Archives of Dermatology

Goldsmith, Lowell A.

1988 Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1988.01670120008001

Abstract Why do we have to read about bats today? What do bats have to do with Dermatology? At the Smithsonian, within an exhibit explaining the threat to the tropical forests in the world, there was a small case showing that some plants depend on bats for pollination. The bats carried pollen from one plant to another on specially modified hairs on their shoulders and back. This use of a skin appendage for pollination was an intriguing use of skin, akin to using a fingernail for artificial insemination, and deserved further thought and reading. My previous acquaintance with bats had been very limited. Batman was of course an early cultural hero of mine. I studied his literature and its accompanying artwork, and I identified with his sidekick. I knew that the witches in Macbeth put into the cauldron (act IV, scene 1) some "wool of bat" and that in Alice in References 1. Hill JE, Smith JD: Bats: A Natural History . Austin, Tex, University of Texas Press, 1984.

Paller, Amy S.;Nelson, Ann;Steffen, Laura;Gottschalk, Lisa;Kaizer, Herbert

1988 Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1988.01670120011002

Abstract • Cutaneous biopsy specimens obtained from bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients, most with graft-vshost disease (GVHD), were analyzed for infiltration by helper, cytotoxic, and suppressor T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Lesional skin from patients with early mild GVHD and drug reactions showed a CD4/CD8 ratio of 5.0 or more, but later biopsy specimens from patients with acute GVHD and the majority of sections from those with chronic GVHD showed a CD4/CD8 ratio of 0.8 to 3.0 due to increased numbers of presumably cytotoxic cells. Significant numbers of suppressor (CD11 + CD16b-) cells were found in only one patient with severe chronic GVHD. Natural killer cells were not found. Preliminary examination of lesional skin from seven autologous BMT patients showed a similar trend of decreased CD4/CD8 ratios in the three patients with a syndrome that resembled GVHD. Analysis of CD4/CD8 ratios in serial biopsy specimens from patients with GVHD may allow more accurate monitoring of the progression of cutaneous GVHD and may help to elucidate the mechanism of development of the GVHD-like reaction in autologous BMT patients. (Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1795-1801) References 1. Gale RP: Graft-vs-host disease . Immunol Rev 1985;88:193-214.Crossref 2. Sale GE, Lerner KG, Barker EA, et al: The skin biopsy in the diagnosis of acute graft-vs-host disease in man . Am J Pathol 1977;89:621-633. 3. Lampert IA, Janossy G, Suitters AJ, et al: Immunological analysis of the skin in graft vs host disease . Clin Exp Immunol 1982;50:123-131. 4. Lever R, Turbitt M, Mackie R, et al: Prospective study of the histological changes in the skin in patients receiving bone marrow transplants . Br J Dermatol 1986;114:161-170.Crossref 5. Atkinson K, Munro V, Vasak E, et al: Mononuclear cell populations in the skin defined by monoclonal antibodies after HLA-identical sibling marrow transplantation . Br J Dermatol 1986;114:145-160.Crossref 6. Guyotat D, Mauduit G, Chouvet B, et al: A sequential study of histological and immunological changes in the skin after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation . Transplantation 1986;41:340-342.Crossref 7. Kaye VN, Neumann PM, Kersey J, et al: Identity of immune cells in graft-vs-host disease of the skin: Analysis using monoclonal antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence . Am J Pathol 1984;116:436-440. 8. Dreno B, Milpied N, Harousseau JL, et al: Cutaneous immunological studies in diagnosis of acute graft-vs-host disease . Br J Dermatol 1986;114:7-15.Crossref 9. Sloane JP, Thomas JA, Imrie SF, et al: Morphological and immunohistological changes in the skin of allogeneic bone marrow recipients . J Clin Pathol 1984;37:919-930.Crossref 10. Glucksberg H, Storb R, Fefer A, et al: Clinical manifestations of graft-vs-host disease in human recipients of marrow from HL-A-matched sibling donors . Transplantation 1974;18:295-304.Crossref 11. Crider MK, Jansen J, Norins AL, et al: Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema in patients receiving bone marrow transplantation . Arch Dermatol 1986;122:1023-1027.Crossref 12. Lerner KG, Kao GF, Storb R, et al: Histopathology of graft-vs-host reaction (GvHR) in human recipients of marrow from HL-A-matched sibling donors . Transplant Proc 1974;6:367-371. 13. Hamilton BL, Michael J, Bevan MJ, et al: Anti-recipient cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors are present in the spleens of mice with acute graft vs host disease due to minor histocompatibility antigens . J Immunol 1981;126:621-625. 14. Reinsmoen NL, Kersey JH, Bach FH: Detection of HLA restricted anti-minor histocompatibility antigen(s) reactive cells from skin GVHD lesions . Hum Immunol 1984;11:249-257.Crossref 15. Gebel HM, Kaizer H, Landay AL: Characterization of circulating suppressor T lymphocytes in bone marrow transplant recipients . Transplantation 1987;43:258-263.Crossref 16. Niedecken H, Wehrmann W, Bauer R, et al: Reaction of human keratinocytes with the monoclonal antibody anti-Leu-11: An immunohistologic study . J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:504-510.Crossref 17. Rappeport J, Reinherz E, Mihm M, et al: Acute graft-vs-host disease in recipients of bone-marrow transplants from identical twin donors . Lancet 1979;2:717-720.Crossref 18. Gluckman E, Devergie A, Sohier J, et al: Graft-vs-host disease in recipients of syngeneic bone marrow . Lancet 1980;1:253-254. 19. Thien SW, Goldman JM, Galton DG: Acute `graft-vs-host disease' after autografting for chronic granulocytic leukemia in transplantation . Ann Intern Med 1981;94:210-211.Crossref 20. L'Age-Stehr J, Diamantstein T: Induction of autoreactive T lymphocytes and their suppressor cells by cyclophosphamide . Nature 1978;271:663-665.Crossref 21. Belanger R, Tutschka PJ, Beschorner WE, et al: Acute graft-vs-host disease in recipients of syngeneic bone marrow . Exp Hematol 1982;10( (suppl) ):23-32. 22. Gozes Y, Umiel T, Meshorer A, et al: Syngeneic GvH induced in popliteal lymph nodes by spleen cells of old C57BL/6 mice . J Immunol 1978;121:2199-2204. 23. Glazier A, Tutschka PJ, Farmer ER, et al: Graft-vs-host disease in cyclosporin A-treated rats after syngeneic and autologous bone marrow reconstitution . J Exp Med 1983;158:1-8.Crossref 24. Hess AD, Horwitz L, Beschorner WE, et al: Development of graft-vs-host disease-like syndrome in cyclosporine-treated rats after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation: I. Development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with apparent polyclonal anti-Ia specificity, including autoreactivity . J Exp Med 1985;161:718-730.Crossref 25. Cheney RT, Sprent J: Capacity of cyclosporine to induce autograft-vs-host disease and impair intrathymic T-cell differentiation . Transplant Proc 1985;17:528-531. 26. Hood AF, Vogelsang GB, Black LP, et al: Acute graft-vs-host disease: Development following autologous and syngeneic bone marrow transplantation . Arch Dermatol 1987;123:745-750.Crossref

Matsuoka, Lois Y.;Wortsman, Jacobo;Hanifan, Nancy;Holick, Michael F.

