A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology

BRUNSTING, LOUIS A.;STICKNEY, J. M.;PEASE, GERTRUDE L.;REED, WILLIAM B.

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1956.01550040001001pmid: 13301046

Abstract It is generally agreed that the demonstration of L. E. cells in the bone marrow or blood is a highly specific test for systemic lupus erythematosus. Aside from its value in diagnosis, the test is proving useful to the clinician in broadening his understanding of many hitherto puzzling features of the natural history of the disease, its often protracted and variable course, as well as its protean symptomatology. One of the most satisfactory laboratory procedures for the demonstration of L. E. cells is by means of the two-hour clot technique on peripheral blood. This so-called L. E. clot test has been in use in the laboratories of the Mayo Clinic since the fall of 1951 as a screening procedure in cases in which the clinician had some reason to suspect the presence of lupus erythematosus. In order to evaluate the L. E. clot test more References 1. References 6 to 9. 2. Hargraves, M. M.; Richmond, H., and Morton, R.: Presentation of Two Bone Marrow Elements: The "Tart" Cell and the "L. E." Cell , Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin. 23:25-28 ( (Jan. 21) ) 1948. 3. Zimmer, F. E., and Hargraves, M. M.: The Effect of Blood Coagulation on L. E. Cell Formation , Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin. 27:424-430 ( (Oct. 22) ) 1952. 4. Lee, S. L.: A Simple Test for L. E. Cells , Am. J. Clin. Path. 21:492-496 ( (May) ) 1951. 5. Haserick, J. R.; Lewis, L. A., and Bortz, D. W.: Blood Factor in Acute Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus: I. Determination of Gamma Globulin as Specific Plasma Fraction , Am. J. M. Sc. 219:660-663 ( (June) ) 1950.Crossref 6. Magath, T. B., and Winkle, V.: Technic for Demonstrating "L. E." (Lupus Erythematosus) Cells in Blood , Am. J. Clin. Path. 22:586-587 ( (June) ) 1952. 7. Dubois, E. L.: The Effect of the L. E. Cell Test on the Clinical Picture of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus , Ann. Int. Med. 38:1265-1294 ( (June) ) 1953.Crossref 8. Ross, S. W., and Wells, B. B.: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Review of the Literature , Am. J. Clin. Path. 23:139-160 ( (Feb.) ) 1953. 9. Harvey, A. M.; Shulman, L. E.; Tumulty, P. A.; Conley, C. L., and Shoenrich, E. H.: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Review of the Literature and Clinical Analysis of 138 Cases , Medicine 33:291-437 ( (Dec.) ) 1954.Crossref 10. Weiss, R. S., and Swift, S.: The Significance of a Positive L. E. Phenomenon , A. M. A. Arch. Dermat. 72:103-112 ( (Aug.) ) 1955.Crossref

LEE, STANLEY L.

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1956.01550040007002pmid: 13301047

Abstract Laboratory studies in systemic lupus erythematosus, as in many other diseases, are important in two ways: first, to establish a diagnosis and aid in the treatment of individual patients; second, to help in understanding the development of the disease process. This discussion will be limited to the more general aspects of laboratory findings in this disease. The description of the L. E. cell by Hargraves, Richmond, and Morton1 in 1948 was of foremost importance because it established a simple and reliable diagnostic test for a disease which, until then, had been extremely difficult to diagnose. At the same time the L. E. cell test made two other claims for interest. First, because atypical as well as typical cases could now be diagnosed with some certainty, the importance of other abnormal findings and their relationship to one another could be assessed. A yardstick was References 1. References 8 to 11. 2. References 15 and 16. 3. References 13 and 19. 4. Godman, G.: Personal communication to the author. 5. Hargraves, M. M.; Richmond, H., and Morton, R.: Presentation of Two Bone Marrow Elements: The "Tart" Cell and the "L. E." Cell , Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin. 23:25, 1948. 6. Coburn, A. F., and Moore, D. H.: The Plasma Proteins in Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 73:196, 1943. 7. Haserick, J. R., and Long, R.: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Preceded by False Positive Serologic Tests for Syphilis: Presentation of 5 Cases , Ann. Int. Med. 37:559, 1952.Crossref 8. Moore, J. E., and Lutz, W. B.: The Natural History of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An Approach to Its Study Through Chronic Biologic False Positive Reactors , J. Chron. Dis. 1:297, 1955.Crossref 9. Michael, S. R.; Vural, I. L.; Bassen, F. A., and Schaefer, L.: The Hematologic Aspects of Disseminated (Systemic) Lupus Erythematosus , Blood 6:1059, 1951. 10. Wasserman, L. R.; Stats, D.; Schwartz, L., and Fudenberg, H.: Symptomatic and Hemopathic Hemolytic Anemia , Am. J. Med. 18:961, 1955.Crossref 11. Wiener, A. S., and Gordon, E. B.: Quantitative Test for Antibody Globulin Coating Human Blood Cells , Am. J. Clin. Path. 23:429, 1953. 12. Conley, C. L., and Hartmann, R. C.: A Hemorrhagic Disorder Caused by Circulating Anticoagulant in Patients with Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus , abstracted, J. Clin. Invest. 31:621, 1952. 13. Cohen, A. K.; Bonnin, J., and Hicks, N. D.: Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Coagulation Defects in a Case of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus , Lancet , to be published. 14. Frick, P. G.: Acquired Circulating Anticoagulants in Systemic "Collagen Disease," Blood 10:691, 1955. 15. Lee, S. L., and Sanders, M.: A Disorder of Blood Coagulation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus , J. Clin. Invest. 34:1814, 1955.Crossref 16. Haserick, J. R.; Bortz, D. W., and Lewis, L., A.: Blood Factor in Acute Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus: I. Determination of Gamma Globulin as Specific Plasma Fraction , Am. J. Med. Sc. 219:660, 1950.Crossref 17. Klemperer, P.; Gueft, B.; Lee, S. L.; Leuchtenberger, C., and Pollister, A. W.: Cytologic Changes of Acute Lupus Erythematosus , Arch. Path. 49:503, 1950. 18. Gueft, B., and Laufer, A.: Further Cytochemical Studies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus , A. M. A. Arch. Path. 57:201, 1954. 19. Zimmer, R. E., and Hargraves, M. M.: The Effect of Blood Coagulation on L. E. Cell Formation , Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin. 27:434, 1952. 20. Lee, S. L.; Schwartz, L. I., and Pariser, S.: Blood Coagulation and the L. E. Cell Phenomenon , Blood 9:965, 1954. 21. Snapper, I., and Nathan, D. J.: The Mechanics of the "L. E." Cell Phenomenon, Studied with a Simplified Test , Blood 10:718, 1955. 22. Miescher, P., and Fauconnet, M.: L'absorption du facteur "L. E." par des noyaux cellulaire isolés , Experientia 10:252, 1954.Crossref 23. Lee, S. L.; Michael, S. R., and Vural, I. L.: The L. E. (Lupus Erythematosus) Cell: Clinical and Chemical Studies , Am. J. Med. 10:446, 1951.Crossref 24. Friedman, I.: J. Lab. & Clin. Med. , to be published. 25. Lee, S. L.: Interaction of Quinacrine Hydrochloride with the L. E. Cell Factor , abstracted, Clin. Res. Proc. 3:98, 1955.

