Archives of Dermatology

Cornell, Roger C.;Milstein, Howard G.;Fox, Richard M.;Stoughton, Richard B.

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1976.01630370005001pmid: N/A

Abstract • Azaribine is an effective agent in the treatment of psoriasis. In this investigation the extent of clinical dermatologic remission appeared to correlate with the degree of metabolic block induced by 6-azauridylic acid, as quantitated by the urinary excretion of orotic acid and orotidine, and the development of anemia. Following azaribine therapy there was a coordinate rise of the specific activities of erythrocyte orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase. There was no correlation between the pretreatment activity of these enzymes and the clinical response to azaribine. The anemia of azaribine therapy was mild and of a megaloblastic type. Uridine effectively corrected the azaribine-induced anemia, but led to exacerbation of the patients' psoriasis. Following uridine therapy there was a reduction in the urinary excretion of orotic acid and orotidine, presumably reflecting end-product inhibition or repression of the first steps of a repeated pyrimidine biosynthesis. (Arch Dermatol 112:1717-1723, 1976)

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1976.01630370011002pmid: N/A

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. Abstract In the article "Vesicular Pemphigoid," published in the October Archives (112:1402-1404, 1976), Fig 2 should relate to case 6, not to case 2 as was stated on page 1403.

Harris, Herbert W.;Miller, O. Fred

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1976.01630370012003pmid: N/A

Abstract • Failure of separation of the neuroectoderm from the epithelial ectoderm to proceed in an orderly and complete fashion results in a wide variety of defects involving the skin, spinal cord, and cauda equina, as well as the surrounding structures of mesodermal origin. Congenital dermal sinuses occur most commonly in the lumbosacral region, are usually associated with a spina bifida, and may connect the skin directly to the spinal canal. Epidermoid or dermoid cysts may form at any point along a dermal sinus. Four types of cutaneous or subcutaneous abnormalities commonly seen associated with occult spinal disorders are abnormal hair, angioma, lipoma, and dimple. It is essential that these lesions are investigated at an early age, since surgical excision may prevent future neurologic deficits. (Arch Dermatol 112:1724-1728, 1976) References 1. Matson DD: Congenital dermal sinus , in Neurosurgery of Infancy and Childhood , ed 2. Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1969. 2. Moise TS: Staphylococcus meningitis secondary to congenital sacral sinus . Surg Gynecol Obstet 42:394-397, 1926. 3. Amador LV, Hankinson J, Bigler JA: Congenital spinal dermal sinuses . J Pediatr 47:300-310, 1955.Crossref 4. Rand RW, Rand CW: Epidermoids, dermoids and dermal sinuses , in Intraspinal Tumors of Childhood . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1960. 5. Matson DD: Spina bifida and myelomeningocele , in Neurosurgery of Infancy and Childhood , ed 2. Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1969. 6. Mason MS, Raaf J: Complications of pantopaque myelography . J Neurosurg 19:302-311, 1962.Crossref 7. Menkes JH: Malformations of the central nervous system , in Textbook of Child Neurology . Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger Publishers, 1974. 8. Hoffman EP: The problems of spina bifida and cranium bifidum . Clin Pediatr 4:709-716, 1965.Crossref 9. Dubowitz V, Lorber JJ, Zachary RB: Lipoma of the cauda equina . Arch Dis Child 40:207-213, 1965.Crossref 10. Lassman LP, James CCM: Lumbosacral lipomas: Critical survey of 26 cases submitted to laminectomy . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 30:174-181, 1967.Crossref 11. Neuhauser EBD, Wittenborg MH, Dehlinger K: Diastematomyelia: Transfixation of the cord or cauda equina with congenital anomalies of the spine . Radiology 54:650-664, 1950.Crossref 12. Hamby WB: Pilonidal cyst, spina bifida occulta and bifid spinal cord . Arch Pathol 21:831-838, 1936. 13. Keim HA, Greene AF: Diastematomyelia and scoliosis . J Bone Joint Surg 55:1425-1435, 1973.