1988 Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1988.01670120018003

Abstract • Sunscreens block the absorption of the sunlight spectrum responsible for the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D (ultraviolet B). The present study was prompted by our observation of suppression of cutaneous vitamin D formation by a single application of sunscreening agents. We measured the index of vitamin D body store, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) level, in 20 long-term users of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and in 20 controls matched by age and exposure to sunlight. Serum 25-OH-D levels were significantly lower among long-term PABA users than among normal controls: 40.2 ± 3.2 vs 91.3 ± 6.2 nmol/L. Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency, ie, 25-OH-D levels below 20.0 nmol/L, was seen in two PABA users and in none of the controls. This preliminary study suggests that long-term use of PABA may be associated with low body stores of vitamin D in some persons. (Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1802-1804) References 1. Matsuoka LY, Ide L, Wortsman J, et al: Sunscreens suppress vitamin D3 synthesis . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;16:1165-1168.Crossref 2. Omdahl JR, Garry PJ, Hunsaker A, et al: Nutritional status in a healthy elderly population: Vitamin D . Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 6:1225-1233. 3. MacLaughlin J, Holick MF: Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3 . J Clin Invest 1985;76:1536-1538.Crossref 4. Holick MF: Vitamin D requirements for the elderly . Clin Nutr 1986;5:121-129. 5. Carter DM: Basal cell carcinoma , in Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al (eds): Dermatology in General Medicine . New York, McGraw-Hill International Book Co, 1986, pp 759-765. 6. Urbach F, Davies RE, Forbes PH: Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer in man , in Montagna W, Dobson RL (eds): Advances in Biology of Skin: Carcinogenesis . Elmsford, NY, Pergamon Press Inc, 1965, pp 195-214. 7. Pathak MA, Fitzpatrick TB, Frank E: Evaluation of topical agents that prevent sunburn: Superiority of p-aminobenzoic acid and its ester in ethyl alcohol . N Engl J Med 1969;280:1459-1463.Crossref 8. Adams JS, Clemens TL, Parrish JA, et al: Vitamin-D synthesis and metabolism after ultraviolet irradiation of normal and vitamin D-deficient subjects . N Engl J Med 1982;306:722-725.Crossref 9. Krane SM, Holick MF: Metabolic bone disease , in Petersdorf RG, Adams RD, Braunwald E, et al (eds): Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine . New York, McGraw-Hill International Book Co, 1983, pp 1949-1960. 10. Exton-Smith AN, Hodkinson HM, Stanton BR: Nutritional metabolic bone disease in old age . Lancet 1966;2:999-1001.Crossref 11. Jenkins DHR, Roberts JG, Webster D, et al: Osteomalacia in elderly patients with fracture of the femoral neck . J Bone Joint Surg Br 1973;55:575-580. 12. Chalmer J, Conacher WDH, Gardber DL, et al: Osteomalacia: A common disease in elderly women . J Bone Joint Surg Br 1967;49:403-423. 13. Sokoloff L: Occult osteomalacia in American (USA) patients with fracture of the hip . Am J Surg Pathol 1978;2:21-30.Crossref 14. Doppelt SH, Neer RM, Daly M, et al: Vitamin D deficiency and osteomalacia in patients with hip fractures . Orthop Trans 1983;7:512-513. 15. Harju E, Sotaniemi E, Puranen J, et al: High incidence of low serum D concentration in patients with hip fracture . Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1985;103:408-416.Crossref 16. Frame B, Parfitt AM: Osteomalacia: Current concepts . Ann Intern Med 1978;89:966-982.Crossref 17. Haussler MR, McCain TA: Basic and clinical concepts related to vitamin D metabolism and action . N Engl J Med 1977; 297:974-983, 1041-1050.Crossref 18. Barragry JM, France MW, Corless D, et al: Intestinal cholecalciferol in the elderly and in younger adults . Clin Sci 1978;55:213-220. 19. Beadle PC, Burton JL, Leach JF: Correlation of seasonal variation of 25-hydroxycalciferol with UV radiation dose . Br J Dermatol 1980;102:289-293.Crossref

Friter, Barry S.;Lucky, Anne W.

