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Pulkoski, Melissa; Burack, Hannah
2023 Arthropod Management Tests
doi: 10.1093/amt/tsac140
Industrial hemp | Cannabis sativa Corn earworm | Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) Tobacco budworm | Chloridea virescens (Fabricius) GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-HV1a, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, HzSNPV (nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa zea), Beauveria bassiana strain GHA, chlorantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole Field trials to evaluate a range of conventional insecticides and federally approved biopesticides for the control of heliothine caterpillars were conducted in hemp grown following cannabinoid production practices in North Carolina at the Oxford Tobacco Research Station in Oxford, NC. Five-week-old asexually propagated clones of BaOx variety hemp (Carolina Greenhouses, Kinston, NC) were hand-transplanted into uncovered beds on 1 Jul 2021. During cultivation, field burndown was conducted using glyphosate 41% (Mad Dawg Herbicide, Loveland Products Inc., Greeley, CO) and S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum, Syngenta, Greensboro, NC) for weed control. Fertilizer 20-16-16, N-K-P (Nutrien Ag Solution, Loveland, CO) was applied during cultivation at a rate of 409 kg/ha. After transplant, weeds were manually removed weekly. Plants were sprinkler irrigated once per week or as needed until flower initiation. Plots consisted of a single 12.2 m long row of 10 plants, although due to stand loss, some rows contained fewer than 10 plants. Each treatment was replicated four times in an RCB design. Following flower initiation, plots were scouted weekly for heliothine larvae. Once at least three replicates of each treatment were infested with caterpillars, insecticide applications were initiated. All treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a single flat fan nozzle. Treatments were applied at 55 psi to achieve a target application rate of 50 gpa for all treatments except Harvanta which was applied at 100 gpa. Three insecticide applications were made on 10 Sep, 15 Sep, and 20 Sep. Heliothine larvae on two buds from five plants per plot were assessed 5 d after the first two applications and 4 d after the final application. On 24 Sep a final damage rating was assessed on the same two buds per plant on which heliothine larvae were observed. Up to 30 larvae were collected weekly from hemp plants adjacent to plots, returned to the laboratory, and reared to adulthood to confirm species identity. Moths were confirmed to be either corn earworm (79%) or tobacco budworm (21%). Data were analyzed by location via a mixed model ANOVA (Proc MIXED, SAS, v.9.4, Cary, NC). Larvae counts were modeled with pesticide treatment and days after treatment as fixed effects and replication as a random effect. Damage rating was modeled with pesticide treatment as a fixed effect and replication as a random effect. In instances where significant effects were observed, adjusted means were separated via the Tukey–Kramer adjustment (α = 0.05). Following the second application, plots treated with Helicoverpa zea nucleopolyhedrovirus ABA-NPV-U (H. zea NPV) with Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Bt subsp. kurstaki), H. zea NPV with Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai (Bt subsp. aizawai), and the two conventional materials, chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) and cyclaniliprole (Harvanta) had significantly lower numbers of larvae (F = 1.88; df = 24,105; P = 0.0153) than untreated control plots (Table 1). Plots treated with the two conventional materials, chlorantraniliprole and cyclaniliprole, experienced significantly less damage (F = 8.66; df = 8,24; P < 0.0001) than untreated control plots (Table 2). The biopesticide materials which are currently registered in industrial hemp or pending registration generally provided no greater control of corn earworm than the untreated control.1 Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). aLog10 (X + 1) transformed data used for analysis, nontransformed means shown in the table. Open in new tab Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Date (5 DAT) . . . 