Barsky, Sidney

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1976.01630370017004pmid: N/A

Abstract • The relative efficacy of fluocinonide and betamethasone benzoate gels in treating the symptoms of psoriasis was evaluated in 335 patients, of whom 263 were analyzable. By means of a paired comparison design in which both drugs were examined simultaneously in the same patient, many potential sources of variation were eliminated. In addition, the analysis took into account the difficulties of pooling results in a multicenter trial. Imposing a rigorous grouping structure on the results from individual clinics minimized differences between clinics and demonstrated consistently high, statistically significant results in favor of fluocinonide gel even when several different statistical approaches were used. Local adverse reactions related to drugs were experienced by few patients. (Arch Dermatol 112:1729-1733, 1976) References 1. Fluocinonide, International Symposium, Zurich, May 1971 . Acta Dermatovener (Stockholm) , 52( (suppl 67) ):1-97, 1972. 2. Ostrenga J, Steinmetz C, Poulson B: Significance of vehicle composition: I. Relationship between topical vehicle composition, skin penetrability, and clinical efficacy . J Pharm Sci 60:1175-1179, 1971.Crossref 3. Ostrenga J, Steinmetz C, Poulsen B, et al: Significance of vehicle composition: II. Prediction of optimal vehicle composition . J Pharm Sci 60:1180-1183, 1971.Crossref 4. Poulsen BJ, Young E, Coquilla V, et al: Effect of topical vehicle composition in the in vitro release of fluocinolone acetonide and its acetate ester . J Pharm Sci 57:928-933, 1968.Crossref 5. Dixon WJ (ed): BMDP Biomedical Computer Programs . Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1975.

Schupbach, Curtis W.;Wheeler, Clayton E.;Briggaman, Robert A.;Warner, Nelson A.;Kanof, Elizabeth P.

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1976.01630370022005pmid: N/A

Abstract • Five patients with disseminated cryptococcosis had lesions on the extremities resembling cellulitis, which evolved into areas of blistering and ulceration in three patients. All had underlying disease and were medically immunosuppressed. Disseminated cryptococcosis appears to present with cellulitis or herpes-like vesiculation more commonly than is currently appreciated. India ink preparations of aspirates from areas of cellulitis or Tzanck preparations from blisters may show characteristic organisms, and makes possible an immediate diagnosis of cutaneous cryptococcosis. If cutaneous infection is confirmed by performing biopsies and growing cultures, dissemination must be presumed and the patient treated with a full course of systemic antifungal therapy. With increasing awareness of cutaneous involvement, some cases of disseminated cryptococcosis will be diagnosed sooner, leading to earlier therapy and improved prognosis. (Arch Dermatol 112:1734-1740, 1976) References 1. Littman ML, Zimmerman LE: Cryptococcosis: Torulosis . New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc, 1956. 2. Littman ML, Walter JE: Cryptococcosis: Current status . Am J Med 45:922-932, 1968.Crossref 3. Shome SK, Sirkar DK, Gunani HC: Changing spectrum of cryptococcosis in Delhi . Indian J Med Res 61:23-29, 1973. 4. Spickard A: Diagnosis and treatment of cryptococcal disease . South Med J 66:26-31, 1973.Crossref 5. Rippon JW: Medical Mycology . Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1974, pp 218-222. 6. Kaufman L: Sero diagnosis of fungal disease , in Lennett EH, Spaulding EH, Truant JP (eds): Manual of Clinical Microbiology , ed 2. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology, 1974, pp 557-568. 7. Bushke A: Ueber eine durch coccidien hervorgerufen Krankheit des Menschen . Deutsche Med Wschr 21:14, 1895.Crossref 8. Littman ML, Schneierson SS: Cryptococcosis neoformans in pigeon excreta in New York City . Am J Hyg 69:49-59, 1959. 9. Moore M: Cryptococcosis with cutaneous manifestations . J Invest Dermatol 28:159-182, 1957. 10. Procknon JJ, et al: Cryptococcal hepatitis presenting as a surgical emergency . JAMA 191:269-274, 1965.Crossref 11. Balasubramaniam P, Silva JF: Case of cryptotoccosis of spine . Br Med J 2:27-28, 1973.Crossref 12. Tillotson JF, Lerner AM: Prostatism in an 18-year-old boy due to infection with Cryptococcal neoformans . N Engl J Med 273:1150-1152, 1965.Crossref 13. Randall RE Jr, et al: Cryptococcal pyelonephritis . N Engl J Med 279:60-65, 1968.Crossref 14. Watson NE Jr, Johnson AH: Cryptococcal peritonitis . South Med J 66:387-388, 1973.Crossref 15. Crounse RG, Lerner AB: Cryptococcosis: Case with unusual skin lesions and favorable response to amphotericin B therapy . Arch Dermatol 77:210-215, 1958.Crossref 16. Rook A, Woods B: Cutaneous cryptococcosis . Br J Dermatol 74:43-49, 1962.Crossref 17. Braverman IM: Skin Signs of Systemic Diseases . Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1970, p 131. 18. Sarosi GA, Silberfarb PH, Tosh FE: Cutaneous cryptococcosis: A sentinel of disseminate disease . Arch Dermatol 104:103, 1971.Crossref 19. Noble RC, Fajardo LF: Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis: Review and morphological study . Am J Clin Pathol 57:13-22, 1972.