APPEL, BERNARD;OHMART, LESLIE M.;STERNER, ROBERT F.

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1956.01550040012003pmid: 13301048

Abstract ZINC OXIDE Zinc oxide has been used as a dermatotherapeutic agent for a long time. Pliny the Elder mentioned the use of zinc oxide.1 The standard texts of the latter half of the 19th century mention zinc oxide so casually and so consistently that we may assume it has been used in dermatological formulations for the past 100 years to about the same degree as we are using it today. In the course of a not too profound search for the pharmacology of zinc oxide, the absence of any extensive studies was both striking and unexpected. During a discussion of this subject, one of us (B. A.), who has been teaching and practicing dermatology for 30 years, was startled by the realization that he could not give a very profound pharmacological answer to the question, "Why do you prescribe zinc oxide?'' An unstudied answer to this ques References 1. Reference 3, p. 1505. 2. Reference 5, p. 222 ff. 3. Sales Division, Merck & Co., Inc.: Personal communication to the authors. 4. Reference 3, p. 1541. 5. Reference 3, p. 1594. 6. Reference 4, p. 1292. 7. Reference 4, p. 183 ff. 8. Reference 4, p. 732. 9. Appel, B.: " Decadent Descriptions in Dermatology '' ( Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 62:370-379 [ (Sept.) ] 1950) 10. Laboratory, Division of Occupational Hygiene, Department of Labor and Industries, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Personal Communication to the authors. 11. Laboratory, Division of Occupational Hygiene, Department of Labor and Industries, Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Personal communication to the authors. 12. Goodman, H.: Notable Contributors to the Knowledge of Dermatology , New York, Medical Lay Press, 1953, p. 34. 13. Haxthausen, H.: Some Remarks on the Bactericidal Properties of Zinc Oxide , Brit. J. Dermat. 40:497-501, 1928. 14. The Dispensatory of the United States of America , Ed. 15, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1883, 15. The Dispensatory of the United States , Ed. 24, Philadelphia J. B. Lippincott Company, 1947. 16. Sutton, R. L., and Sutton, R. L., Jr.: Diseases of the Skin , Ed. 10, St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1939. 17. Sulzberger, M. B., and Wolf, J.: Dermatologic Therapy in General Practice , Chicago, Year Book Publishers, Inc., 1940, p. 80ff. 18. Smithson, J.: A Chemical Analysis of Some Calamines , Phil. Tr. Roy. Soc. London 93:18-28, 1803. 19. McCardle, R. C.; Engman, M. F., Sr., and Engman, M. F., Jr.: Spectrographic Analysis of Neurodermatitic Lesions , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 44:429-440, 1941. 20. Goldblum, R. W.; Derby, S., and Lerner, A. B.: The Metal Content of Skin, Nails and Hair , J. Invest. Dermat. 20:13-18, 1953. 21. Rothman, S.: Physiology and Biochemistry of the Skin , Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1954, p. 688.

FELDAKER, MAURI;PERRY, HAROLD O.;HANLON, DAVID G.