1988 Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1988.01670120021004

Abstract • The occurrence of a distinctive perineal eruption that appears in infants and children early in the course of Kawasaki syndrome has received little attention in the medical literature. Medical records of patients hospitalized during the acute phase of Kawasaki syndrome were reviewed to evaluate the prevalence of an erythematous, desquamating perineal eruption. The frequency of this eruption was compared with the syndrome's other diagnostic criteria. Thirty-nine (67%) of the 58 patients who fulfilled the criteria for the diagnosis of Kawasaki syndrome had documentation of the perineal rash that usually occurred in the first week of onset of symptoms. No statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of coronary artery aneurysms. We believe that an erythematous, desquamating perineal rash is a valuable early clinical finding facilitating a more rapid diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki syndrome. (Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1805-1810) References 1. Kawasaki T: MCLS: Clinical observation on 50 cases . Jpn J Allergy 1967;16:178-222. 2. Melish ME: Kawasaki syndrome (the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) . Ann Rev Med 1982;33:569-585.Crossref 3. Melish ME: Kawasaki syndrome: A new infectious disease? J Infect Dis 1981;143:317-324.Crossref 4. Burns JC, Geha RS, Schneeberger EE, et al: Polymerase activity in lymphocyte culture supernatants from patients with Kawasaki disease . Nature 1986;323:814-816.Crossref 5. Shulman ST, Rowley AH: Does Kawasaki disease have a retroviral aetiology? Lancet 1986;2:545-546.Crossref 6. Moynahan EJ: Hypothesis: Kawasaki disease: A novel feline virus transmitted by fleas? Lancet 1987;1:195.Crossref 7. Crowley DC: Cardiovascular complications of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome . Pediatr Clin North Am 1984;31:1321-1329. 8. Daniels SR, Specker B, Capannari TE, et al: Correlates of coronary artery aneurysm formation in patients with Kawasaki disease . AJDC 1987;141:205-207. 9. Koren G, Rose V, Lavi S, et al: Probable efficacy of high-dose salicylates in reducing coronary involvement in Kawasaki disease . JAMA 1985;254:767-769.Crossref 10. Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Burns JC, et al: The treatment of Kawasaki syndrome with intravenous gamma globulin . N Engl J Med 1986;315:341-347.Crossref 11. Melish ME, Hicks RM, Larson EJ: Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in the United States . AJDC 1976;130:599-607. 12. Hicks RV, Melish ME: Kawasaki syndrome . Pediatr Clin North Am 1986;33:1151-1175. 13. Bligard CA: Kawasaki disease and its diagnosis . Pediatr Dermatol 1987;4:75-84.Crossref 14. Aballi AJ: Perineal rash in Kawasaki syndrome . Pediatr Infect Dis 1984;3:187.Crossref 15. Fink CW: A perineal rash in Kawasaki disease . Pediatr Infect Dis 1983;2:140-141.Crossref 16. McCuaig CC, Moroz B: Perineal eruption in Kawasaki syndrome . Arch Dermatol 1987;123:430-431.Crossref 17. Schlossberg D, Kandra J, Kreiser J: Possible Kawasaki disease in a 20-year-old woman . Arch Dermatol 1979;115:1435-1436.Crossref 18. Fink HW: Kawasaki syndrome in twins . Pediatr Infect Dis 1984;3:372-373.Crossref 19. Everett ED: Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease) in adults . JAMA 1979;242:542-543.Crossref 20. Verghote M, Rousseau E, Jacob JL, et al: An uncommon clinical sign in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome . Acta Paediatr Scand 1981;70:591-593.Crossref 21. Kawasaki T, Kosaki F, Okawa S, et al: A new infantile febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) prevailing in Japan . Pediatrics 1975;54:271-276. 22. Goldsmith RW, Gribetz D, Strauss L: Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) in the continental United States . Pediatrics 1976;57:431-435. 23. Lauer BA, Bruhn FW, Todd JK, et al: Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in Denver . AJDC 1976;130:610-614. 24. Odom RB, Olson EG: Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome . Arch Dermatol 1977;113:339-340.Crossref 25. Morens DM, Anderson LJ, Hurwitz ES: National surveillance of Kawasaki disease . Pediatrics 1980;65:21-25. 26. Bell DM, Brink EW, Nitzkin JL, et al: Kawasaki syndrome: Description of two outbreaks in the United States . N Engl J Med 1981;304:1568-1575.Crossref 27. Bell DM, Morens DM, Holman RC, et al: Kawasaki syndrome in the United States . AJDC 1983;137:211-214. 28. Fuller L, Sutton T, Sullivan B: Unusual aspects of Kawasaki syndrome . Am Fam Physician 1983;28:219-224. 29. Burns JC, Wiggins JW, Toews W, et al: Clinial spectrum of Kawasaki disease in infants younger than 6 months of age . J Pediatr 1986;109:759-763.Crossref 30. Yanagawa H, Kawasaki T, Shigematsu I: Nationwide survey on Kawasaki disease in Japan . Pediatrics 1987;80:58-62. 31. Everett ED: Acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome-Kawasaki syndrome . Int J Dermatol 1982;21:506-509.Crossref 32. Tierney A, Welsby PD: The Kawasaki syndrome . J Infect 1980;2:177-179.Crossref 33. Nahmias A: Kawasaki disease: From children to adults . Ann Intern Med 1980;92:563-564.Crossref 34. Stein MT: Kawasaki syndrome in office pediatrics . West J Med 1984;141:519-521. 35. Swartz MN, Weinberg AW: Infections due to gram-positive bacteria , in Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al (eds): Dermatology in General Medicine , ed 3. New York, McGraw-Hill International Book Co, 1987, pp 2115-2116. 36. Melamed I, Diamant S, Fattal A, et al: Kawasaki disease with serologic evidence of streptococcal infection . Infection 1986;14:91-92.Crossref 37. Melish ME, Glasgow LA: Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: The expanded clinical syndrome . J Pediatr 1971;78:958-967.Crossref 38. Hansen RC: Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, and Kawasaki disease . Pediatr Clin North Am 1983;30:533-543. 39. Raimer SS, Tschen EH, Walker MK: Toxic shock syndrome: Possible confusion with Kawasaki disease . Cutis 1981;28:33-35. 40. Michels TC: Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in adults, differentiation from toxic shock syndrome . Am J Med 1986;80:724-728.Crossref

Lee, Roberta E.;Gaspari, Anthony A.;Lotze, Michael T.;Chang, Alfred E.;Rosenberg, Steven A.

1988 Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1988.01670120027005

Abstract • Immunotherapy with interleukin 2 and lymphokineactivated killer cells can result in regression of metastatic cancer. Dermatologic complications associated with this therapy include erythema, pruritus, and a mild desquamation. Three patients with a history of psoriasis received high-dose interleukin 2 alone or in conjunction with lymphokine-activated killer cells for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Two patients developed an erythrodermic exacerbation during therapy while the third patient experienced a localized flare. Topical treatment was effective in inducing remission in all three patients. Histologic analysis of serial skin biopsy specimens revealed psoriasiform changes in involved skin as well as epidermal spongiosis and a perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrate. The psoriatic exacerbation from interleukin 2 did not affect antitumor response to the therapy and should not be considered a contraindication to treatment. (Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1811-1815) References 1. Rosenberg SA, Lotze MT, Muul LM, et al: Clinical experience with the treatment of 157 patients with advanced cancer using lymphokine-activated killer cells and interleukin-2 or high dose interleukin-2 alone . N Engl J Med 1987;316:889-897.Crossref 2. Rosenberg SA, Lotze MT, Muul LM, et al: Observations on the systemic administration of autologous lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 to patients with metastatic cancer . N Engl J Med 1985;313:1485-1492.Crossref 3. Lotze MT, Chang AE, Seipp CA, et al: High dose recombinant interleukin-2 in the treatment of patients with disseminated cancer . JAMA 1986;256:3117-3124.Crossref 4. Gaspari AA, Lotze MT, Rosenberg SA, et al: Dermatolotic changes associated with interleukin-2 administration . JAMA 1987;258:1624-1629.Crossref 5. Katayama H, Kawada A: Exacerbation of psoriasis induced by indomethacin . J Dermatol 1981;8:323-327. 6. Kern AB: Indomethacin for psoriasis . Arch Dermatol 1966;93:239-240.Crossref 7. Ellis CN, Fallon JD, Kang S, et al: Topical application of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevents vehicle-induced improvement of psoriasis . J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:39-43.Crossref 8. Papa MZ, Vetto JT, Ettinghausen SE, et al: Effect of corticosteroid on the antitumor activity of lymphokine-activated killer cells and interleukin-2 in mice . Cancer Res 1986;46:5618-5623. 9. Vetto JT, Papa MZ, Lotze MT, et al: Reduction of toxicity of interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells in humans by the administration of corticosteroid . J Clin Oncol 1987;5:496-503. 10. Rosenstein M, Ettinghausen SE, Rosenberg SA: Extravasation of intravascular fluid mediated by the systemic administration of recombinant interleukin-2 . J Immunol 1986;137:1735-1742. 11. Braverman IM, Yen A: Ultrastructure of the human dermal microcirculation . J Invest Dermatol 1977;68:44-52.Crossref 12. Quesada JR, Gutterman JU: Psoriasis and alpha-interferon . Lancet 1986;1:1466-1468.Crossref 13. Livden JK, Bjerke JR, Degre M, et al: The effect of Goeckerman therapy on interferon in serum and suction blister fluid from patients with psoriasis . Br J Dermatol 1986;114:217-225.Crossref 14. Diezel W, Waschke SR, Sonnichsen N: Detection of interferon in the sera of patients with psoriasis, and its enhancement by PUVA treatment . Br J Dermatol 1983;109:549-552.Crossref 15. Lotze MT, Matory Y, Ettinghausen SE, et al: In vivo administration of purified human interleukin-2 . J Immunol 1985;135:2865-2875. 16. Ellis CN, Gorsulowsky DC, Hamilton TA, et al: Cyclosporine improves psoriasis in a double-blind study . JAMA 1986;256:3110-3116.Crossref 17. Bunjes D, Hardt C, Rollinghoff M, et al: Cyclosporin A mediates immunosuppression of primary cytotoxic T cell responses by impairing the release of interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 . Eur J Immunol 1981;11:657-661.Crossref