Jordan, William P.

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1976.01630370029006pmid: N/A

Abstract • A direct assay using the mixed leukocyte migration inhibition technique for leukocyte inhibition factor (LIF) production has shown that nickel-sensitive subjects can be distinguished from nonallergic controls. The difference between the two groups' migrating indexes was obtained with nickel sulfate in 199 medium at a concentration of 150 μg/ml and without prior coupling to a carrier protein. A concise review of the principal in vitro assays for cell-mediated immunity is included. (Arch Dermatol 112:1741-1744, 1976) References 1. Rich AR, Lewis MR: The nature of allergy in tuberculosis as revealed by tissue culture studies . Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 50:115-131, 1932. 2. George M, Vaughan JH: In-vitro cell migration as a model for delayed hypersensitivity . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 111:514-521, 1962.Crossref 3. Thor DE, et al: Cell migration inhibition factor released by antigen from human peripheral lymphocytes . Nature 219:755-757, 1968.Crossref 4. Rocklin RE, Meyers OL, David JR: An invitro assay for cellular hypersensitivity in man . J Immunol 104:95-102, 1970. 5. Dumonde DC, et al: "Lymphokines": Nonantibody mediators of cellular immunity generated by lymphocyte activation . Nature 224:38-42, 1969.Crossref 6. David JR: Lymphocyte mediators and cellular hypersensitivity . N Engl J Med 288:143-149, 1973.Crossref 7. Soborg M, Bendixen G: Human lymphocyte migration as a parameter of hypersensitivity . Acta Med Scand 181:247-256, 1967.Crossref 8. Soborg M: In-vitro detection of cellular hypersensitivity in man: Specific migration inhibition of white blood cells from brucella-positive persons . Acta Med Scand 182:167-174, 1967.Crossref 9. Mills JA: The immunologic significance of antigen induced lymphocyte transformation invitro . J Immunol 97:239-247, 1966. 10. Milner JE: In-vitro lymphocyte responses in contact hypersensitivity . J Invest Dermatol 55:34-38, 1970.Crossref 11. Rocklin RE, et al: Dissociation between two in-vitro correlates of delayed hypersensitivity: Absence of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the presence of antigen-induced incorporation of 3 H-thymidine , in Harris JE (ed): Proceedings of the Fifth Leukocyte Culture Conferences . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1970, pp 639-648. 12. Lazarus GS, et al: Pyoderma gangrenosum: Altered delayed hypersensitivity and polyarthritis . Arch Dermatol 105:46-51, 1972.Crossref 13. Parkhouse RM: Antigen-stimulated DNA and RNA synthesis in spleen cell suspensions from immunized rabbits . Nature 215:394-395, 1967.Crossref 14. Levis WR, Miller AE Jr: Lymphocyte transformation during DNCB contact sensitization . Fed Proc 32:956, 1973. 15. Saurat JH, et al: Cell-mediated hypersensitivity in skin reactions to drugs (except contact dermatitis) . Clin Allergy 3:427-437, 1973.Crossref 16. Kaltreider HY, et al: Capillary tube migration for detection of human delayed hypersensitivity: Difficulties encountered in "buffy coat" cells and tuberculin antigen . J Immunol 103:179-184, 1969. 17. Lockshin MD: Failure to demonstrate leukocyte migration inhibition in human tuberculin hypersensitivity . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 132:928-930, 1969.Crossref 18. Rosenberg SA, David JR: Inhibition of leukocyte migration: An evaluation of this invitro assay of delayed hypersensitivity in man to a soluble antigen . J Immunol 105:1447-1452, 1970. 19. Mookerjee B, Ackman CFD, Dossetor JB: Delayed hypersensitivity in-vitro using human peripheral leukocytes . Transplantation 8:745-748, 1969.Crossref 20. Wolfson RL, Maddison SE, Kaggan IG: Migration inhibition of peripheral leukocytes in human schistosomiasis . J Immunol 109:123-128, 1972. 