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1956.01550040019004pmid: 13301049

Abstract Cryoglobulin may be present in the blood of patients who apparently do not have any significant or evident disease, the condition being known as "essential cryoglobulinemia," or it may be present in the blood of patients who have a great variety of diseases when it is recognized as "symptomatic cryoglobulinemia." The purpose of this report is to review briefly some of the pertinent medical literature concerning cryoglobulinemia, with special emphasis on the dermatologic findings which have been reported, and to present the histories of two patients with essential cryoglobulinemia. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Stein and Wertheimer,* in 1942, and later in 1944,3 designated the term "cold fraction," or cold-susceptible portion, as the protein portion of a serum which precipitated when the serum stood for 24 hours at 7 to 11 C. With warming of the serum to 37 C the protein tended to revert to a dissolved References 1. References 1 and 2. 2. References 4 to 10. 3. References 7 and 11 to 22. 4. References 1 to 3. 5. References 24 and 25. 6. References 26 and 27. 7. References 1 to 3 and 6, 9, 10, and 26. 8. References 1 to 3 and 26. 9. References 1 to 3, 26, and 28. 10. References 5 to 7, 9, 10, and 25. 11. References 4, 5, 7, 8, and 31. 12. References 7, 11, 17, 24, 33, and 34. 13. References 11 and 33. 14. References 4 to 7, 18, 26, 31, 32, and 34. 15. References 4, 8, 15, and 31. 16. References 26 and 33. 17. References 18 and 20. 18. References 4 and 18. 19. References 7, 11, 17, 18, and 24. 20. References 7 and 17. 21. References 7, 17, and 18. 22. References 4, 7, and 31. 23. References 8, 17, 25, and 35. 24. References 21 and 22. 25. At the Mayo Clinic normal values for serum proteins by this method are considered to be as follows: total protein 6.60 gm., albumin, 4.1 gm., and globulin, 2.5 gm. per 100 cc. 26. References 37 and 38. 27. Stein, L., and Wertheimer, E.: A New Fraction of a Cold-Susceptible Protein in Blood of Dogs Infected with Kala-azar , Ann. Trop. Med. 36:17-27 ( (June 30) ) 1942. 28. Stein, L., and Wertheimer, E.: Proteins Susceptible to Cold in Pathological Sera , Nature, London. 149:528 ( (May 9) ) 1942.Crossref 29. Wertheimer, E., and Stein, L.: The Cold-Susceptible Globulin Fraction of Pathologic Sera , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 29:1082-1089 ( (Oct.) ) 1944. 30. Lerner, A. B., and Watson, C. J.: Studies of Cryoglobulin: I. Unusual Purpura Associated with the Presence of a High Concentration of Cryoglobulin (Cold Precipitable Serum Globulin) , Am. J. M. Sc. 214:410-415 ( (Oct.) ) 1947. 31. Watson, C. J., and Lerner, A. B.: The Clinical Significance of Cryoglobulinemia , Acta med. scandinav. ( (Supp.) ) 196:489-494, 1947. 32. Lerner, A. B.; Barnum, C. P., and Watson, C. J.: Studies of Cryoglobulins: II. The Spontaneous Precipitation of Protein from Serum at 5° C in Various Disease States , Am. J. M. Sc. 214:416-421 ( (Oct.) ), 1947. 33. Barr, D. P.; Reader, G. G., and Wheeler, C. H.: Cryoglobulinemia: I. Report of 2 Cases, with Discussion of Clinical Manifestations, Incidence and Significance , Ann. Int. Med. 32:6-29 ( (Jan.) ) 1950. 34. Steinhardt, M. J., and Fisher, G. S.: Cold Urticaria and Purpura as Allergic Aspects of Cryoglobulinemia , J. Allergy. 24:335-341 ( (July) ) 1953. 35. Dreyfuss, F., and Librach, G.: Cold Precipitable Serum Globulins (``Cold Fractions," ``Cryoglobulins") in Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 40:489-497 ( (Oct.) ) 1952. 36. Dreyfuss, F.: The Significance of Cold Precipitable Globulins (Cold Fractions, Cryoglobulins) in the Serum , Acta med. orient. 12:319-325 ( (Dec.) ) 1953. 37. Wintrobe, M. M., and Buell, M. V.: Hyperproteinemia Associated with Multiple Myeloma, with Report of a Case in Which an Extraordinary Hyperproteinemia Was Associated with Thrombosis of the Retinal Veins and Symptoms Suggesting Raynaud's Disease , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 52:156-165 ( (Feb.) ) 1933. 38. Schumacher, I. C.; Williams, O. O., and Coltrin, G. S.: Plasma Cell Myeloma and Hyperproteinemia , California & West. Med. 47:174-177 ( (Sept.) ) 1937. 39. Bing, J.: Further Investigations on Hyperglobulinemia: I. (Occurrence and Degree of Hyperglobulinemia in the Various Diseases: The Ratio Between Hyperglobulinemia, Hyperproteinemia and Hypoalbuminemia; the Formogel-Reaction) , Acta med. scandinav. 103:547-564, 1940. 40. Shapiro, S.; Ross, V., and Moore, D. H.: A Viscous Protein Obtained in Large Amount from the Serum of a Patient with Multiple Myeloma , J. Clin. Invest. 22:137-142 ( (March) ) 1943. 41. Hill, R. M.; Mulligan, R. M., and Dunlop, S. G.: Plasma Cell Myeloma Associated with High Concentration of Plasma Lipoprotein , abstracted, Am. J. Path. 24:688-690 ( (March) ) 1948. 42. Hill, R. M.; Dunlop, S. G., and Mulligan, R. M.: A Cryoglobulin Present in High Concentration in the Plasma of a Case of Multiple Myeloma , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 34:1057-1065 ( (Aug.) ) 1949. 43. Luckey, E. H.; Russ, E., and Barr, D. P.: Cryoglobulinemia: III. Influence of a Cryoglobulin on the Suspension Stability and Sedimentation Rate of Erythrocytes , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 37:253-263 ( (Feb.) ) 1951. 44. Rörvik, K.: Cryoglobulinemia: A Survey and a Case Report , Acta med. scandinav. 137:390-401, 1950. 45. Blades, A. N.: Cryoglobulinaemia in Multiple Myelomatosis , Brit. M. J. 1:169-171 ( (Jan. 27) ) 1951. 46. Flemberg, T.: Några fall med patologiskt förändrad blodäggvita , Nord. med. 37:330-332, 1948. 47. Waldenström, J.: Incipient Myelomatosis or "Essential" Hyperglobulinemia with Fibrinogenopenia—a New Syndrome? Acta med. scandinav. 117:216-247, 1944.Crossref 48. Waldenström, J.: Purpura hyperglobulinaemica , Nord. med. 23:1562-1565, 1944. 49. Abrams, A.; Cohen, P. P., and Meyer, O. O.: The Physical Properties of a Cryoglobulin Obtained from Lymph Nodes and Serum of a Case of Lymphosarcoma , J. Biol. Chem. 181:237-245 ( (Nov.) ) 1949. 50. Hansen, P. F., and Faber, M.: Raynaud's Syndrome Originating from Reversible Precipitation of Protein , Acta med. scandinav. 129:81-100, 1947.Crossref 51. Schwartz, T. B., and Jager, B. V.: Cryoglobulinemia and Raynaud's Syndrome in a Case of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia , Cancer 2:319-328 ( (March) ) 1949.Crossref 52. Lepow, H.; Rubenstein, L.; Woll, F., and Greisman, H.: A Spontaneously Precipitable Protein in Human Sera, with Particular Reference to the Diagnosis of Polyarteritis Nodosa , Am. J. Med. 7:310-316 ( (Sept.) ) 1949.Crossref 53. Shapiro, B., and Wertheimer, E.: Spontaneous Crystallization of a Protein from Pathological Human Serum , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 27:225-227 ( (Aug.) ) 1946. 54. Atlas, D. H.; Cardon, L., and Bunata, J.: A Note on the Use of the Kagan Falling Drop Proteinometer , Am. J. Clin. Path. 13:21-26, 1943. 55. James, T. N., and Drake, E. H.: Cryoglobulins in Coronary-Artery Disease , New England J. Med. 249:601-603 ( (Oct. 8) ) 1953.Crossref 56. Muirhead, E. E.; Montgomery, P. O'B., and Gordon, C. E.: Thromboembolic Pulmonary Vascular Sclerosis: Report of a Case Following Pregnancy and of a Case Associated with Cryoglobulinemia , A. M. A. Arch. Int. Med. 89:41-62 ( (Jan.) ) 1952.Crossref 57. Pelzig, A.: Essential Cryoglobulinemia with Purpura , A. M. A. Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 67:429-430 ( (April) ) 1953. 58. Thorne, N. A. (for Russell, B.): Purpura Cryoglobulinaemica , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 47:1062-1063 ( (Dec.) ) 1954. 59. Hutchinson, J. H., and Howell, R. A.: Cryoglobulinemia: Report of a Case Associated with Gangrene of the Digits , Ann. Int. Med. 39:350-357 ( (Aug.) ) 1953. 60. Lucey, H. C.; Leigh, E.; Hoch, H.; Marrack, J. R.; Johns, R. G. S.; Kekwick, R. A., and Holiday, E. R.: Study of a Case of Purpura Associated with Bone Changes and Formation of a Gel in the Serum on Cooling , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 31:380-389 ( (June) ) 1950. 61. Lerner, A. B., and Greenberg, G. R.: A Homomolecular Serum Protein with Anomalous Solubilities , J. Biol. Chem. 162:429-439 ( (March) ) 1946. 62. Miescher, G., and Leder, M.: Granulomatosis disciformis chronica et progressiva (Atypische Tuberkulose) , Dermatologica 97:25-34, 1948. 63. Mali, J. W. H.: Granulomatosis Disciformis Chronica et Progressiva (Miescher): A Form of Tuberculosis? Dermatologica 101:84-89, 1950. 64. Wells, G. C., and Goldsmith, W. N.: Granulomatosis Disciformis Chronica et Progressiva (Miescher) , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 44:360-361 ( (May) ) 1951.

