Arthropod Management Tests

Biddinger, David, J.;Hull, Larry, A.

1994 Arthropod Management Tests

doi: 10.1093/amt/19.1.1

Abstract Various formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis and an organophosphate standard Penncap M 2F were applied to 5 tree plots consisting of 5 year old ‘Yorking’ trees planted 20 × 30 ft apart. Sprays were applied on 13 Jul with a John Bean sprayer equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 3 gal of spray were applied per replicate tree (200 gal/A). During the season, regular maintenance fungicides of Penncozeb 80WP, Nova 40WP, and Captan 50WP were applied to all plots. Maintenance insecticides were applied on 15 Apr for aphid control (Lorsban 4E 0.5 pt/100 gal) and on 19 May, 2 & 16 Jun (Imidan 50WP 0.75 lb/100 gal) for codling moth control. The effectiveness of compounds was evaluated from leaves with residues that had been weathered 0, 3, 6 and 10 days after application. At each evaluation date, 12 spur leaves were picked from each replicate tree (60 leaves/treatment). A single 2 cm leaf disk was punched from each leaf and 3 disks were placed into each of four 50 mm × 10 mm tight fitting plastic petri dishes which represented each replicate tree. Five neonate TABM larvae were added to each petri dish using a camel’s hair brush. Mortality was evaluated after 7 d at 70°F, 16:8 D:L. These TABM larvae were from a laboratory colony that originated from field collected material in 1991 and which had been reared on semisynthetic lima bean diet and infused with approximately 50% field collected material every other generation. Larvae were considered dead if they did not move when probed. Changes in effectiveness of each compound as residues aged were evaluated by transforming data with Abbott’s formula to correct for control mortality. Differences between evaluation times for each treatment were also evaluated. Platynota idaeusalis Apple This content is only available as a PDF. © 1994, Entomological Society of America

Lou Day,, Merry;Hogmire, Henry, W.;Winfield,, Tim

1994 Arthropod Management Tests

doi: 10.1093/amt/19.1.1a

Abstract This experiment was conducted in 3 mini blocks, each Vi acre, of 15-yr-old trees on MM 111, which measured 14.6 ft. in height and 13.4 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of six single-tree replications per treatment, with two replications per mini-block in a randomized block design. Each replicate was surrounded by one unsprayed tree on each side. Insecticides were applied on 30 Jun with a Swanson DA500 airblast sprayer, traveling at 2.4 mph and delivering 100 gpa. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Captan and Topsin-M. Rose leafhopper control was evaluated by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 randomly selected leaves per tree. Asana Apple This content is only available as a PDF. © 1994, Entomological Society of America

Hamilton, George, C.;Polk,, Dean;Rizio,, Eugene

1994 Arthropod Management Tests

doi: 10.1093/amt/19.1.2

Abstract A 10 year-old apple orchard, variety ‘Red Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots, replicated 4 times/variety in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 3 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun operated at 200 psi. Treatments were applied when ERM populations reached 6 mites/leaf (23 Jun). For disease control the entire orchard was treated with Captan as needed. Weekly ERM counts were made by randomly selecting 20 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile ERM and AF. Mite-days (MD) were calculated as: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 × 7], where MD1 = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given sample date and M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next sample date. Predatory coccinellids were sampled by 3 minute visual counts of larvae and adults on 29 Jun, 13, 20, and 27 Jul, and 3 and 10 Aug. At harvest, 100 fruit/tree were collected and weighed, evaluated for spray injury, and rated (0%-100%) for russeting. Data were transformed to sqrt(x + 1) or arcsine(x) before ANOVA and comparison of means. Amblyseius fallacis Kelthane Apple This content is only available as a PDF. © 1994, Entomological Society of America

Hamilton, George, C.;Polk,, Dean;Rizio,, Eugene

1994 Arthropod Management Tests

doi: 10.1093/amt/19.1.3

Abstract A 10 year-old apple orchard, variety ‘Red Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots, replicated 4 times/variety in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 3 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun operated at 200 psi. Treatments were applied at petal fall (PF—11 May), 5th cover (5th—12 Jun) and 6th cover (6th—3 Aug). The orchard was treated with Captan for disease control as needed. Weekly ERM counts were made by randomly selecting 20 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile ERM and AF. Mite-days (MD) were calculated as: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 × 7], where MD1 = mitedays already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given sample date and M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next sample date. Leafhoppers (White apple and/or Rose) were evaluated at 1,3, 7, 14, and 21 days post treatment using a 20 leaves/tree (PF) or 50 leaves/tree (5th and 6th) sample. Predatory coccinellids were sampled by 3 minute counts of larvae and adults. At harvest, 100 fruit/tree were collected and weighed, evaluated for spray injury, and rated (0%-100%) for russeting. Data were transformed to sqrt(x + 1) or arcsine(x) before ANOVA and comparison of means. Amblyseius fallacis Carzol Apple This content is only available as a PDF. © 1994, Entomological Society of America

