon-Cooper, J.: Etiology of Cataract , Brit. J. Ophth. 6:387, 1922.Crossref 26. Magnasco, M.: Ricerche sul tasso della colesterina nel cristallino cattarattoso , Saggi di oftal. 4:358, 1929. 27. Adams, D. R.: The Rôle of Calcium in Senile Cataract , Biochem. J. 23: 902, 1929. 28. Kranz, H. W.: Die polarisationsmicroskopische Untersuchung der kataraktös getrübten Linse , Arch. f. Ophth. 118:571, 1927. 29. Neuschüler, I.: Della cataratta nigra , Letura oftal. 7:237, 1930. 30. Cahane, M.: Recherches sur la teneur du cristallin en eau et en cholestérol suivant l'âge. Cataracte et cholestérol , Compt. rend Soc. de biol. 108:992, 1931. 31. Parhon, C. I., and Werner, G.: Teneur en eau, cholestérol, calcium et potassium de la peau, cholestérol du crystallin et calcium de l'humeure aqueuse, chez les animaux thyroparathyroidectomisés , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 109:989, 1931. 32. Updegraff, H.: Calcium, Phosphorus and Cholesterol in Cataractous vs. Apparently Normal Lenses from Human Eyes , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 29:964, 1932. 33. Toufesco, S.: Sur le cristallin pathologique , Ann. d'ocul. 1:136, 1906. 34. Leber, A. T.: Zum Stoffwechsel der Krystall-linse , Arch. f. Ophth. 62:85, 1906. 35. Michail, D.; Cadarin, I., and Vancea, P.: Recherches in vitro sur le rôle du crystallin dans le métabolism de la cholestérine , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 94:154, 1926. 36. Berezinskaya, D.: Cholesterin und Cystin in der Linse , Russk. oftal. J. 6:549, 1927 37. abstr., Zentralbl. f. d. ges. Ophth. 18:785, 1927. 38. Michail, D., and Vancea, P.: Der Cholesterinstoffwechsel in den Organen bei der Naphthalinvergiftung , Cluj. med. 10:81, 1929 39. abstr., Zentralbl. f. d. ges. Ophth. 21:770, 1929. 40. Salit, P. W.: Calcium Content and Weight of Human Cataractous Lenses , Arch. Ophth. 9:571 ( (April) ) 1933.

MOORAD, PHILIP J.

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020098010

Abstract Monocular nystagmus in an infant, without any known associated pathologic state, is of sufficient rarity to warrant reporting. The report is particularly justifiable since the study of the case has led to the belief that nystagmus in children is caused by the same fundamental set of conditions as that in miners and that produced experimentally in young dogs, that is, by living for a long period in poor and inadequate light. Furthermore, the immediate beneficial response of the nystagmus in this case to the use of homatropine may lead to further trial and study of this drug as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of nystagmus in children. A review of the literature shows that unilateral nystagmus without any demonstrable pathologic condition producing it or associated with it is very rare. That of horizontal type is remarkably rare. Peter1 stated that monocular nystagmus "as a rule" is of vertical References 1. Peter, Luther C.: The Extra-Ocular Muscles: A Clinical Study of Normal and Abnormal Motility , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1927, p. 283. 2. Post, Lawrence: Unilateral Nystagmus , Am. J. Ophth. 8:632 ( (Aug.) ) 1925. 3. Yawger, N. S.: Familial Head-Nystagmus in Four Generations Associated with Ocular Nystagmus , J. A. M. A. 69:773 ( (Sept. 8) ) 1917.Crossref 4. Sorsby, Arnold: Latent Nystagmus , Brit. J. Ophth. 15:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1931.Crossref 5. Asherson, N.: Spontaneous Nystagmus in Congenital Syphilis , Arch. Dis. Childhood 5:331 ( (Oct.) ) 1930.Crossref 6. Arkin, W., and Sterling, W.: Le nystagmus monoculaire , Arch. d'opht. 43:77 ( (Feb.) ) 1926. 7. Rabinowitsch, M.: Ueber den Nystagmus monocularis , Ztschr. f. Augenh. 65:162 ( (June) ) 1928. 8. Herrman, Charles: Head Shaking with Nystagmus in Infants , Am. J. Dis. Child. 16:180 ( (Sept.) ) 1918.Crossref 9. Moore, Robert Foster: Medical Ophthalmology , ed. 2, Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Company, 1925. 10. Miller, G. Macleod, and Wilson, James A.: Nystagmus in an Infant , Brit. M. J. 1:14 ( (Jan. 1) ) 1927.Crossref 11. Lebensohn, James E.: Nystagmus of Ocular Origin , Arch. Ophth. 5:638 ( (April) ) 1931.Crossref 12. Thomas, Roy: Two Cases of Spontaneous Cure of Congenital Nystagmus , Brit. M. J. 1:825 ( (May 13) ) 1933.Crossref 13. Peter.1 Post.2 Arkin and Sterling.6 Rabinowitsch.7 Lebensohn.11 14. Arkin and Sterling.6 Thomas.12 15. Peter.1 Lebensohn.11 16. Evans, T. Stenner: Congenital Nystagmus , Brit. M. J. 1:453 ( (March 7) ) 1925.Crossref 17. Post.2 Arkin and Sterling.6 Rabinowitsch.7 18. Post.2 Herrman.8 19. Peter.1 Post.2 Arkin and Sterling.6 Herrman.8 20. Roche, W. J.: An Investigation of Miners' Nystagmus , Brit. J. Ophth. 15:211 ( (April) ) 1931.Crossref 21. Post.2 Yawger.3 Arkin and Sterling.6 Rabinowitsch.7 Lebensohn.11 22. Cooke, W. E.: Miners' Nystagmus , Brit. M. J. 1:615 ( (April 11) ) 1931.Crossref 23. Catel, W.: Zum Spontannystagmus des Neugeborenen , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 58:1478 ( (Sept. 16) ) 1932.Crossref 24. Post.2 Arkin and Sterling.6