FISHER, RUSSELL S.

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1956.01550040030005pmid: 13301050

Abstract The last decade has seen the development of a large number of therapeutic agents for use in skin diseases. Some are highly potent and specific and when applied for a particular bacterial infection are more effective than any other agent. The nonspecificity of the vast majority of dermatidides, their nature being influenced perhaps more by the host reaction than by the nature of the insulting agent, has, however, prevented truly great strides in the development of highly specific skin therapeutic measures. Most dermatologists still find wet dressings, soaks, heat and cold, and protection extremely important components of their armamentarium. Among the oldest and most widely used chemical agents in the administration of these therapeutic procedures are boric acid and aluminum acetate (Burow's solution). As far back as 1702, Homberg prepared boric acid and called it ``sal sedativum.'' Since the compound has no internal sedative effect, it References 1. Directory of Medical Specialists , Vol. 7, Chicago, Marquis—Who's Who, 1955. 2. Novak, M.: Antibacterial Action of Boric Acid and Boron Compounds , Bull. National Formulary Committee 18:95-109, 1950. 3. Weidman, F. D.; Emmons, C. W.; Hopkins, J. G., and Lewis, G. M.: The War and Dermatophytosis , J. A. M. A. 128:805-811, 1945.

HIRSCH, PAUL

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1956.01550040036006pmid: 13301051