Shiohara, Tetsuo;Kobayashi, Masaru;Abe, Kimiaki;Nagashima, Masaji

1988 Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1988.01670120032006

Abstract • We describe a patient who developed psoriasis predominantly on the lesions of warts. After therapy with etretinate, all psoriatic lesions resolved completely, leaving only the warts. An intralesional injection of interferon alfa resulted in the rapid development of psoriatic lesions on the warts located on the dorsal aspect of the hand, as they were before therapy was started. Two injections with interferon alfa induced onset of psoriasis on warts located on the wrist. Psoriasis had not developed in this location previously. Interferon alfa may play an important role in the development of psoriasis. (Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1816-1821) References 1. Nickoloff BJ: Interferons and psoriasis 1987 perspective . Dermatologica 1987;175:1-4.Crossref 2. Baker BS, Griffiths CEM, Fry L, et al: Psoriasis and interferon . Lancet 1986;2:342.Crossref 3. Harrison PV, Peat MJ: Effect of interferon on psoriasis . Lancet 1986;2:457-458.Crossref 4. Neumann R, Pohl-Marl H, Aberer E: Parental interferon-alpha treatment of psoriasis . Dermatologica 1987;175:23-28.Crossref 5. Quesada JR, Gutterman JN: Psoriasis and alpha interferon . Lancet 1986;1:1466-1468.Crossref 6. Bjerke JR, Livden JK, Segre M, et al: Interferon in suction blister fluid from psoriatic lesions . Br J Dermatol 1983;108:295-299.Crossref 7. Torseth JW, Nickoloff BH, Basham TY, et al: β interferon produced by keratinocytes in human cutaneous infection with herpes simplex virus . J Infect Dis 1987;155:641-648.Crossref 8. Ito M, Nakashima H, Baba M, et al: Inhibitory effect of glycyrrhizin on the in vitro infectivity and cytopathic activity of the human immunodeficiency virus HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) Antiviral Res 1987;7:127-137.Crossref 9. Shiohara T, Moriya N, Mochizuki T, et al: Lichenoid tissue reaction (LTR) induced by local transfer of Ia-reactive T-cell clones: II. LTR by epidermal invasion of cytotoxic lymphokine-producing autoreactive T cells . J Invest Dermatol 1987;89:8-14. 10. Eyre RW, Krueger GG: The Koebner response in psoriasis , in Roenick HH Jr, Maibach HI (eds): Dermatology Psoriasis . New York, Marcel Dekker Inc, 1985, vol 5, pp 105-116. 11. Nickoloff BJ, Basham TY, Merigan TC, et al: The antiproliferative effects of recombinant alpha and gamma interferon on normal cultured human keratinocytes . Lab Invest 1984;51:697-701. 12. Trinchieri G, Perussia B: Immune interferon: Apleiotropic lymphokine with multiple effects . Immunol Today 1985;6:131-136.Crossref 13. Taniguchi T, Mantei N, Schwargstein M, et al: Human leukocytes and fibroblast interferons are structurally related . Nature 1980;285:547-549.Crossref 14. Blalock JE, Georgiades JA, Langford MP, et al: Purified human immune interferon has more potent anticellular activity than fibroblast or leukocyte interferon . Cell Immunol 1980;49:390-394.Crossref 15. Zarling JM, Sosman H, Eskra L, et al: Enhancement of T-cell cytotoxic responses by purified human fibroblast interferon . J Immunol 1978;121:2002-2004. 16. Pace J, Russle SW, LeBlanc PAL: Comparative effects of various classes of mouse interferons on macrophage activation for tumor cell killing . J Immunol 1985;134:977-981. 17. Inaba K, Kitaura M, Kato T, et al: Contrasting effect of α/β and γ interferons on expression of macrophage Ia expression . J Exp Med 1986;163:1030-1035.Crossref 18. Tagami H, Takigawa M, Ogino A, et al: Spontaneous regression of plane warts after inflammation . Arch Dermatol 1977; 113:1209-1213.Crossref 19. Thivolet J, Viac J, Staquet MJ: Cell-mediated immunity in wart infection . Int J Dermatol 1982;21:94-98.Crossref 20. Morhenn VB: The etiology of lichen planus: A hypothesis . Am J Dermatopathol 1986;8:154-156.Crossref 21. Shiohara T: The lichenoid tissue reaction: An immunological perspective . Am J Dermatopathol , in press. 22. Springer TA, Teplow DB, Dreyer WJ: Sequence homology of the LFA-1 and Mac-1 leukocyte adhesion glycoproteins and unexpected relation to leukocyte interferon . Nature 1985;314:540-542.Crossref 23. Martz E: LFA-1 and other accessory molecules functioning in adhesions of T and B lymphocytes . Hum Immunol 1987;18:3-37.Crossref 24. Blalock DJ, Gifford GE: Retinoic acid—induced transcriptional control of interferon production . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977;74:5382-5386.Crossref