Fine, Abraham

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020107011

Abstract The following unusual case of chronic unilateral hypertrophic conjunctivitis presents many features of considerable interest. The unfortunate termination in complete loss of sight marks the problem as a practical one, worthy of more than mere academic consideration. Despite extensive pathologic studies conducted both at the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital and at the Knapp Memorial Eye Hospital, the condition remains undiagnosed and offers a challenge to ophthalmologic knowledge. REPORT OF CASE History.—A man, aged 32, a dressmaker, had a cold in the head in May 1932, which lasted about ten days and was associated with redness, itching and tearing of both eyes. The condition resembled in some respects the autumnal attacks of hay fever which the patient had had for the past five years. There was no fever, chills, vomiting or other constitutional disturbance. He gave no history of trauma to the eye or of contact with References 1. Fuchs, E.: Tuberculosis of the Conjunctiva , in Text-Book of Ophthalmology , ed. 8, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, 1924, p. 494. 2. Goar, E. L.: Syphilitic Granulations of the Conjunctiva , Am. J. Ophth. 11: 42 ( (Jan.) ) 1928. 3. McKee, S. H.: Parinaud's Conjunctivitis , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 25:236, 1927. 4. Verhoeff, F. H.: Observations on Parinaud's Conjunctivitis (Leptothricosis Conjunctivitis) , Am. J. Ophth. 1:705 ( (Oct.) ) 1918. 5. Vail, D. T., Jr.: Oculo-Glandular Form of Tularemia , Illinois M. J. 57: 244 ( (April) ) 1930. 6. Pascheff, C.: Differential Diagnosis Between Conjunctivitis Necroticans Infectiosa and Conjunctivitis Tularensis , Am. J. Ophth. 10:737 ( (Oct.) ) 1927. 7. Wright, R. E.: Obscure Affection of the Conjunctiva Resembling Cases of Parinaud's Syndrome , Arch. Ophth. 54:280 ( (May) ) 1925. 8. Lehrfeld, L.: Allergic Reactions in Vernal Conjunctivitis , Am. J. Ophth. 8:368 ( (May) ) 1925.

Klein, Miklos

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020110012

Abstract In the present method of treatment of retinal detachments by diathermic punctures it is important to control the placing of the perforations by simultaneous observations with the ophthalmoscope. It is therefore essential that the transparency of the cornea should not be impaired during the operation, otherwise ophthalmoscopy is impossible. To obviate the drying of the cornea a Zeiss contact glass has been applied to the globe. The use of the regular Zeiss contact glass, however, entails several difficulties: One must dispense with the directive suture at the limbus, and one must perform the measurement of the chord distance from the limbus against the glass. Also, if the operative field lies nasally or temporally, the application of the Zeiss contact glass is impossible because the wide scleral part touches the palpebral angle when the globe is turned aside, and the glass is simply lifted up. I have attempted to

Schoenberg, Mark J.