21. Budtz-Jorgensen E: Delayed hypersensitivity to Candida albicans in man: Demonstration in-vitro: The capillary tube migration test . Acta Allergol (Kbh) 27:41-49, 1972.Crossref 22. Nerup J, Andersen V, Bendixen G: Antiadrenal cellular hypersensitivity in Addison's disease: IV. In-vivo and in-vitro investigations on the mitochondrial fraction . Clin Exp Immunol 6:733-739, 1970. 23. Bendixen G: Organ specific inhibition of the in vitro migration of leukocytes in human glomerulonephritis . Acta Med Scand 184:99-103, 1968.Crossref 24. Brostoff J: Critique of present in-vitro methods for the detection of cell-mediated immunity . Proc R Soc Med 67:514-516, 1974. 25. Thulin H, Zachariae H: The leukocyte migration test in chromium hypersensitivity . J Invest Dermatol 58:55-58, 1972.Crossref 26. Czernielewski A, Libiscowski T, Dudek H: Use of the leukocyte migration inhibition test (MIF) in the detection of hypersensitivity to chromium compounds: I. Combination of human albumin with chromium as an antigen in MIF . Przegl Dermatol 61:797-802, 1974. 27. Nordqvist B, Rorsman H: Leukcocytic migration in-vitro as an indicator of allergy in eczematous contact dermatitis . Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc 53:154-159, 1967. 28. Jordan WP, Higgins MR, Dvorak J: Allergic contact dermatitis to all-transretinoic acid: Epicutaneous and leukocyte migration inhibition testing . Contact Dermatitis 1:306-310, 1975.Crossref 29. Mirza M, Perera MG, Bernstein IL: Leukocyte migration inhibition in nickel dermatitis . Fed Proc 33:728, 1974. 30. Friend JV, Lane M: In-vitro studies of contact hypersensitivity: The effect of the haptenes 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and of haptene protein conjugates on the migration of guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells . Immunology 25:869-874, 1973. 31. Herman PS, Sams WM Jr: Requirement for carrier protein in salicylanilide sensitivity: The migration-inhibition test in contact photoallergy . J Lab Clin Med 77:572-579, 1971. 32. Gimenez-Camarasa JM, et al: Lymphocyte transformation test in allergic contact nickel dermatitis . Br J Dermatol 92:9-15, 1975.Crossref 33. Millikan LE, Conway F, Foote JE: In-vitro studies of contact hypersensitivity: Lymphocyte transformation in nickel sensitivity . J Invest Dermatol 60:88-90, 1973.Crossref 34. Milner JE: In-vitro lymphocyte responses in contact hypersensitivity IV . J Invest Dermatol 62:591-594, 1974.Crossref 35. Miller AE Jr, Levis WR: In-vitro studies of allergic contact dermatitis to DNCB , abstracted. J Invest Dermatol 60:105, 1973. 36. Maini RN, et al: Standardization of the leukocyte migration test . Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 45:308-321, 1973.Crossref 37. Fimmel PJ, Keast D: Studies on in-vitro migration inhibition . Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 52:745-753, 1974.Crossref 38. Federlin K, et al: A micro-method for peripheral leukocyte migration in tuberculin sensitivity . J Clin Pathol 24:533-536, 1971.Crossref 39. Rocklin RE: Products of activated lymphocytes: Leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) distinct from migratory inhibitory factor (MIF) . J Immunol 112:1461-1466, 1974. 40. Rocklin RE: Partial characterization of leukocyte inhibitory factor by concanavalin A-stimulated human lymphocytes (LIFcon A) . J Immunol 114:1161-1165, 1975. 41. Fimmel PJ: Studies on leukocyte migration inhibition: The role of E rosette forming cells in specific antigen-induced inhibition of migration . J Immunol 115:135-138, 1975.