15 Septa . 20 Septa . 24 Septa . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 4.0a 4.3a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 2.8ab 2.5ab 4.0a Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 oz + 16 fl oz 1.5ab 2.5ab 4.0a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 2.8ab 3.3ab 5.8a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 3.0a 1.5b 1.0a Heligen L + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 2.0ab 2.3b 2.0a Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b 0.0b 1.5a Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.3ab 0.0b 1.3a Untreated check — 2.5ab 5.3a 5.0a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). aLog10 (X + 1) transformed data used for analysis, nontransformed means shown in the table. Open in new tab Table 2. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). Open in new tab Table 2. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Average damage rating . Spear-Lep LC + Leptrotec L 32 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.0a Gemstar LC4 + BoteGHA ES5 5 fl oz + 16 fl oz 0.8ab Basin Flex WSP + Leprotec L 8 fl oz + 16 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L 1.2 fl oz 1.1a Heligen L + Dipel DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 1.3a Heligen + Xentari DF 1.2 fl oz + 1 lb 0.8ab Coragen SC 7.5 fl oz 0.0b Harvanta 50SL 16.4 fl oz 0.0b Untreated check — 1.6a Means within columns followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05 via Tukey–Kramer adjustment). Open in new tab Footnotes 1 This research was financially supported through the IR-4 Food Crops Program, which also provided pesticide material. © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
Qureshi, Jawwad; Kostyk, Barry C
2023 Arthropod Management Tests
doi: 10.1093/amt/tsac141
Pepper | Capsicum annuum Broad mite | Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) abamectin/avermectin B1, Burkholderia spp Broad mite is an important pest of Florida-grown peppers causing distortion of young shoots which leads to a loss of blooms and increases blossom drop. High populations can also cause fruit russeting, resulting in loss of yield and quality. This trial was conducted at the Southwest Florida Research and Education Center in Immokalee, FL, using greenhouse-raised pepper plants transplanted on 18 Mar at 18-inch spacing on a two beds covered with white-on-black polyethylene film mulch. Plots consisting of 15 plants bordered by a 12-ft buffer were assigned to four treatments plus the untreated check in an RCB design with four replications. Applications were made using a high-clearance sprayer operating at 180 psi and 2.3 mph with an output of 40 gpa (Table 1). Populations of broad mite were monitored on 10, 17, 24 May by sampling eight terminal leaves from each plot and counting all stages of the mites under a stereoscopic microscope. On 3 May prior to the initiation of treatments 0.90 ± 2.47 mites per leaf was observed. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means separated by LSD contingent on a significant treatment effect (P > 0.05). Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Application dates . Total (no.) eggs, juveniles, and adults per leaf . V:V% 5 May 11 May 18 May 25 May 2 Jun 10 May 17 May 24 May 1 Jun 8 Jun Untreated check 0.59 2.81 5.00a 6.72a 1.15a Agrimek SC 3.5 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 0.94 0.69b 0.50c 0.03c Induce 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.84 3.59ab 3.96ab 0.88ab MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.13 6.25a 6.59a 0.88ab Nufilm 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.31 3.81 3.88a 3.09bc 0.25bc UBP140 10 x x x x x Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Application dates . Total (no.) eggs, juveniles, and adults per leaf . V:V% 5 May 11 May 18 May 25 May 2 Jun 10 May 17 May 24 May 1 Jun 8 Jun Untreated check 0.59 2.81 5.00a 6.72a 1.15a Agrimek SC 3.5 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 0.94 0.69b 0.50c 0.03c Induce 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.84 3.59ab 3.96ab 0.88ab MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.13 6.25a 6.59a 0.88ab Nufilm 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.31 3.81 3.88a 3.09bc 0.25bc UBP140 10 x x x x x Means within columns followed by same letter are not statistically different (LSD, P > 0.05). Open in new tab Table 1. Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Application dates . Total (no.) eggs, juveniles, and adults per leaf . V:V% 5 May 11 May 18 May 25 May 2 Jun 10 May 17 May 24 May 1 Jun 8 Jun Untreated check 0.59 2.81 5.00a 6.72a 1.15a Agrimek SC 3.5 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 0.94 0.69b 0.50c 0.03c Induce 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.84 3.59ab 3.96ab 0.88ab MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.13 6.25a 6.59a 0.88ab Nufilm 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.31 3.81 3.88a 3.09bc 0.25bc UBP140 10 x x x x x Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre . Application dates . Total (no.) eggs, juveniles, and adults per leaf . V:V% 5 May 11 May 18 May 25 May 2 Jun 10 May 17 May 24 May 1 Jun 8 Jun Untreated check 0.59 2.81 5.00a 6.72a 1.15a Agrimek SC 3.5 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 0.94 0.69b 0.50c 0.03c Induce 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.84 3.59ab 3.96ab 0.88ab MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.28 2.13 6.25a 6.59a 0.88ab Nufilm 0.25% x x x x x MBI306 20 fl oz x x x x x 0.31 3.81 3.88a 3.09bc 0.25bc UBP140 10 x x x x x Means within columns followed by same letter are not statistically different (LSD, P > 0.05). Open in new tab Population of Broadmite was light and unevenly distributed in this trial with no significant treatment effects observed on 10 or 17 May and the population collapsed in early Jun presumably from the high temperatures and rains that are common in Southwest Florida in this time period. Only the Agrimek SC treatment resulted in significantly lower population of mites on 24 May and 1, 8 Jun when compared to the untreated check, but the MBI306/UBP140 tank mix did have significantly fewer mites than the check on 1 and 8 Jun.1 Footnotes 1 No phytotoxic effects were seen in this experiment, which was supported by industry gifts of pesticide and research funding. © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
Sydnor, Taylore; McIntyre, Kelly; Bekelja, Kyle; Kuhar, Thomas P
2023 Arthropod Management Tests
doi: 10.1093/amt/tsac142
Cabbage (red, white, savoy) | Brassica oleracea var. capitata Striped flea beetle | Phyllotreta striolata Fabr, Crucifer flea beetle | Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), Harlequin bug (HB) | Murganta histrionica (Hahn) cyclaniliprole, spinetoram, flupyradifurone, GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-HV1a, isocycloseram Insecticides were evaluated for their efficacy against flea beetles (FB) and harlequin bug on cabbage at Homefield Farm in Whitethorne, VA. Cabbage (Blue lagoon) was transplanted on 3 Jun into raised beds (3 ft wide) on 6 ft centers covered with white plastic mulch and drip irrigation. Plots were one row wide by 15 ft long, and plant spacing was 12 inches. Treatments were arranged in an RCB with four replicates. Foliar insecticide treatments were applied twice (17 Jun for FB and 15 Jul for both FB and HB) with a three-nozzle drop down boom sprayer with D3 tips at 40 psi delivering ~30 gpa. Drench treatments were also applied on the same dates using a ladle to apply 8 fl oz of treatment at the base of each plant. Treatment efficacy was determined by counting numbers of live insects per 5 plants per plot on 20 Jun (3 DAT), 24 Jun (7 DAT), 29 Jun (12 DAT), 19 Jul (4 DAT2), 21 Jul (6 DAT2), and 25 Jul (10 DAT2) 2022. Data on each sample date were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and means were compared using Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference test at the 0.05 level of significance. FB species were comprised of ~75% Phyllotreta striolata and 25% P. Cruciferae, and counts of the two species were combined for data collection. There was a significant