Abstract Adrenocortical hormones and corticotropin (ACTH) may yield rapid and beneficial results in specific skin disorders. However, the diversity of hormonal and metabolic effects produced by these agents imposes certain limitations to their use. Consequently, the beneficial results which may accrue must be weighed against the possible ill effects of hormone overdosage. The over-all effects of the hormone must be considered before therapy is undertaken for the purpose of producing a specific action in a specific tissue or organ system. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the basic pharmacology of the adrenocortical hormones, their new derivatives, and corticotropin, with particular emphasis on potential side-effects and employment in diseases of the skin. PHARMACOLOGY The adrenocortical hormones are steroids. Over a period of 20 years, 29 compounds have been isolated, culminating in largescale synthesis for practical use. In man the adrenal secretory products References 1. References 1 to 4. 2. References 7 and 8. 3. References 6 and 10. 4. References 12 and 13. 5. References 20 and 21. 6. References 14 and 19. 7. References 23 to 25. 8. References 29 and 30. 9. References 31 and 32. 10. References 41 to 43. 11. References 37 and 42. 12. References 24, 27, 37, and 38. 13. References 47 to 49. 14. Hechter, O.; Zaffaroni, A.; Jacobsen, R. P.; Levy, H., and Jeanloz, R. W.: Nature and Biogenesis of Adrenal Secretory Product , Recent Progr. Hormone Res. 6:215-246, 1951. 15. Reich, H.; Nelson, D. H., and Zaffaroni, A.: Isolation of 17-Hydroxycorticosterone from Blood Obtained from Adrenal Veins of Dogs , J. Biol: Chem. 187:411-417, 1950. 16. Savard, K.; Kolff, W. J., and Corcoran, A. C.: Corticosteroids of Peripheral Blood , Endocrinology 50:366-373, 1952.Crossref 17. Bush, I. E.: Hormones in the Adrenal Venous Effluent , J. Physiol. 112:10P, 1951. 18. Gaunt, R.; Renzi, A. A., and Chart, J. J.: Aldosterone: A Review , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 15:621-646, 1955.Crossref 19. Ward, L. E.; Polley, H. F.; Slocumb, C. H.; Hench, P. S.; Mason, H. L.; Mattox, V. R., and Power, M. H.: The Effects of Aldosterone (Electrocortin) and of 9α-Fluorohydrocortisone Acetate on Rheumatoid Arthritis: Preliminary Report , Proc. Staff Meet., Mayo Clin. 29:649-663, 1954. 20. Luetscher, J. A., Jr., and Johnson, B. B.: Chromatographic Separation of the Sodium-Retaining Corticoid from the Urine of the Children with Nephrosis, Compared with Observations on Normal Children , J. Clin. Invest. 33:276-286, 1954.Crossref 21. Leutscher, J. A., Jr., and Johnson, B. B.: Observations on the Sodium-Retaining Corticoid (Aldosterone) in the Urine of Children and Adults in Relation to Sodium Balance and Edema , J. Clin. Invest. 33:1441-1446, 1954.Crossref 22. Conn, J. W.: Primary Aldosteronism: A New Clinical Syndrome , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 45:3, 1955. 23. Goldfien, A.; Laidlow, J. C.; Haydar, N. A.; Renold, A. E., and Thorn, G. W.: Fluorohydrocortisone and Chlorohydrocortisone: Highly Potent Derivatives of Compound F , New England J. Med. 252:415-421, 1955. 24. Bunim, J. J.; Pachet, M. M., and Bollet, A. J.: Studies on Metacortandralone and Metacortandracin in Rheumatoid Arthritis , J. A. M. A. 157:311-318, 1955. 25. Pearson, O. H.; Eliel, L. P., and Hollander. V. P.: Comparison of Metabolic Effects of Adrenal Cortical Steroids, Compounds A, E, F, and S Acetate , J. Clin. Invest. 30:665, 1951. 26. Perera, G. A.; Ragan, C., and Werner, S. C.: Clinical and Metabolic Study of 17-Hydroxycorticosterone (Kendall Compound F): Comparison with Cortisone , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 77:326-330, 1951. 27. Sprague, R. G.; Power, M. H.; Mason, H. L.; Albert, A.; Mathieson, D. R.; Hench, P. S.; Kendall, E. C.; Slocumb, C. H., and Polley, H. F.: Observations on Physiological Effects of Cortisone and ACTH in Man , Arch. Int. Med. 85:199-258, 1950. 28. Gaunt, R.; Birnie, J. H., and Eversole, W. J.: Adrenal Cortex and Water Metabolism , Physiol. Rev. 29:281-310, 1949. 29. Welt, I. D.; Stetten, D., Jr.; Ingle, D. J., and Morley, E. H.: Effect of Cortisone Upon Rates of Glucose Production and Oxidation in Rat , J. Biol. Chem. 197:57-66, 1952. 30. Wilson, D. L.; Frawley, T. F.; Forsham, P. H., and Thorn, G. W.: Functional Relationship Between Pancreatic Islets and Adrenal Cortex in Man , Proc. Am. Diabetes A. 10:25032, 1950. 31. Hoberman, J. D.: Endocrine Regulation of Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism During Fasting , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 22:341, 1950. 32. Thorn, G. W.; Jenkins, D.; Laidlaw, J. C.; Goetz, F. C.; Dingman, J. F.; Arons, W. L.; Streaton, D. H. P., and McCracken, B. H.: Medical Progress: Pharmacologic Aspects of Adrenocortical Steroids and ACTH in Man , New England J. Med. 248:232-245; 284-294; 323-337; 369-378; 414-423; 588-601, and 632-646, 1953. 33. Opsahl, J.: Hyaluronidase and Adrenal Cortical Hormones , in Transactions of the Second Conference on the Adrenal Cortex, Nov. 16-17, 1950 , edited by E. P. Ralli, New York, Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation, 1951, pp. 115-163. 34. Adams, F. H.; Kelley, V. C.; Dwan, P. F., and Glick, D.: Responses of Serum Hyaluronidase Inhibitor and Mucopropteins to Adrenocorticotropic Hormone in Rheumatic States , in Proceedings of the Second Clinical ACTH Conference , edited by J. R. Mote, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company, 1951, Vol. 2, pp. 529-547. 35. Fraser, C. G.; Preuss, F. S., and Bigford, W. D.: Adrenal Atrophy and Irreversible Shock Associated with Cortisone Therapy , J. A. M. A. 149:1542, 1952. 