Gould, William M.;Gragg, Thomas M.

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1976.01630370033007pmid: N/A

Abstract • One of the most frustrating problems in clinical dermatology is the patient with a delusion of parasitosis. Over the years, very little realistic and practical advice has been offered to the perplexed dermatologist. We describe an approach that is based on the thesis that dermatologists can and often should treat such patients. By considering each patient as an individual, and by working to build rapport, the dermatologist is in the best position to offer help. We report two illustrative cases and discuss guidelines to treatment. (Arch Dermatol 112:1745-1748, 1976) References 1. Wilson JW, Miller HE: Delusion of parasitosis (acarophobia) . Arch Dermatol Syphilol 54:39-56, 1946.Crossref 2. Wilson JW: Delusion of parasitosis (acarophobia) . Arch Dermatol Syphilol 66:577-585, 1952.Crossref

Mayhall, C. Glen;Miller, Charles W.;Eisen, Arthur Z.;Kobayashi, George S.;Medoff, Gerald

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1976.01630370037008pmid: N/A

Abstract • A patient had cutaneous protothecosis because of the alga-like organism, Prototheca wickerhamii. In vitro sensitivity tests showed that the organism was sensitive to amphotericin B, and the patient was treated successfully with this polyene antibiotic. As with treatment of some fungal infections, a clinical response was achieved when therapy with low doses of amphotericin B was given during a short period of time. The basis of the amphotericin B response may have been due to a combination of its immunostimulatory and antibiotic properties. (Arch Dermatol 112:1749-1752, 1976) References 1. Lerche M: Einen durch Algen (Prototheca) hervorgerufene Mastitis der Kuh . Berl Munch Med Wochenschr 65:64-69, 1952. 2. Davies RR, Spencer H, Wakelin PV: A case of human protothecosis . Trans R Soc Med Hyg 58:448-451, 1964.Crossref 3. Cox GE, Wilson JD, Brown P: Protothecosis: A case of disseminated algal infection . Lancet 2:379-382, 1974. 4. Arnold P, Ahearn DG: The systematics of the genus Prototheca with description of a new species Pfilamenta . Mycologia 64:265-272, 1972.Crossref 5. Sudman MS, Kaplan W: Identification of the Prototheca species by immunofluorescence . Appl Microbiol 25:981-990, 1973. 6. Pore RS: Taxonomic status and experimental pathology of Prototheca species . Read before the Proceedings of the Vth Congress of the International Society of Human Animal Mycology, Paris, July 5-10, 1971 . 7. Nadakavukaren MJ, McCracken DA: Prototheca: An alga or a fungus? J Phycol 9:113-116, 1973.Crossref 8. Ciferri O: Thiamine deficiency of Prototheca, a yeast-like achloric alga . Nature 178:1475-1476, 1956.Crossref 9. Klintworth GK, Fetter BF, Nielsen JS Jr: Protothecosis, an algal infection: Report of a case in man . J Med Microbiol 1:211-216, 1968.Crossref 10. Van Kruiningen HJ, Garner FM, Schiefer B: Protothecosis in a dog . Vet Pathol 6:348-354, 1969.Crossref 11. Migaki G, Garner FM, Imes GD Jr: Bovine protothecosis: A report of three cases . Vet Pathol 6:444-453, 1969. 