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020112013

Abstract The Šafár̂ and Walker electrodes have been in use a sufficient length of time to prove their worth. However, they have certain shortcomings: 1. Some of the Šafár̂ electrodes consisting of one, two or three points are difficult to handle. They slip from the hold of the forceps and may get lost in the wound or become caught in the meshes of gauze or cotton. 2. The hard insulating varnish covering base, into which the short needle points are fastened, becomes brittle, cracks and peels off, and the danger of losing these particles of varnish in and outside the eyeball, though remote, is always present. 3. The thorough cleansing of the points is almost impossible unless much time and care are devoted to this work. 4. The sharpening of the points is very difficult. 5. Ideal sterilization by high temperature or a Bunsen burner is not practicable. 6. Finally, the References 1. Walker, Clifford: Retinal Detachment , Am. J. Ophth. 17:1 ( (Jan.) ) 1934. 2. Walker, Clifford: New Devices and a Modification for Diathermic Operation and Localization in Separation of the Retina , Arch. Ophth. 12:970 ( (Dec.) ) 1934.Crossref

MAYER, LEO L.

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020114014

Abstract A new doctrine of physiologic investigation has appeared. It concerns more especially the activity of muscles and nerves in relation to electrical stimulation. The groundwork was brought forth by Lapicque1 in his experimentation with nerves and nerve-muscle preparations. Of more recent date has been its practical application in neurology. Now its premises are creeping into ophthalmology as they relate to the musculature of the face, the extra-ocular muscles, the instrinsic muscles of the eye and, finally, the retina and optic pathways. The term ``chronaxia'' may be defined as the time during which a current of twice the threshold intensity (i. e. two times as strong as the constant current which causes a minimal stimulation) must flow to produce a minimal stimulation. In this brief outline I shall attempt to explain in simple language the doctrine of chronaxia as it concerns the eye. An introduction into this subject References 1. Lapicque, L.: L'excitabilité en fonction du temps , Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1926. 2. Fredericq, H.: Testing Excitability by Means of Time Factor , Physiol. Rev. 8:501, 1928. 3. Fulton, J. F.: Muscular Contraction and the Reflex Control of Movement , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1926, p. 78. 4. Evans, C. L.: Recent Advances in Physiology , Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1930, p. 295. 5. Adler, F. H.: Clinical Physiology of the Eye , New York, The Macmillan Company, 1933, p. 6. 6. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Textbook of Ophthalmology , St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1933. 7. Bourguignon, G.: Un nouveau chapitre en électrodiagnostic ; La chronaxie du système optique chez l'homme, Congrès de l'Association française pour l'avancement des sciences , Grenoble, 1926, p. 116. 8. Verryp, C. D.: Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1928, vol. 1, 352. 9. Quicke, H., and Stein, J.: Chronaxie , Ergebn. d. Physiol. 34:907, 1932.Crossref 10. Altenburger, H., and Kroll, F. S.: Die vegetative Beeinflussung des optischen Systems. (Zugleich eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Intensitäts- und Zeitschwelle mit adäquaten Lichtreizen) , Ztschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 124: 527, 1930.Crossref 11. Hofe, and Fisher, F. P.: Ber. ü d. Versamml. d. deutsch. ophth. Gessellsch. , 1893, p. 120. 12. Kroll, F. W.: Electrotomische Erregbarkeitsveränderungen des optischen Systems , Ztschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat. 125:134, 1930.Crossref 13. Kreindler, A., and Brecher, I.: Die Chronaxie des pathologisch veränderten optischen Systems , Arch. f. Ophth. 129:250, 1932. 14. Linksz, A.: Ueber Chronaxie , Zentralbl. f. d. ges. Ophth. 29:401, 1933. 15. DuBois-Reymond, E.: Untersuchungen über thierische Electricität , Berlin, G. Reimer, 1848. 