Hogmire, Henry, W.;Winfield,, Tim;Grove,, Chris;Collins,, Kate;Jilek,, Jill

1994 Arthropod Management Tests

doi: 10.1093/amt/19.1.5

Abstract This experiment was conducted in a 5.4 acre block of 39-yr-old trees, which measured 16.5 ft. in height antl 23 ft. in width and were planted 20 × 40 ft. apart. The experimental design for the first 7 treatments and the check consisted of 6 single-tree plots (3 ‘Rome Beauty’, 3 ‘Golden Delicious’) in a randomized block design. The experimental design for treatments of S-71639 and Fenoxycarb consisted of 3 replications of 9-tree plots (3 rows × 3 trees/row) in a randomized block design, with insect data taken from the center tree (‘Rome Beauty’) in each plot. Insecticides were applied with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer which traveled at 2.4 mph. A spray volume of 300 gpa was used in the delayed dormant application of oil in the first treatment, with all other treatments applied at 100 gpa. Dates of application were 14 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 24 Apr (prepink [PP]), 14 May (petal fall [PFJ), 27 May (first cover [1C]), 14 Jun (second cover [2C]), 29 Jun (third cover [3C]), 15 Jul (fourth cover [4CD, 30 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 12 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 26 Aug (seventh cover [7C]), and 8 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Bayleton, Captan, Dodine, Kocide, NAA, Nova, Streptomycin, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Control of SA was evaluated by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 10 terminals from the periphery of each tree. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting mines observed on the periphery of trees during a 5 min period. Effect of treatments against RLH and WALH was determined by counting nymphs on 25 leaves selected from the tree periphery. ERM control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mitebrushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 100 picked apples/replication plus up to 100 drop apples/replication on 22 Sep. Fruit picked (100/tree) from 3 replications of ‘Golden Delicious’ trees were rated for finish as 0 (no russet), 1 (enlarged and raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>50% russeted surface). Aphis spiraecola Danitol Apple This content is only available as a PDF. © 1994, Entomological Society of America

Hogmire, Henry, W.;Winfield,, Tim;Grove,, Chris;Collins,, Kate;Jilek,, Jill

1994 Arthropod Management Tests

doi: 10.1093/amt/19.1.7

Abstract This experiment was conducted in a one third acre block of 8-yr-old ‘Redchief’ trees on M26, which measured 13.5 ft. in height and 9 ft. in width and were planted 10 × 15 ft. apart. The experimental design consisted of 4 single-tree plots in a randomized block design, with each replicate surrounded by at least one unsprayed tree on each side. Acaricides were applied with an FMC Economist airblast sprayer at 2.2 mph applying 100 gpa. Dates of application were 24 Jun, 14 and 29 Jul. Other materials applied separately to all treatments during the experiment were Captan, Guthion, Penncap-M and Topsin-M. ERM control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Panonychus ulmi Kelthane Apple This content is only available as a PDF. © 1994, Entomological Society of America

Hogmire, Henry, W.;Winfield,, Tim;Grove,, Chris;Collins,, Kate;Jilek,, Jill

1994 Arthropod Management Tests

doi: 10.1093/amt/19.1.8

Abstract A treatment which included Sevin XLR PLUS and a standard treatment were each applied to a 1/3 acre block (6 rows × 6 trees/row) of 13-yr-old trees on M7A. Test trees measured 17 ft. in height and 13.5 ft. in width and were planted 20 X 20 ft. apart. Insecticides were applied with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, at 2.4 mph applying 100 gpa. Dates of application were 27 May (first cover [ICJ), 14 Jun (second cover [2C]), 29 Jun (third cover [3C]), 15 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 30 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 12 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 26 Aug (seventh cover [7C]), and 8 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Captan and Topsin-M were applied separately to both treatments and an untreated block. Data were taken from 4 trees in the center 2 rows of each block. Control of SA was evaluated by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 10 terminals from the periphery of each tree. Effect of treatments against RLH was determined by counting nymphs on 25 leaves selected from the tree periphery. ERM control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting mites observed on the periphery of trees during a 5 min period. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 400 picked apples/treatment plus up to 400 drop apples/treatment sampled on 23 Sep. Picked fruit were rated for finish as 0 (no russet), 1 (enlarged and raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>50% russeted surface). Aphis spiraecola Guthion Apple This content is only available as a PDF. © 1994, Entomological Society of America

Horsburgh, R., L.;Kilmer, S., W.;Warren, J., R.