12. Frank N, et al: Prototheca: A cause of bovine mastitis . J Vet Res 30:1785-1794, 1969. 13. Tindall JP, Fetter BF: Infections caused by achloric algae (protothecosis). Arch Dermatol 104:490-500, 1971.Crossref 14. Mars PW, et al: Cutaneous protothecosis. Br J Dermatol 85 ( (suppl 7) ):77-84, 1971.Crossref 15. Nosanchuk JS, Greenberg RD: Protothecosis of the olecranon bursa caused by achloric algae . Am J Clin Pathol 59:567-573, 1973. 16. Ashford BK, Ciferri R, Dalmau LM: A new species of Prototheca and a variety of the same isolated from the human intestine . Arch Protistenkrank 70:619-638, 1930. 17. Gordon MA: Protothecosis: A report of the Division of Laboratory Research . New York State Department of Health, 1966, pp 119-120. 18. Hoeprich PD, Goldstein E: Miconazole therapy for coccidioidomycosis . JAMA 230:1153-1157, 1974.Crossref 19. Medoff G, et al: A new therapeutic approach to Candida infections: A preliminary report . Arch Intern Med 130:242-245, 1972.Crossref 20. Friedling S, et al: Effects of amphotericin B on macrophages and lymphocytes . Read before the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, Sept 11-13, 1974 . 21. Davies RR, Wilkinson JL: Human protothecosis: Supplementary studies . Am Trop Med Parasitol 61:112-115, 1967.

Stone, Joel A.;Leavell, Ullin W.

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1976.01630370041009pmid: N/A

Abstract • We saw a case of bullous lupus erythematosus (LE) in which there were pre-LE cells and hematoxylin bodies in clear bullous fluid. Pre-LE cells are degenerated leukocytes with pyknotic nuclei. The diagnosis of lupus erythematosus was substantiated by immunofluorescence studies. (Arch Dermatol 112:1753-1754, 1976) References 1. Tromovitch TA, Hyman AB: Systemic lupus erythematosus with hemorrhagic bullae . Arch Dermatol 83:64-68, 1961.Crossref 2. Armas-Cruz R, Harnecker I, Ducach G, et al: Clinical diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus . Am J Med 25:409-419, 1958.Crossref 3. Watson JB, O'Leary PA, Hargraves MM: Neutrophils resembling L.E. cells in artificial blisters . Arch Dermatol Syph 63:328-333, 1951.Crossref 4. Tuffanelli DL, Dubois EL: Cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus . Arch Dermatol 90:377-386, 1964.Crossref 5. Sunthonpalin PB, Maguire HC: Blister fluid in bullous systemic lupus erythematosus , Br J Dermatol 82:125-128, 1970.Crossref 6. Nagy E, Balogh E: Bullous form of chronic discoid erythematodes accompanied by L.E. cell symptoms . Dermatologica 122:6-10, 1961.Crossref 7. Dubois EL: Lupus Erythematosus . New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc, 1966, pp 302-331.