Iwatsu, Tokio

1988 Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1988.01670120038007

Abstract • A 77-year-old woman had had a slowly spreading lesion of five years' duration on her left cheek. The lesion consisted of sharply demarcated, dark-red plaques with infiltration. A biopsy specimen from the lesion showed mixed-cell granulomatous infiltration in the upper to middle dermis. Hyphae were observed in the granulomatous tissue. Alternaria tenuissima was isolated from a biopsy specimen. Antimycotic susceptibility test with amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and flucytosine revealed that the isolate was sensitive to the former two drugs. The lesion was treated with intralesional infiltration of amphotericin B. (Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1822-1825) References 1. Graveson S: Identification and quantitation of indoor airborne micro-fungi during 12 months from 44 Danish homes . Acta Allergol 1972;27:337-340.Crossref 2. Schlueter DP, Fink JN, Hensley GT: Wood-pulp workers disease: A hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by Alternaria . Ann Intern Med 1972;77:907-914.Crossref 3. Rippon JW: Medical Mycology: The Pathogenic Fungi and Pathogenic Actinomycetes , ed 2. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1982, p 668. 4. Borsook ME: Skin infection due to Alternaria tenuis . Can Med Assoc J 1933;29:479-482. 5. Takatsuki Y: Über eine von einer menschlichen Dermatose isolierte Spezies von Alternaria . Jpn J Dermatol Urol 1938;43:633-634. 6. Botticher WW: Alternaria as a possible human pathogen . Sabouraudia 1966;4:256-258.Crossref 7. Chevrant-Breton J, Boisseau-Lebreuil M, Fréour E, et al: Les alternarioses cutanées humaines: A propos de trois cas: Revue de la littérature . Ann Dermatol Venereol 1981;108:653-662. 8. Miller WS cited in Parker JC Jr, Klintworth GK: Alternariosis in Baker KD (ed): The Pathologic Anatomy of Mycoses. Human Infection With Fungi, Actinomycetes and Algae . New York, Springer-Verlag NY Inc, 1971, p 963. 9. Nakama T: A case of cutaneous alternariosis Jpn J Med Mycol 1970;11:219 10. Ellis MB: Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes . Kew, England, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, 1971, pp 464-497. 11. Higashi N, Asada Y: Cutaneous alternariosis with mixed infection of Candida albicans: Report of a patient responding to natamycin . Arch Dermatol 1973;108:558-560.Crossref 12. Pedersen NB, Mårdh P-A, Hallberg T, et al: Cutaneous alternariosis . Br J Dermatol 1976;94:201-209.Crossref 13. Saruta T, Ohkuma S, Nakamizo Y: Cutaneous alternariosis . Jpn J Med Mycol 1981;22:68. 14. Kawasaki H, Akagi M, Nishimura N: A case of cutaneous alternariosis . Jpn J Med Mycol 1970;11:218. 15. Bourlond A, Decroix J, Dobbelaere F, et al: Alternariose dermique . Ann Dermatol Syphilol 1974;101:413-415. 16. Farmer SG, Komorowski RA: Cutaneous microabscess formation from Alternaria alternata . Am J Clin Pathol 1976;66:565-569. 17. Fukushi G, Kameda T, Hanada K, et al: Cutaneous alternariosis . Rinsho Derma 1977;19:227-232. 18. Fukushiro R, Kinbara T, Inoue K, et al: Cutaneous alternariosis . Jpn J Med Mycol 1977;17:246. 19. Mikoshiba H, Okubo S, Wakamatsu K, et al: Cutaneous alternariosis . J Dermatol 1979;6:67-73. 20. Lucas Morante T, Rotés Mas J, Sabaté de la Cruz X, et al: Síndrome de Cushing con alternariosis cutánea: Localización temporal por body scanner . Rev Clin Esp 1980;156:133-138. 21. De Moragas JM, Prats G, Verger G: Cutaneous alternariosis treated with miconazole . Arch Dermatol 1981;117:292-294.Crossref 22. Rubio Calvo MC, Martín López J, Gómes Lus R: Granuloma dermico por Alternaria tenuissima en un paciente inmunodeprimido . Ponencias 8, Congreso Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid, 1981, p 224. 23. Verret J-L, Gaborieau F, Chabasse D, et al: Alternariose cutanée révélatrice d'une maladie de Cushing: Un cas avec étude ultrastructurale . Ann Dermatol Venereol 1982;109:841-846. 24. Kawaguchi T, Nakayama H, Shimao S, et al: A case of cutaneous alternariosis (dermal type) . Jpn J Med Mycol 1982; 23:84. 25. Renault JJ, Le Duigou D, Doby JM, et al: Alternariose cutanée . Presse Med 1983;12:2059. 26. Mitchell AJ, Solomon AR, Beneke ES, et al: Subcutaneous alternariosis . J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:673-676.Crossref 27. Del Palacio Hernanz A, Conde-Zurita JM, Reyes Pecharroman S, et al: A case of Alternaria alternata (Fr) Keissler infection of the knee . Clin Exp Dermatol 1983;8:641-646.Crossref 28. Puissant A, Badillet G, Maleville J, et al: Alternariose cutanée chez un enfant . Ann Dermatol Venereol 1984;111:753-754. 29. Bourlond A, Alexandre G: Dermal alternariosis in a kidney transplant recipient . Dermatologica 1984;168:152-156.Crossref 30. Laudren A, Chevrant-Breton J, Pichard J-P, et al: Alternariose cutanée chez un transplanté rénal: Un nouveau cas . Ann Dermatol Venereol 1985;112:255-257. 31. Meraud JP, Guiguen CL, Couprie B, et al: Une alternariose cutanée d'evolution prolongée . Bull Soc Fr Mycol Med 1985;14:205-208. 32. Male O, Pehamberger H: Die Kutane Alternariose: Fallberichte und Literaturübersicht . Mykosen 1985;28:278-305.Crossref 33. Smandia JA, Viguera J, Casanovas RM, et al: Lesiones granulomatosas por Alternaria . Actas Dermo-Sifiligr 1985; 76:581. 34. Nameki H, Saito Y: Cutaneous alternariosis . Hifubyoh-Shinryoh 1986;8:641-642. 35. Di Silverio A, Sacchi S: Cutaneous alternariosis: A rare chromohyphomycosis: Report of a case . Mycopathologia 1986; 95:159-166.Crossref 36. Simal E, Navarro M, Rubio MC, et al: Sobre un caso de alternariasis cutánea . Actas Dermo-Sifiligr 1986;77:252-256. 37. Viviani MA, Tortorano AM, Laria G, et al: Two new cases of cutaneous alternariosis with a review of the literature . Mycopathologia 1986;96:3-12.Crossref

von Kuster, Lawrence C.;Genta, Robert M.