36. Baker, B. L., and Whitaker, W. L.: Growth Inhibition in Skin Following Direct Application of Adrenal Cortical Preparations , Anat. Rec. 102:333-347, 1948.Crossref 37. Hopkins, J. G.; Kesten, B. M.; Nelson, C. G.; Hambrick, G. W., Jr., Jennings, R. G., and Machacek, G. F.: Pituitary in Diseases of the Skin , A. M. A. Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 65:401-421, 1952. 38. Goldman, L.; Thompson, R. G., and Trice, E. R.: Cortisone Acetate in Skin Disease , A. M. A. Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 65:177-186, 1952. 39. Brunsting, L. A.; Slocumb, C. H., and Didcoct, J. W.: Effects of Cortisone on Acute Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus , A. M. A. Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 63:29-52, 1951. 40. Sauer, G. C.; Herrmann, F.; Milberg, I. L.; Prose, P. H.; Baer, R. L., and Sulzberger, M. B.: Diseases and Physiologic Functions of the Skin , in Proceedings of the Second Clinical ACTH Conference , edited by J. R. Mote, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company, 1951, Vol. 2, pp. 529-547. 41. Teicher, R., and Nelson, C. T.: Osteoporosis and Pathological Fractures Following Treatment with ACTH and Cortisone , J. Invest. Dermat. 19:205-210, 1952. 42. Becks, H.; Simpson, M. E.; Marx, W.; Li, C. H., and Evans, H. M.: Effects of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) on Osseous System in Normal Rats , Endocrinology 34:305-310, 1944. 43. Baker, B. L.: Modification of Body Structure by Adrenocortical Secretions with Special Reference to Regulation of Growth , in Pituitary-Adrenal Function , Washington, D. C., Association for the Advancement of Science, 1951, pp. 88-95. 44. Bjørneboe, M.; Fischel, E. E., and Stoerk, H. C.: Effect of Cortisone and Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone on Concentration of Circulating Antibody , J. Exper. Med. 93:37-48, 1951. 45. Germuth, F. G., Jr.; Oyama, J., and Ottinger, B.: Mechanism of Action of 17-Hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone (Compound E) and of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone in Experimental Hypersensitivity in Rabbits , J. Exper. Med. 94:139-170, 1951. 46. Brown, E. M., Jr., and Hollander, J. L.: Allergy to ACTH and the Use of Beef ACTH , in Proceedings of the Second Clinical ACTH Conference , edited by J. R. Mote, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company, 1951, Vol. 2, pp. 529-547. 47. Gordon, E. S.; Kelsey, C., and Meyer, E. S.: Adrenal Stimulation by Intravenous ACTH , in Proceedings of the Second Clinical ACTH Conference , edited by J. R. Mote, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company, 1951, Vol. 2, pp. 30-37. 48. Renold, A. E.; Jenkins, D.; Forsham, P. H., and Thorn, G. W.: The Use of Intravenous ACTH: A Study in Quantitative Adrenocortical Stimulation , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 12:769-797, 1952. 49. Wilten, V. H.; Shapiro, A. J., and Silber, R. H.: Attempts to Demonstrate Absorption of Hydrocortisone by New Chemical Tests Following Inunction into Human Skin , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 88:419-421, 1955. 50. Steiner, K., and Frank, L.: Clinical Experiences with Cortisone and Corticotropin (ACTH) in Some Cutaneous Diseases , A. M. A. Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 65:524-534, 1952. 51. Pillsbury, D. M., and Urbach, F.: Diseases Affecting the Skin , in Medical Uses of Cortisone , edited by F. D. W. Lukens, New York, The Blakiston Company, 1954, pp. 357-386. 52. Lever, W. F.: Pemphigus, Medicine 32:1-115, 1953. 53. Bloom, D.; Sobel, N., and Pelzig, A.: Corticotropin and Cortisone: Dosage and Ratio of Intramuscular and Intravenous Corticotropin (ACTH) and Oral Cortisone in Treatment of Certain Dermatoses , A. M. A. Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 67:61-65, 1953. 54. Soffer, L. J., Baehr, G., Levitt, M. F., and Bader, M.: The Use of Adrenocorticotropin and Cortisone in Acute Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus , in Proceedings of the Second Clinical ACTH Conference , edited by J. R. Mote, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company, 1951, Vol. 2, pp. 680-695. 55. Downing, J. G.: The Use of ACTH and Cortisone in Dermatology , New England J. Med. 246:56-65, and 94-101, 1952. 56. Haserick, J. R.: Effect of Cortisone and Corticotropin on Prognosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus , A. M. A. Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 68:714-725, 1953. 57. Ekblad, G. H.: Treatment of Urticaria and Dermatitis Venenata with Corticotropin (ACTH) and Cortisone , A. M. A. Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 64:628-634, 1951. 58. Sulzberger, M. B., and Witten, V. H.: The Effect of Topically Applied Compound F. in Selected Dermatosis , J. Invest. Dermat. 19:101-102, 1952. 59. Witten, V. H.; Sulzberger, M. B.; Zimmerman, E. H., and Shapiro, A. J.: A Therapeutic Assay of Topically Applied 9α-Flurohydrocortisone Acetate in Selected Dermatoses , J. Invest. Dermat. 24:1-4, 1955. 60. Fred, L.; Levin, M. H.; Rivo, J. B., and Barrett, T. F.: Development of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis During ACTH and Cortisone Therapy , J. A. M. A. 147:242-246, 1951. 61. Popp, C. G.; Ottosen, P., and Brasher, C. A.: Cortisone and Pulmonary Tuberculosis , J. A. M. A. 147:241-242, 1951. 62. King, E. Q.; Johnson, J. B.; Batten, G. S., and Henry, W. L.: Tuberculosis Following Cortisone Therapy , J. A. M. A. 147:238-241, 1951.Crossref