16. Fick, A., and DuBois-Reymond, P.: Ueber die unempflindliche Stelle der Netzhaut im menschlichen Auge , Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1853, p. 396. 17. von Brücke, E. T.: Ueber das Verhalten entnervter Muskeln gegen discontinuierliche elektrische Ströme , Sitzungsb. d. k. Akad. d. Wissensch. Math.-naturw. cl. , 1867, vol. 56 18. 1868, vol. 58. 19. Engelmann, T. W.: Sur le mouvement péristaltique de l'urétère , Arch. néerl. d. sc. exact et natur. 4:126, 1869. 20. Hoorweg, J. L.: Die medizinische Electrotechnik und ihre physikalischen Grundlagen , Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelmann, 1893. 21. Weiss, G.: Sur l'excitation électrique des nerfs , J. de physiol. et de path. gén. 5:238, 1903. 22. Noyons, A. K., and Verryp, C. D.: Description d'un appareil pour mesurer la chronaxie , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 90:948, 1924. 23. Lucas, K.: The Analysis of Complex Excitable Tissues by Their Response to Electric Currents of Short Duration , J. Physiol. 34:310, 1906-1907. 24. Strohl, A., and Desgrez, H.: Recherches sur la forme des courants employés pour la mesure de l'excitabilité électrique chez l'homme , J. de radiol. et d'électrol. 12:113, 1928. 25. Helmholtz, H. L.: Handbuch der physiologischen Optik , Hamburg, Leopold Voss, 1909-1911, vol. 2, p. 455. 26. Bourguignon, G.: La chronaxie chez l'homme , Paris, Masson & Cie, 1923. 27. Müller, J.: Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen , Berlin, Georg Thieme, 1838. 28. Ritter, quoted by Müller, J.: Elements of Physiology , translated by W. Baly, London, Taylor and Watson, 1842, vol. 2, p. 1212. 29. Hjort, quoted by Müller.27 30. Purkinje, J. E.: Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Sehens in subjektiver Hinsicht , ed. 2, Berlin, J. G. Calve, 1823. 31. Hoche, quoted by Kreindler and Brecher.13 32. Darier, quoted by Polland and Vitek.37 33. Dubois, R.: A propos de la transmission humorale des excitations nerveuses , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 97:634, 1927. 34. Mann, L., and Kramer, F.: Neuere Erfahrungen auf dem Gebiet der medizinischen Elektrizitätslehre mit Ausschluss der Röntgenlehre , Berlin, Georg Thieme, 1828. 35. Bourguignon, G.; Courland, M., and Dejean, R.: Phosphènes locaux et phosphènes à distance, Egalité de chronaxies correspondantes , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 94:753, 1926. 36. Kleitman, N., and Pièron, H.: Loi de variation de la durée de la première phase dans l'établissement de la sensation pour des excitations lumineuses croissantes des cônes et des batonnets , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 91:456, 1924. 37. Achelis, J. D., and Merkulow, J.: Die elecktrische Erregbarkeit des menschlichen Auges während der Dunkeladaptation , Ztschr. f. Psychol. u. Physiol. d. Sinnesorg. (Abt. 2) 60:95, 1929. 38. Polland, B., and Vitek, J.: Untersuchung der Sehnerven mittels Kondensatorenerhebungen , Zentralbl. f. d. ges. Ophth. 18:156 and 637, 1927. 39. Best, F.: Ist der Sehnerv elektrisch reizbar? Ber. ü. d. Versamml. d. deutsch. ophth. Gesellsch. 49:239, 1932. 40. Last, S. L., and Laubenthal, F.: Verhandl. d. Gesellsch. deutsch. Nervenärzte , 1932, p. 106. 41. Rizzolo, A.; Chauchard, A., and Chauchard, B.: Action de la cocaine sur les centres corticaux , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 95:605, 1926. 42. Zeldenrust, E. L. K.: Ueber die Chronaxie des Lichtreflexes der Pupille , Arch. f. Augenh. 104:585, 1931. 43. Hess, C.: Das Differential-Pupilloskop , Arch. f. Augenh. 80:213, 1916. 44. Grijns, G., and Noyons, A. K.: Ueber die absolute Empfindlichkeit des Auges für Licht , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. , 1905, p. 25. 45. Stein, J.: Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1928, vol. 1, p. 352. 46. Poole, J. H. J.: An Attempt to Determine Whether a Minimum Time is Necessary to Excite the Human Retina , Phil. Mag. 43:345, 1922.Crossref 47. Mayer, L. L.: Visual Fields with Minimal Light Stimulus , Arch. Ophth. 9:353 ( (March) ) 1933.Crossref

