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Arthropod Management Tests

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Evaluating Efficacy of Biological and Reduced Risk Pesticides Against Heliothine Caterpillars in Hemp, 2021

Pulkoski, Melissa; Burack, Hannah

2023 Arthropod Management Tests

doi: 10.1093/amt/tsac140

Industrial hemp | Cannabis sativa Corn earworm | Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) Tobacco budworm | Chloridea virescens (Fabricius) GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-HV1a, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, HzSNPV (nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa zea), Beauveria bassiana strain GHA, chlorantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole Field trials to evaluate a range of conventional insecticides and federally approved biopesticides for the control of heliothine caterpillars were conducted in hemp grown following cannabinoid production practices in North Carolina at the Oxford Tobacco Research Station in Oxford, NC. Five-week-old asexually propagated clones of BaOx variety hemp (Carolina Greenhouses, Kinston, NC) were hand-transplanted into uncovered beds on 1 Jul 2021. During cultivation, field burndown was conducted using glyphosate 41% (Mad Dawg Herbicide, Loveland Products Inc., Greeley, CO) and S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum, Syngenta, Greensboro, NC) for weed control. Fertilizer 20-16-16, N-K-P (Nutrien Ag Solution, Loveland, CO) was applied during cultivation at a rate of 409 kg/ha. After transplant, weeds were manually removed weekly. Plants were sprinkler irrigated once per week or as needed until flower initiation. Plots consisted of a single 12.2 m long row of 10 plants, although due to stand loss, some rows contained fewer than 10 plants. Each treatment was replicated four times in an RCB design. Following flower initiation, plots were scouted weekly for heliothine larvae. Once at least three replicates of each treatment were infested with caterpillars, insecticide applications were initiated. All treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a single flat fan nozzle. Treatments were applied at 55 psi to achieve a target application rate of 50 gpa for all treatments except Harvanta which was applied at 100 gpa. Three insecticide applications were made on 10 Sep, 15 Sep, and 20 Sep. Heliothine larvae on two buds from five plants per plot were assessed 5 d after the first two applications and 4 d after the final application. On 24 Sep a final damage rating was assessed on the same two buds per plant on which heliothine larvae were observed. Up to 30 larvae were collected weekly from hemp plants adjacent to plots, returned to the laboratory, and reared to adulthood to confirm species identity. Moths were confirmed to be either corn earworm (79%) or tobacco budworm (21%). Data were analyzed by location via a mixed model ANOVA (Proc MIXED, SAS, v.9.4, Cary, NC). Larvae counts were modeled with pesticide treatment and days after treatment as fixed effects and replication as a random effect. Damage rating was modeled with pesticide treatment as a fixed effect and replication as a random effect. In instances where significant effects were observed, adjusted means were separated via the Tukey–Kramer adjustment (α = 0.05). Following the second application, plots treated with Helicoverpa zea nucleopolyhedrovirus ABA-NPV-U (H. zea NPV) with Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Bt subsp. kurstaki), H. zea NPV with Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai (Bt subsp. aizawai), and the two conventional materials, chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) and cyclaniliprole (Harvanta) had significantly lower numbers of larvae (F = 1.88; df = 24,105; P = 0.0153) than untreated control plots (Table 1). Plots treated with the two conventional materials, chlorantraniliprole and cyclaniliprole, experienced significantly less damage (F = 8.66; df = 8,24; P < 0.0001) than untreated control plots (Table 2). The biopesticide materials which are currently registered in industrial hemp or pending registration generally provided no greater control of corn earworm than the untreated control.1 Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). aLog10 (X + 1) transformed data used for analysis, nontransformed means shown in the table. Open in new tab Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). aLog10 (X + 1) transformed data used for analysis, nontransformed means shown in the table. Open in new tab Table 2. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). Open in new tab Table 2. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). Open in new tab Footnotes 1 This research was financially supported through the IR-4 Food Crops Program, which also provided pesticide material. © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected]
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Open Access Collection
Control of Broad Mite on ‘Jalapeno’ Pepper With Labeled Miticides and Experimental Biopesticides, 2022