KALZ, FREDERICK;SCOTT, ALLENE

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1956.01550040049007pmid: 13301052

Abstract The selection of ointment bases and vehicles for the incorporation of topically applied drugs has never ceased to interest the practicing physician. However, this choice, up until the present time, has been chiefly determined by tradition and by clinical impression rather than by clinical research. The recent introduction of a number of emulsifying agents has made possible the construction of numerous new formulae for both water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions, and absorption bases of various types. It is thus within our scope now to design a vehicle, ``made-to-order,'' which should meet all the requisites which the physician may outline for his base.1 Through the activity of pharmaceutical research, the physician has been able to eliminate vehicles with allergenic and irritating properties while achieving certain standards with regard to compatibility and stability of the various drugs and bases. Experimental studies have been concerned with the influ References 1. We have not included bases containing cholesterol and hydrous wool fat (lanolin), because of the recent reports dealing with their sensitizing properties. 2. Trade name Neutrabase; courtesy of Wm. Wright & Company. 3. The commercial base for hydrocortisone ointment used by Merck's, Limited (Canada). 4. Trade name: Base 620, Wm. Wright & Company. 5. A complex colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate manufactured by the R. T. Vanderbilt Co. 6. A self-emulsifying wax manufactured by Aceto Chemical Co., Inc. 7. Robinson, R. C. V.: Comparative Study of Ointment Bases , A. M. A. Arch. Dermat. 72:54 ( (July) ) 1955.Crossref 8. Strakosch, E. A.: Studies in Ointments , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 47:16 ( (Jan.) ); 9. 216 (Feb.) 1943 10. 48:384-392 (Oct.) 1943. 11. Kalz, F.; McCorriston, L. R., and Prichard, H.: An Evaluation of Hydrocortisone Acetate Ointments in Various Skin Diseases , Canad. M. A. J. 72:7 ( (Jan.) ) 1955.

NEWCOMER, D.;GRAHAM, JAMES H.;SCHAFFERT, ROSCOE R.;KAPLAN, LEO

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1956.01550040055008pmid: 13301053