1994 Arthropod Management Tests

doi: 10.1093/amt/19.1.9

Abstract The experiment was conducted in an orchard of 16 year old ‘Spur Red’ Delicious apple trees on MM 106 roots. Treatments were placed in alternating rows, with the intervening unsprayed rows serving as guard rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate (4 per treatment) consisted of three adjacent trees. Data was only taken from the center tree of each replicate. Treatments were applied with a power take off driven FMC (model 252S) airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa (76.62 liters/ha). Delayed dormant 60 sec. oil (6 gal./acre) was applied to two treatments on 27 Apr. One treatment contained only oil but the other had Kinetic EC (16 oz./acre) combined with oil. Two control plots were established, one received two inoculations of ERM and one did not. The inoculations made to all plots except as noted above consisted of taping 10 mite infested apple shoots (collected in a heavily infested commercial orchard) to limbs on the periphery of each test tree. Inoculations were made on 24 May and 4 Jun. Other treatments were applied on 21 Jun and 28 Jun. Predator data (16 Jul) was collected during a three minute observation of the canopy. Mite data were developed by collecting leaf samples (20 leaves) and following the standard Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing procedure. Aculus schlechtendali Kinetic Apple This content is only available as a PDF. © 1994, Entomological Society of America

Horsburgh, R., L.;Warren, J., R.;Kilmer, S., W.

1994 Arthropod Management Tests

doi: 10.1093/amt/19.1.11

Abstract Insecticides were applied to 10 year old ‘Ida Red’ apple trees on MM III rootstocks. Five three row plots were randomly selected and one was assigned to each treatment. The two outside rows served as guard rows. Data were collected from four or five replicate trees randomly selected from the middle rows in each plot. Treatments were applied with a power take off driven FMC (model 252S) sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa (76.62 liters/ha.), a 6x concentration for this orchard. Treatments were applied on 27 Apr, 21 May and 6 Jul. Other insecticide sprays included a delayed dormant spray of superior oil (60 sec.) applied to the control and the Lannate + Guthion plots on 8 Apr. Guthion 35W (2 lb./A) was added to all sprays (including the 6 Jul treatment) on the NTN33893 plot on and after 18 Jun. Other materials used for orchard maintenance are given later in a table. Insect predators were sampled in a three minute visual count per tree. RAA & AA (complex of AA & SA) were counted as number of infested terminals in 10/replicate, or number of infested water sprouts in 10/replicate, or number in 10 terminals/replicate on which the terminal leaf was infested. Tentiform leafminer and WALH data indicate the number of leaf mines or leafhoppers/leaf present when ten leaves/replicate were examined. Mite data were generated using the Henderson McBurnie method of brushing 20-leaf samples from each replicate. Mites and eggs were counted with a binocular microscope. Data were transformed to either log 10x +1 or square root X + .5 for analysis. Aphis pomi Guthion Apple This content is only available as a PDF. © 1994, Entomological Society of America

Hull, Larry, A.

1994 Arthropod Management Tests

doi: 10.1093/amt/19.1.15

Abstract Treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of ‘Yorking’ and 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’. The trees were spaced 10 × 20 ft apart and were 20 years old. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa, driven at 2 mph. Spray dates were 1 and 13 Jul. Approximately 2 cm of rain fell within 2 h after the first application. All plots received a regular maintenance schedule of fungicides (Topsin 85DF, Captan 50WP, Nova 40WP, and Penncozeb 80WP) and nutrients (Solubor and CaCl). Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 35WP, Lannate 1.8L) were applied as needed at 1- to 2-week intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of treatments on ERM and ZM was evaluated by counting these mites at approximately weekly intervals during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. SP was observed by making 3 minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. Russet rating was based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10%) russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). Panonychus ulmi Exp. Comp. 1, EXP60848A Apple This content is only available as a PDF. © 1994, Entomological Society of America