Su, W. P. Daniel;Muller, Sigfrid A.

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1976.01630370043010pmid: N/A

Abstract • A 30-year-old healthy male physician developed grouped, papulovesicular lesions along the dermatomes of T1 and T2 of the left side of his body. The onset occurred two days after he accidentally pricked his right index finger with a needle that had been used to aspirate the acute papulovesicular lesions of a patient with severe herpes zoster. The clinical appearance and dermatomal distribution, the subsequent clinical course, the skin biopsy findings, and the substantial increase in complement-fixing antibody titer to the varicella-zoster (V-Z) virus in the convalescent serum samples are strong evidence for herpes zoster. Although it is generally believed that person-to-person transmission of zoster is rare and that herpes zoster results from the reactivation of a latent varicella virus, the present case suggests that zoster can be acquired from exogenous infection with a V-Z virus, at least in certain circumstances. (Arch Dermatol 112:1755-1756, 1976) References 1. Hope-Simpson RE: The nature of herpes zoster: A long-term study and a new hypothesis . Proc R Soc Med 58:9-20, 1965. 2. Kundratitz K: Experimentelle Übertragungen von Herpes zoster auf Menschen und die Beziehungen von Herpes zoster zu Varicellen . Z Kinderheilkd 39:379-387, 1925.Crossref 3. Miller LH, Brunell PA: Zoster, reinfection or activation of latent virus? Observation on the antibody response . Am J Med 49:480-483, 1970.Crossref 4. McKendrick GDW: Herpes zoster and varicella . Br Med J 3:587, 1970.Crossref 5. Rifkind D: The activation of varicella-zoster virus infections by immunosuppressive therapy . J Lab Clin Med 68:463-474, 1966. 6. Muller SA, Winkelmann RK: Cutaneous nerve changes in zoster . J Invest Dermatol 52:71-77, 1969. 7. Ghatak NR, Zimmerman HM: Spinal ganglion in herpes zoster: A light and electron microscopic study . Arch Pathol 95:411-415, 1973. 8. Berlin BS, Campbell T: Hospital-acquired herpes zoster following exposure to chickenpox . JAMA 211:1831-1833, 1970.Crossref 9. Rado JP, Tako J, Geder L, et al: Herpes zoster house epidemic in steroid-treated patients: A clinical and viral study . Arch Intern Med 116:329-335, 1965.Crossref 10. Goldberg LC: A clinical note on herpes zoster . Arch Dermatol 78:392-393, 1958Crossref 11. Thomas M: Shingles reconsidered . Lancet 2:47, 1964.Crossref 12. Thomas M, Robertson WJ: Dermal transmission of virus as a cause of shingles . Lancet 2:1349-1350, 1971.Crossref 13. Netter A, Ernoul J: Zona dans le territoire du médian gauche vingt-six jours après une légère piqûre à l'extrémité du médian gauche au cours d'une evisceration d'un globe oculaire atteint de fonte purulente de la cornée suite d'un zona ophtalmique . Bull Soc Med Hop Paris 50:798-800, 1934. 14. Feldman GV: Herpes zoster neonatorum . Arch Dis Child 27:126-127, 1952.Crossref 15. Herrmann EC Jr: Experiences in laboratory diagnosis of herpes simplex, varicella-zoster and vaccinia virus infections in routine medical practice . Mayo Clin Proc 42:744-753, 1967. 16. Muller SA: Recurrent herpes simplex of the hard palate: Case report and comment concerning reinfection and rarity of disease in the mouth . Arch Dermatol 98:273-276, 1968.Crossref 17. Muller SA, Herrmann EC Jr: Association of stomatitis and paronychias due to herpes simplex . Arch Dermatol 101:396-402, 1970.Crossref 18. Blank H, Haines HG: Experimental human reinfection with herpes simplex virus . J Invest Dermatol 61:223-225, 1973.Crossref