Abstract The term ``sclerosing lipogranuloma'' has recently been proposed by Smetana and Bernhard* for a peculiar granulomatous reaction that occurs in subcutaneous fat tissue after injury of various types. It was their feeling that this traumatic sclerosing lipogranuloma is related to, but may be distinguished from, traumatic fat necrosis of the breast, relapsing nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis, adiponecrosis neonatorum, lipid pneumonia, pelvic lipogranuloma caused by iodized oils injected for uterosalpingography, and other artificial lipogranulomas. They presented 14 cases, all occurring in males. Their ages varied from 20 to 60 years. In nine cases these lesions were in the genital region, involving either the penis or the scrotum, or both. In an additional five cases the buttocks, eye, arm, and the floor of the bladder were the sites of involvement. The process had persisted in most cases for a considerable period of time, and in no instance did healing References 1. References 1 and 2. 2. Kingsley, G. R., and Schaffert, R. R.: Microanalysis of Lipids, unpublished data. 3. Cited by Winton and Winton.12 4. Smetana, H. F., and Bernhard, W.: Sclerosing Lipogranuloma: Preliminary Report , South. M. J. 43:702, 1950.Crossref 5. Smetana, H. F., and Bernhard, W.: Sclerosing Lipogranuloma , Arch. Path. 50:296, 1950. 6. Powell, N., and Powell, E. B.: Sclerosing Lipogranuloma of Testicular Adnexae , J. Urol. 59:631, 1948. 7. Anning, S. T.: Sclerosing Lipogranuloma , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 45:101, 1952. 8. Calnan, C. D., and Haber, H.: Sclerosing Lipogranuloma , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 45:716, 1952. 9. Galbraith, B. T., and Young, J. M.: Sclerosing Lipogranuloma: Report of 2 Cases , J. A. M. A. 150:1295, 1952.Crossref 10. Bell, D. B., and Civin, W. H.: Sclerosing Lipogranuloma: Case Report , Hawaii M. J. 11:291, 1952. 11. Best, E. W.; Mason, H. L.; DeWeerd, J. W., and Dahlin, D. C.: Sclerosing Lipogranuloma of the Male Genitalia Produced by Mineral Oil , Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin. 28:623, 1953. 12. Kingsley, G. R.: A. O. A. C. 27:337, 1944. 13. Zuckerman, J. L.; Zymaris, M. C., and Natelson, S.: Simple Method for Determination of Fecal Fat and Fatty Acids , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 34:282, 1949. 14. Kingsley, G. R., and Schaffert, R. R.: Determination of Free and Total Cholesterol by Direct Chloroform Extraction , J. Biol. Chem. 180:315, 1949. 15. Winton, A. L., and Winton, K. C. B.: Analysis of Foods , New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1945, p. 490. 16. Goldstein, N. P.; Epstein, J. H., and Roe, J. H.: Studies of Pancreatic Function: Simplified Method for Determination of Serum Lipase, Using Aqueous Tributyrin as Substrate, with 100 Normal Values by this Method , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 33:1047, 1948. 17. Heidingsfeld, M. L.: Histopathology of Paraffin Prosthesis , J. Cutan. Dis. 22:513, 1906. 18. Mook, W. H., and Wander, W. G.: Camphorated Oil Tumors , J. A. M. A. 73:1340, 1919. 19. Mook, W. H., and Wander, W. G.: Camphor Oil Tumors , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 1:304, 1920. 20. Stokes, J. H., and Scholl, A. J., Jr.: A Case of Probable Paraffin-Oil Tumor , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 4:50, 1921. 21. Weidman, F. D.: ``Camphorated Oil" Tumors, Correspondence , J. A. M. A. 78:58, 1922. 22. Weidman, F. D., and Jefferies, M. S.: Experimental Production of Paraffin Oil Tumors in Monkeys , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 7:209, 1923. 23. Rosser, C.: Chemical Rectal Stricture , J. A. M. A. 96:1762, 1931. 24. Rosser, C., and Wallace, S. A.: Tumor Formation: Pathologic Changes Consequent to Injection of Oils Under Rectal Mucosa , J. A. M. A. 99:2167, 1932. 25. Kaplan, L.: Combined Cod Liver Oil and Liquid Petrolatum Pneumonia in a Child , Am. J. Dis. Child. 62:1217, 1941. 26. de Cholnoky, T.: Paraffinoma of Male Breast , Am. J. Surg. 44:649, 1939.Crossref 27. Mason, M. L., and Queen, F. B.: Grease Gun Injuries to the Hand: Pathology and Treatment of Injuries (Oleomas) Following the Injection of Grease Under High Pressure , Quart. Bull. Northwestern Univ. M. School 15:122, 1941. 28. Brown, A. F., and Joergenson, E. J.: Genito-Mammary Paraffin Oil Granulomas in the Male , Ann. West. Med. & Surg. 1:301, 1947. 29. Quénu, J., and Pérol, E.: Paraffinomas of the Penis , Internat. Abstr. Surg. 86:174, 1948 30. in Surg., Gynec. & Obst. , (Feb.) , 1948. 31. Bradley, R. H., Jr., and Ehrgott, W. A.: Paraffinoma of the Penis, Case Report , J. Urol. 65:453, 1951.

SULZBERGER, MARION B.;OBADIA, JACOBO

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1956.01550040067009pmid: 13301054

Abstract Since time immemorial a great variety of different forms of topical medication have been used in the treatment of various common scalp disorders. A large number of these preparations, even the best and most modern ones prescribed by dermatologists and other physicians, have been unpleasant and "messy," leaving the hair unsightly, greasy or sticky, and the scalp uncomfortable. In addition, in such very common diseases of the scalp as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, the available preparations have been relatively ineffective in an unfortunately large proportion of the cases. In the attempt to find a preparation that would be more acceptable to the patients and at the same time more therapeutically effective, we undertook to repeat and extend the study and evaluation of a relatively new preparation which previously had been reported1 as being of value in the treatment of psoriasis of the scalp. This preparation References 1. P & S Liquid, Chester A. Baker Laboratories, Boston. 2. Vickers, M. A.: The Clinical Evaluation of a Liquid. Suggested for Psoriasiform Problems of the Scalp , J. Maine M. A. 45:332, 1954.

O'FARRELL, NORMAN M.

1956 A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology

doi: 10.1001/archderm.1956.01550040070010pmid: 13301055

Abstract In 1946 Dobes and Jones1 proposed the name ``erythema streptogenes'' for a scaling and depigmenting dermatitis seen most commonly in dark-skinned children. This is not a new disease, as it had previously been described in older texts under many names: impetigo furfuracea, pityriasis simplex, and pityriasis alba. Dobes and Jones believed that it was a streptococcal infection because they were able to culture hemolytic Streptococcus in five of seven cases, although sometimes several attempts were necessary to obtain the germ. Fox,* working on the same problem in 1923 and 1924, grew no bacteria. Pardo-Castello and Dominguez4 grew no bacteria but did grow an Aspergillus fungus. With the advent of the newer antibiotic preparations there has been growing dissatisfaction with the name ``erythema streptogenes." The condition does not act like an infection. It responds to antibiotics no better than to the base without the medication. References 1. References 2 and 3. 2. Dobes, W. L., and Jones, J.: Erythema Streptogenes , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 53:107 ( (Feb.) ) 1946. 3. Fox, H.: Partial Depigmentation, Chiefly of the Face, in Negro Children , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 7:268 ( (Feb.) ) 1923. 4. Fox, H.: Partial Depigmentation of the Face of a Negro , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 10:78 ( (July) ) 1924. 5. Pardo-Castello, V., and Martinez Dominguez, M.: Achromia Parasitaria , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 9:82 ( (Jan.) ) 1924. 6. Hazen, H. H.: Diseases of the Skin , St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1927, p. 165.