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020123016

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract In Dr. M. Davidson's discussion of the paper by Dr. James Watson White, entitled, "Routine Examination of Muscles in Practice," in the Transactions of the Section on Ophthalmology of the American Medical Association, published in the December issue (Arch. Ophth.12:970, 1934), on page 984, line 16, "total hyperphoria'' should read "total hyperopia''; line 17, ``hypertropia'' and ``hyperphoria'' should read ``heterotropia'' and ``heterophoria,'' respectively ; line 19, ``multiplication'' should be "modification ;'' line 26, "no binocular defect" should read "no binocular stereopsis;'' lines 28 and 29, "contrasting color" should read "test object,'' and line 31, "against" should be changed to "before."

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020123015

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract SOCIETY NEWS Chicago Ophthalmological Society.—The annual meeting of the Chicago Ophthalmological Society was held in Chicago on January 28. Dr. Arnold Knapp, the guest of honor, spoke on "The Surgical Treatment of Retinal Detachment." The following officers were elected: Dr. Robert Blue, president; Dr. Earle Fowler, vice-president, and Dr. Thomas Allen, secretary and treasurer. Philadelphia County Medical Society, Eye Section.—The program for the January 3 meeting of the Eye Section of the Philadelphia County Medical Society was as follows: "A Typical Case of Retinitis Proliferans,'' Dr. J. M. Rosenthal; "A Case of Conical Cornea Wearing Contact Lenses," Dr. Charles W. Le Fever ; ``Lacrimal Cases," Dr. C. E. G. Shannon and Dr. Carroll Mullen, and "Applied Anatomy and Physiology of the Naso-Lacrimal Apparatus, with Lantern Slide Demonstration," Dr. J. Parsons Schaeffer.

Zentmayer, William

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020124017

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.

Poos, Frederick;Fridenberg, Percy

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020156018

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.

Pickard, Ransom

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020167019

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.

Knapp, Arnold

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020171020

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract It has been customary in Germany to give from time to time a postgraduate course (Fortbildungskurs), lasting one week, in a university town, in which the ophthalmologic problems of the day are presented in lectures and in clinical and operative demonstrations by the ophthalmologists and other members of the medical faculty. This time the meeting was held in the celebrated university town of Freiburg. These lectures have appeared in printed form, so they are available for those who did not take part in the course. It is interesting to observe what subjects were selected as suitable for this course. Most of the lectures were given by Löhlein, the director of the eye clinic, and by Wegner, his first assistant. Löhlein spoke on glaucoma, new medical and radiation therapy, optical correction and contact glasses, while Wegner discussed ocular tuberculosis, fundus diagnosis of increased blood pressure, operations, questions

Knapp, Arnold

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020171021

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract In this third edition Duke-Elder has written practically a new book, which means the addition of many new subjects and the omission of subjects in which there have been few recent advances. Thus the purpose of the book, namely, to acquaint the senior student with those facts which are at present situated somewhere between graduation from the literature and adoption by the textbook, is admirably fulfilled. The subject matter is divided into a part on physiology and a part on diseases of the eye. The former treats of the vascular circulation, the intra-ocular fluid, the vitreous body, the intra-ocular pressure and the effect of drugs on the eye ; and the latter part considers intra-ocular infections, the ocular pigment and intra-ocular tumors, the conjunctiva, the cornea, the retina, cataract, glaucoma and sympathetic ophthalmitis. Each chapter ends with a list of literary references. This important work should be read by

Knapp, Arnold

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020172022

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract After a foreword by Prof. W. H. Wilmer, the development and comparative anatomy of the human lens are treated in an authoritative manner by Ida C. Mann. Clapp then takes up in turn the anatomy, nourishment and growth, physiology, chemistry, congenital anomalies and pathogenesis of the lens. The clinical discussion occupies the second half of the book and begins with a description of the various types of cataract. After a chapter on the nonoperative treatment, the operative treatment of the various forms of cataract is gone into thoroughly, from the preparation of the patient, with an outline of the various operations, to the after-care. Clapp has accomplished his purpose of writing a comprehensive work on the lens, and he has done this well. A comprehensive study is timely, as, though there have been many books on the clinical and operative phases of cataract, there has not been an up-to-date

1935 Archives of Ophthalmology

doi: 10.1001/archopht.1935.00840020173023