1988 Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1988.01670120042008

Abstract • Strongyloides stercoralis is a small intestinal nematode that has the ability to multiply within the human host. Because of the potential opportunistic behavior of this parasite, immunocompromised patients may develop fatal disseminated infections. Chronic strongyloidiasis may last decades and give rise to various dermatologic lesions, the most characteristic of which is larva currens, a serpiginous creeping urticarial eruption caused by the intradermal migration of the infective filariform larvae. Rarely recognized is the presence of widespread petechiae and purpura that may develop in patients with disseminated infections. A 64-year-old immunosuppressed man developed fatal extraintestinal S stercoralis infection with extensive purpura associated with massive invasion of the skin by migrating larvae. (Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1826-1830) References 1. Scowden EB, Schaffner W, Stone WJ: Overwhelming strongyloidiasis: An unappreciated opportunistic infection . Medicine 1978;57:527-544.Crossref 2. Yim Y, Kikkawa Y, Tanowitz H, et al: Fatal strongyloidiasis in Hodgkin's disease after immunosuppressive therapy . J Trop Med Hyg 1970;73:245-249. 3. Rosso R, Ricevuti G, Sessa F, et al: Fatal strongyloidiasis complicating corticosteroid therapy . Med Biol Environ 1984; 12:343-348. 4. Kalb RE, Grossman ME: Periumbilical purpura in disseminated strongyloidiasis . JAMA 1986;256:1170-1171.Crossref 5. Cruz T, Reboucas G, Rocha H: Fatal strongyloidiasis in patients receiving corticosteroids . N Engl J Med 1966;275:1093-1096.Crossref 6. Civantos F, Robinson MJ: Fatal strongyloidiasis following corticosteroid therapy . Am J Dig Dis 1969;14:643-651.Crossref 7. Cadham FT: Infestation with Strongyloides stercoralis associated with severe symptoms . Can Med Assoc J 1933;29:18-19. 8. Napier LE: Strongyloides stercoralis infection: II. Strongyloidiasis among ex-prisoners of war . J Trop Med Hyg 1949;52:46-48. 9. Arthur RP, Shelley WB: Larva currens: A distinct variant of cutaneous larva migrans due to Strongyloides stercoralis . Arch Dermatol 1958;78:186-190.Crossref 10. Cunliffe WJ, Silva LG: Linear urticaria due to larva currens: Strongyloidiasis . Br J Dermatol 1968;80:108-110.Crossref 11. Stone OJ, Newell GB, Mullins JF: Cutaneous strongyloidiasis: Larva currens . Arch Dermatol 1972;106:734-736.Crossref 12. Gill GV, Bell DR: Strongyloides stercoralis infection in former Far East prisoners of war . Br Med J 1979;2:572-574.Crossref 13. Corsini AC: Strongyloidiasis and chronic urticaria . Postgrad Med J 1982;58:247-248.Crossref 14. Grove DI: Treatment of strongyloidiasis with thiabendazole: An analysis of toxicity and effectiveness . Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1982;76:114-118.Crossref 15. Pelletier LL: Chronic strongyloidiasis in World War II Far East ex-prisoners of war . Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984;33:55-61. 16. Pelletier LL, Gabre-Kidan T: Chronic strongyloidiasis in Vietnam veterans . Am J Med 1985;78:139-140.Crossref 17. Orecchia G, Pazzaglia A, Scaglia M, et al: Larva currens following systemic steroid therapy in a case of strongyloidiasis . Dermatologica 1985;171:366-367.Crossref 18. Scaglia M, Brustia R, Gatti S, et al: Autochthonous strongyloidiasis in Italy: An epidemiological and clinical review of 150 cases . Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1984;77:328-332. 19. Vermund SH, Lafleur F, McLeod S: Parasitic infections in a New York City hospital: Trends from 1971 to 1984 . Am J Public Health 1986;76:1024-1026.Crossref 20. Smith JD, Goette DK, Odom RB: Larva currens: Cutaneous strongyloidiasis . Arch Dermatol 1976;112:1161-1163.Crossref 21. Fulleborn F: Hautquaddeln und `Autoinfektion' bei Strongyloidestragen . Arch Schiffs Trop Hyg 1926;30:821. 22. Caplan JP: Creeping eruption and intestinal strongyloidiasis . Br Med J 1949;1:396.Crossref 23. Brumpt LC, Sang HT: Larva currens seul signe pathognomonique de la strongyloidose . Ann Parasitol 1973;48:319-328. 24. Grove DI: Strongyloidiasis in Allied ex-prisoners of war in Southeast Asia . Br Med J 1980;1:598-601.Crossref 25. Bezjak B: Immunoglobulin studies in strongyloidiasis with special reference to raised serum IgE levels . Am J Trop Med Hyg 1975;24:945-948. 26. Milder JE, Walzer PD, Kilgore G, et al: Clinical features of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in an endemic area of the United States . Gastroenterology 1981;80:1481-1488. 27. Davidson RA: Strongyloidiasis: A presentation of 63 cases . NC Med J 1982;43:23-25. 28. DeMessias IT, Telles FQ, Boaretti AC, et al: Clinical, immunological and epidemiological aspects of strongyloidiasis in an endemic area of Brazil . Allergol Immunopathol 1987;15:37-41. 29. Galliard H: Pathogenesis of Strongyloides . Helminthol Abs 1967;36:247-260. 30. McLarnon M, Ma P: Brain stem glioma complicated by Strongyloides stercoralis . Ann Clin Lab Sci 1981;2:546-549. 31. Dwork KG, Jaffe JR, Lieberman HD: Strongyloidiasis with massive hyperinfection . NY State J Med 1975;75:1230-1234. 32. Sarubbi FA: Hyperinfection with Strongyloides during treatment of pemphigus vulgaris . Arch Dermatol 1987;123:864.Crossref 33. Jaramillo D, Leon W, Cardenas V, et al: Reiter's syndrome, immunodepression and strongyloidiasis: Report of a fatal case . J Cutan Pathol 1978;5:200-208.Crossref 34. Genta RM, Douce RW, Walzer PD: Diagnostic implications of parasite-specific immune responses in immunocompromised patients with strongyloidiasis . J Clin Microbiol 1986;23:1099-1103. 35. Capell-Font S, Pujol-Farriols R, Garau-Alemany J, et al: Hiperinfestacion por Strongyloides stercoralis . Med Clin 1982; 79:232-235. 36. Myers WM, Neafie RC: Creeping eruption , in Binford CH, Connor DH (eds): Pathology of Tropical and Extraordinary Diseases . Washington, DC, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1976, pp 437-439. 37. Beaver PC, Jung C: Clinical Parasitology . Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1984, pp 251-260. 38. Douce RW, Brown AE, Khambooruang C, et al: Seroepidemiology of strongyloidiasis in a Thai village . Int J Parasitol 1987; 17:1343-1348.Crossref 39. Sampson IA, Grove DI: Strongyloidiasis is endemic in another Australian population group: Indochinese immigrants . Med J Aust 1987;146:580-582. 40. Nutman TB, Ottesen EA, Ieng S, et al: Eosinophilia in Southeast Asian refugees: Evaluation at a referral center . J Infect Dis 1987;155:309-313.Crossref 41. Junod C: Etude retrospective de 1934 cas de strongyloidose diagnostiques a Paris: I. Origine geographique: Epidemiologie . Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1987;80:357-369. 42. Rivera E, Maldonado N, Velez-Garcia E, et al: Hyperinfection syndrome with Strongyloides stercoralis . Ann Intern Med 1970;72:199-204.Crossref 43. Davidson RA, Fletcher RH, Chapman LE: Risk factors for strongyloidiasis . Arch Intern Med 1984;144:321-324.Crossref 44. Berk SL, Verghese A, Alvarez S, et al: Clinical and epidemiological features of strongyloidiasis: A prospective study in rural Tennessee . Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1257-1261.Crossref 45. Yoeli M, Berman HH, Tesse B: I. The problem of strongyloidiasis among the mentally retarded in institutions . Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1963;57:336-345.Crossref 46. Sargent RG: Parasitic infection among residents of an institution for mentally retarded persons . Am J Ment Defic 1983;87:566-569. 47. Genta RM, Weesner R, Douce RW, et al: Strongyloidiasis in US veterans of the Vietnam and other wars . JAMA 1987;258:49-52.Crossref 48. Proctor EM, Isaac-Renton J, Robertson WB, et al: Strongyloidiasis in Canadian Far East war veterans . Can Med Assoc J 1985;133:876-878. 49. Neva FA, Gam AA, Burke J: Comparison of larval antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for strongyloidiasis in humans . J Infect Dis 1981;144:427-432.Crossref 50. Genta RM, Weil GJ: Antibodies to Strongyloides stercoralis larval surface antigens in chronic strongyloidiasis . Lab Invest 1982;47:87-90. 51. Genta RM: Predictive value of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of strongyloidiasis . Am J Clin Pathol 1988;89:391-394.