Qureshi, Jawwad; Kostyk, Barry C

2023 Arthropod Management Tests

doi: 10.1093/amt/tsac141

Pepper | Capsicum annuum Broad mite | Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) abamectin/avermectin B1, Burkholderia spp Broad mite is an important pest of Florida-grown peppers causing distortion of young shoots which leads to a loss of blooms and increases blossom drop. High populations can also cause fruit russeting, resulting in loss of yield and quality. This trial was conducted at the Southwest Florida Research and Education Center in Immokalee, FL, using greenhouse-raised pepper plants transplanted on 18 Mar at 18-inch spacing on a two beds covered with white-on-black polyethylene film mulch. Plots consisting of 15 plants bordered by a 12-ft buffer were assigned to four treatments plus the untreated check in an RCB design with four replications. Applications were made using a high-clearance sprayer operating at 180 psi and 2.3 mph with an output of 40 gpa (Table 1). Populations of broad mite were monitored on 10, 17, 24 May by sampling eight terminal leaves from each plot and counting all stages of the mites under a stereoscopic microscope. On 3 May prior to the initiation of treatments 0.90 ± 2.47 mites per leaf was observed. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means separated by LSD contingent on a significant treatment effect (P > 0.05). Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Application dates . Total (no.) eggs, juveniles, and adults per leaf . V:V% 5 May 11 May 18 May 25 May 2 Jun 10 May 17 May 24 May 1 Jun 8 Jun Untreated check 0.59 2.81 5.00a 6.72a 1.15a Agrimek SC 3.5 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 0.94 0.69b 0.50c 0.03c Induce 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.84 3.59ab 3.96ab 0.88ab MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.13 6.25a 6.59a 0.88ab Nufilm 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.31 3.81 3.88a 3.09bc 0.25bc UBP140 10 x x x x x Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Application dates . Total (no.) eggs, juveniles, and adults per leaf . V:V% 5 May 11 May 18 May 25 May 2 Jun 10 May 17 May 24 May 1 Jun 8 Jun Untreated check 0.59 2.81 5.00a 6.72a 1.15a Agrimek SC 3.5 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 0.94 0.69b 0.50c 0.03c Induce 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.84 3.59ab 3.96ab 0.88ab MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.13 6.25a 6.59a 0.88ab Nufilm 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.31 3.81 3.88a 3.09bc 0.25bc UBP140 10 x x x x x Means within columns followed by same letter are not statistically different (LSD, P > 0.05). Open in new tab Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Application dates . Total (no.) eggs, juveniles, and adults per leaf . V:V% 5 May 11 May 18 May 25 May 2 Jun 10 May 17 May 24 May 1 Jun 8 Jun Untreated check 0.59 2.81 5.00a 6.72a 1.15a Agrimek SC 3.5 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 0.94 0.69b 0.50c 0.03c Induce 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.84 3.59ab 3.96ab 0.88ab MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.13 6.25a 6.59a 0.88ab Nufilm 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.31 3.81 3.88a 3.09bc 0.25bc UBP140 10 x x x x x Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Application dates . Total (no.) eggs, juveniles, and adults per leaf . V:V% 5 May 11 May 18 May 25 May 2 Jun 10 May 17 May 24 May 1 Jun 8 Jun Untreated check 0.59 2.81 5.00a 6.72a 1.15a Agrimek SC 3.5 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 0.94 0.69b 0.50c 0.03c Induce 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.84 3.59ab 3.96ab 0.88ab MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.13 6.25a 6.59a 0.88ab Nufilm 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.31 3.81 3.88a 3.09bc 0.25bc UBP140 10 x x x x x Means within columns followed by same letter are not statistically different (LSD, P > 0.05). Open in new tab Population of Broadmite was light and unevenly distributed in this trial with no significant treatment effects observed on 10 or 17 May and the population collapsed in early Jun presumably from the high temperatures and rains that are common in Southwest Florida in this time period. Only the Agrimek SC treatment resulted in significantly lower population of mites on 24 May and 1, 8 Jun when compared to the untreated check, but the MBI306/UBP140 tank mix did have significantly fewer mites than the check on 1 and 8 Jun.1 Footnotes 1 No phytotoxic effects were seen in this experiment, which was supported by industry gifts of pesticide and research funding. © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected]
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