Venencie, Pierre Y.;Boffa, Georges A.;Delmas, Pierre D.;Verola, Olivier;Benkaïdali, Ismaïl;Frija, Jacques;Pillet, Bernard;Puissant, Antoine

1988 Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1988.01670120047009

Abstract • We evaluated a patient in whom pachydermoperiostosis occurred in conjunction with anemia and gastric hypertrophy. The mechanism of the anemia appears multifactorial because, besides a myelofibrosis, a serum inhibitor of the late stage of erythropoiesis was detected. The elevated serum bone Gla-protein (osteocalcin) favors the hypothesis that primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy represents an imbalance between increased osteoblastic bone formation and normal bone resorption. (Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1831-1834) References 1. Touraine A, Solente G, Golé L: Un syndrome ostéo-dermopathique: La pachydermie plicaturée avec pachypériostose des extrémités . Presse Med 1935;43:1820-1824. 2. Rimoin DL: Pachydermoperiostosis (idiopathic clubbing and periostosis) . N Engl J Med 1965;272:923-931.Crossref 3. Delmas PD, Stenner D, Wahner HW, et al: Increase in serum bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein with aging in women . J Clin Invest 1983;71:1316-1321.Crossref 4. Stephenson JR, Axelrad AA: Quantitative assay method for erythropoietin in vitro . Endocrinology 1971;88:1519-1520.Crossref 5. Iscove NN, Sieber F, Winterhalter KH: Erythroid colony formation in culture of mouse and human bone marrow: Analysis of the requirement for erythropoietin by gel filtration and affinity chromatography on agarose-concanavalin A . J Cell Physiol 1974; 83:309-320.Crossref 6. Cormier F, Baines P, Lucien N, et al: Complete replacement of serum in cultures of murine primitive erythroid and multipotential progenitor cells: Absolute requirement for spleen conditioned medium . Cell Differ 1985;17:261-269.Crossref 7. Neiman HL, Gompels BM, Martel W: Pachydermoperiostosis with bone marrow failure and gross extramedullary hematopoiesis . Radiology 1974;110:553-554.Crossref 8. Lam SK, Hui WKK, Ho J, et al: Pachydermoperiostosis, hypertrophic gastropathy, and peptic ulcer . Gastroenterology 1983;84:834-839. 9. Zaniewski M, Jordan PH, Yip B, et al: Serum gastrin level is increased by chronic hypercalcemia of parathyroid or nonparathyroid origin . Arch Intern Med 1986;146:478-482.Crossref 10. Metz EN, Dowell A: Bone marrow failure in hypertrophic osteoarthropathy . Arch Intern Med 1965;116:759-764.Crossref 11. Jeanmougin M, Civatte J, Pons A: Pachydermopériostose avec anèmie par ostéosclérose . Ann Dermatol Venereol 1982; 109:1067-1071. 12. Price PA, Parthemore JG, Deftos LJ: New biochemical marker for bone metabolism: Measurement by radioimmunoassay of bone gla protein in the plasma of normal subjects and patients with bone disease . J Clin Invest 1980;66:878-883.Crossref 13. Slovik DM, Gundberg CM, Neer RM, et al: Clinical evaluation of bone turnover by serum osteocalcin measurements in a hospital setting . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;59:228-230.Crossref 14. Brown JP, Delmas PD, Malaval L, et al: Serum bone gla-protein: A specific marker for bone formation in postmenopausal osteoporosis . Lancet 1984;1:1091-1093.Crossref 15. Delmas PD, Malaval L, Arlot ME, et al: Serum bone gla-protein compared to bone histomorphometry in endocrine diseases . Bone 1985;6:339-341.Crossref

Nickoloff, Brian J.

1988 Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1988.01670120051010

Abstract Interferons (IFNs) are receiving increasing attention by dermatologists for both therapeutic applications,1 as well as for investigations of their role as potential mediators of inflammation and cellular proliferation (an International Dermatology Symposium on "Interferons and Related Lymphokines" is planned for October 1989 in Berlin). As Shiohara et al in this issue of the Archives indicate, IFNs may be important in psoriasis.2 In a previous editorial I reviewed this topic and concluded that due to the multiplicity of biologic effects of IFNs, more basic scientific knowledge was required to determine the role(s) of IFNs in skin diseases.3 One of the major new developments that was previously alluded to involves the ability of IFN-γ to modulate T lymphocyte trafficking in the skin.3 This editorial focuses primarily on the role of INF-γ in modulating the accumulation of peripheral blood monocytes and lymphocytes (PBML) in the skin, and is divided References 1. Edwards L: Interferon-promises, disappointments and tempered optimism . Arch Dermatol 1987;123:743-744.Crossref 2. Shiohara T, Kobayashi M, Abe K, et al: Psoriasis occurring predominantly on warts: Possible involvement of interferon a . Arch Dermatol , in press. 3. Nickoloff BJ: Interferons and psoriasis-1987 perspective . Dermatologica 1987;175:1-4.Crossref 4. Tigelaar RE: Lymphocyte traffic and the skin . Dermatol Clin 1985;3:569-585. 5. Butcher EC: The regulation of lymphocyte traffic . Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1986;128:85-122. 6. Stevens SK, Weissman JL, Butcher EC: Differences in the migration of B and T lymphocytes: Organ selectivity and the role of lymphocyte-endothelial cell recognition . J Immunol 1982; 128:844-851. 7. Streilein JW: Skin associated lymphoid tissues (SALT): Origins and functions . J Invest Dermatol 1983;80( (suppl) ):12-16.Crossref 8. Bos JD, Zonneveld I, Das PK, et al: The skin immune system (SIS): Distribution and immunophenotype of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human skin . J Invest Dermatol 1987;88:569-573.Crossref 9. Chin W, Hay JB: A comparison of lymphocyte migration through intestinal lymph nodes, subcutaneous lymph nodes and chronic inflammatory sites of sheep . Gastroenterology 1980; 79:1231-1242. 10. Marchesi VT, Gowans JL: The migration of lymphocytes through the endothelium of venules in lymph nodes . Proc R Soc Lond 1964;159:283-292.Crossref 11. Nickoloff BJ, Lewinsohn D, Butcher E: Allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes prominently adhere to gamma interferon treated cultured keratinocytes . Am J Dermatopathol 1987;9:413-418.Crossref 12. Nickoloff BJ, Lewinsohn D, Butcher E, et al: Recombinant gamma interferon increases binding of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes and Leu 3+ lymphocyte cell clone to cultured keratinocytes and a malignant cutaneous squamous cell line which is blocked by antibody against the LFA-1 molecule . J Invest Dermatol 1988;90:17-22.Crossref 13. Nickoloff BJ, Mitra RS: Phorbol treatment enhances binding of mononuclear leukocytes to autologous and allogeneic gamma interferon treated keratinocytes which is blocked by antiLFA-1 monoclonal antibody . J Invest Dermatol 1988;90:684-689.Crossref 14. Dustin ML, Singer KH, Tuck DT, et al: Adhesion of T lymphoblasts to epidermal keratinocytes is regulated by interferon gamma and mediated by intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) . J Exp Med 1988;167:1323-1340.Crossref 15. Nickoloff BJ, Basham TY, Torseth J, et al: Human keratinocyte-lymphocyte reactions in-vitro . J Invest Dermatol 1986; 122:290-294. 16. Masuyama J, Minato N, Kano S: Mechanisms of lymphocyte adhesion to human vascular endothelial cells in culture . J Clin Invest 1986;77:1596-1605.Crossref 17. Geppert TD, Lipsky PE: Antigen presentation by interferon gamma treated endothelial cells and fibroblasts differentiate ability to function as antigen presenting cells despite comparable Ia expression . J Immunol 1985;135:3750-3758. 18. Butcher EC, Scollay RG, Weissman IL: Organ specificity of lymphocyte migration: Mediation by highly selective lymphocyte interactions with organ specific determinant on high endothelial venules . J Immunol 1980;10:556-561. 19. Chin YH, Rasmussen RA, Woodruff JJ, et al: A monoclonal anti-HEBF antibody with specificity for lymphocyte surface molecules mediating adhesion to Peyer's patch high endothelium of the rat . J Immunol 1986;136:1-5. 20. Jalkanen S, Steere AC, Fox RJ, et al: A distinct endothelial recognition system controlling lymphocyte traffic into inflamed synovium . Science 1986;233:556-559.Crossref 21. Ternowitz T, Thestrup-Pedersen K: Epidermis and lymphocyte interactions during a tuberculin skin reaction: II. Epidermis contains specific lymphocyte chemotactic factor . J Invest Dermatol 1986;87:613-616.Crossref 22. Sauder DN, Monick MM, Hunninglake GW: Epidermal cell derived thymocyte activating factor (ETAF) is a potent chemoattractant . J Invest Dermatol 1987;85:431-435.Crossref 23. Payan GD, Goetzl EJ: The dependence of human T lymphocyte migration on the 5-lipoxygenation of endogenous arachidonic acid . J Clin Immunol 1981;1:226-274.Crossref 24. Wahl SM, Hunt DA, Wakefield LM, et al: Transforming growth factor beta induces monocyte chemotaxis and growth factor production . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:5788-5792.Crossref 25. Hartung H-P, Wolters K, Koyka K: Binding of substance P to macrophages . Neurosci Lett 1984;18( (suppl) ):101-102. 26. Kaplin G, Luster AD, Haveock G, et al: The expression of a γ-interferon induced protein (IP-10) in delayed immune responses in human skin . J Exp Med 1987;166:1098-1118.Crossref 27. Deuel TF, Keim PS, Farmer M, et al: Amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977;74:2256-2262.Crossref 28. Hemler ME: Adhesive protein receptors on hematopoietic cells . Immunol Today 1988;9:109-116.Crossref 29. Nickoloff BJ, Mitra RS, Riser BL, et al: Modulation of keratinocyte motility: Correlation with production of extracellular matrix molecules in response to growth promoting and antiproliferative factors . Am J Pathol , 1988;132:543-551. 30. Clark RAF: Potential roles of fibronectin in cutaneous wound repair . Arch Dermatol 1988;124:201-206.Crossref 31. Taieb A, Cooper KD, Nickoloff BJ, et al: Langerhans cells can bind to keratinocytes and modulate their growth in vitro . J Invest Dermatol 1988;90:611. 32. Rowden G, Phillips TM, Lewis MG, et al: Target role of Langerhans cells in mycosis fungoides: Transmission and immunoelectron microscopic studies . J Cutan Pathol 1979;6:364-382.Crossref 33. Shiohara T, Moriya N, Tanaka Y, et al: Immunopathologic study of lichenoid skin disease: Correlation between HLA-DR positive keratinocytes or Langerhans cells and epidermotropic T cells . J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:67-74.Crossref 34. Kupper TS: Interleukin 1 and other human keratinocyte cytokines: Molecular and functional characterization . Adv Dermatol 1988;3:293-308. 35. Heald PW, Edelson RL: New therapies for cutaneous T cell lymphoma . Arch Dermatol 1987;123:189-190.Crossref 36. Nickoloff BJ: Keratinocytes produce a lymphocyte inhibiting factor which is partially reversible by an antibody to transforming growth factor-beta . Ann NY Acad Sci , in press. 37. Aubock J, Romani N, Grubauer F, et al: HLA-DR expression on keratinocytes is a common feature of diseased skin . Br J Dermatol 1988;114:465-472.Crossref 38. Basham TY, Nickoloff BJ, Merigan TC, et al: Recombinant gamma interferon induces HLA-DR expression on cultured keratinocytes . J Invest Dermatol 1984;83:88-92.Crossref 39. Nickoloff BJ, Basham TY, Merigan TC, et al: Keratinocyte class II histocompatibility antigen expression . Br J Dermatol 1985;112:373-374.Crossref 40. Czernielewski JM, Bagot M: Class II MHC antigen expression by human keratinocytes results from lympho-epidermal interactions and γ-interferon production . Clin Exp Immunol 1986;66:295-302. 41. Kaplan G, Nusrat A, Sarno EN, et al: Cellular responses to the intradermal injection of recombinant human γ-interferon in lepromatous leprosy patients . Am J Pathol 1987;128:345-353. 42. Barker JNWN, Ophir J, MacDonald DM: Keratinocyte HLA-DR expression: The relationship to dermal lymphocytic infiltration . Clin Exp Dermatol 1984;12:397-399.Crossref 43. Morhenn VB, Nickoloff BJ: Interleukin-2 stimulates resting T lymphocytic response to allogeneic gamma interferon treated keratinocytes . J Invest Dermatol 1987;89:464-468.Crossref 44. Aiba S, Tagami HJ: Functional analysis of Ia antigen bearing keratinocytes: Mixed skin lymphocyte culture between Ia antigen-bearing Pam 212 cells and allogeneic and synergistic splenic T cells . J Invest Dermatol 1987;89:560-566.Crossref 45. Niederwieser D, Aubock J, Troppmair J, et al: IFN-mediated induction of MHC antigen expression on human keratinocytes and its influence on in vitro alloimmune responses . J Immunol 1988;140:2556-2564. 46. Gaspari AA, Katz SI: Induction of functional characterization of class II MHC (Ia) antigens on murine keratinocytes . J Immunol 1988;140:2956-2963. 47. Marlin SD, Springer TA: Purified intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a ligand for lymphocyte function associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) . Cell 1987;51:813-817.Crossref 48. 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