effect of treatment on FB densities on all post-spray sample dates (Table 1). On 20 Jun (3 DAT), all insecticide treatments had significantly fewer FB than the untreated check. On 24 June (7 DAT) and 29 June (9 DAT), only Sivanto Prime and Plinazolin had significantly fewer FB than the untreated check. Following the second insecticide application, on 19 Jul (4 DAT), all insecticide treatments except Spear T had significantly fewer FB than the untreated check. On 21 Jul (6 DAT), all treatments except Spear T had significantly fewer FB than the untreated check and Harvanta, Sivanto, and Plinazolin had fewer FB than Radiant. On 25 Jul (10 DAT), only Plinazolin had significantly fewer FB than the untreated check. Table 1. . . . Total no. flea beetle adults per 5 plantsa . Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre (fl oz form.) . Application method . 20 Jun . 24 Jun . 29 Jun . 19 Jul . 21 Jul . 25 Jul . Untreated check — — 17.5a 30.0a 32.2a 38.2a 50.2a 24.0a Harvanta 50SL 5.5 Foliar 1.0b 10.8abc 30.2a 1.8b 2.8c 17.0a Radiant 5.0 Foliar 2.0b 20.5abc 30.0a 3.5b 24.5b 38.5a Sivanto Prime 200SL 21.0 Soil drench 2.8b 4.8c 12.5b 2.75b 5.5c 22.2a Spear T 36.0 Foliar 5.5b 48.2a 39.0a 32.8a 58.8a 36.5a Plinazolin SC400 1.0 Foliar 1.8b 8.5c 11.2b 1.8b 3.0c 2.3b P > F 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 . . . Total no. flea beetle adults per 5 plantsa . Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre (fl oz form.) . Application method . 20 Jun . 24 Jun . 29 Jun . 19 Jul . 21 Jul . 25 Jul . Untreated check — — 17.5a 30.0a 32.2a 38.2a 50.2a 24.0a Harvanta 50SL 5.5 Foliar 1.0b 10.8abc 30.2a 1.8b 2.8c 17.0a Radiant 5.0 Foliar 2.0b 20.5abc 30.0a 3.5b 24.5b 38.5a Sivanto Prime 200SL 21.0 Soil drench 2.8b 4.8c 12.5b 2.75b 5.5c 22.2a Spear T 36.0 Foliar 5.5b 48.2a 39.0a 32.8a 58.8a 36.5a Plinazolin SC400 1.0 Foliar 1.8b 8.5c 11.2b 1.8b 3.0c 2.3b P > F 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Means within columns connected by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, P < 0.05). aSquare-root transformed data used for analysis; untransformed values are reported. Open in new tab Table 1. . . . Total no. flea beetle adults per 5 plantsa . Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre (fl oz form.) . Application method . 20 Jun . 24 Jun . 29 Jun . 19 Jul . 21 Jul . 25 Jul . Untreated check — — 17.5a 30.0a 32.2a 38.2a 50.2a 24.0a Harvanta 50SL 5.5 Foliar 1.0b 10.8abc 30.2a 1.8b 2.8c 17.0a Radiant 5.0 Foliar 2.0b 20.5abc 30.0a 3.5b 24.5b 38.5a Sivanto Prime 200SL 21.0 Soil drench 2.8b 4.8c 12.5b 2.75b 5.5c 22.2a Spear T 36.0 Foliar 5.5b 48.2a 39.0a 32.8a 58.8a 36.5a Plinazolin SC400 1.0 Foliar 1.8b 8.5c 11.2b 1.8b 3.0c 2.3b P > F 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 . . . Total no. flea beetle adults per 5 plantsa . Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre (fl oz form.) . Application method . 20 Jun . 24 Jun . 29 Jun . 19 Jul . 21 Jul . 25 Jul . Untreated check — — 17.5a 30.0a 32.2a 38.2a 50.2a 24.0a Harvanta 50SL 5.5 Foliar 1.0b 10.8abc 30.2a 1.8b 2.8c 17.0a Radiant 5.0 Foliar 2.0b 20.5abc 30.0a 3.5b 24.5b 38.5a Sivanto Prime 200SL 21.0 Soil drench 2.8b 4.8c 12.5b 2.75b 5.5c 22.2a Spear T 36.0 Foliar 5.5b 48.2a 39.0a 32.8a 58.8a 36.5a Plinazolin SC400 1.0 Foliar 1.8b 8.5c 11.2b 1.8b 3.0c 2.3b P > F 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Means within columns connected by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, P < 0.05). aSquare-root transformed data used for analysis; untransformed values are reported. Open in new tab HB did not appear on the cabbage plots until the 2nd insecticide application (mid-Jul), and there was a significant effect of treatment on HB densities on all post-spray sample dates (Table 2). On 19, 21, and 25 Jul (4, 6, and 10 DAT2), Sivanto, and Plinazolin had fewer HB than the untreated check.1 Table 2. . . . Total no. HB (nymphs + adults) per 5 plantsa . Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre (fl oz form.) . Application method . 19 Jul . 21 Jul . 25 Jul . Untreated check — — 6.0a 10.5a 20.8a Harvanta 50SL 5.5 Foliar 6.3a 15.8a 14.8a Radiant 5.0 Foliar 6.3a 8.8ab 14.8a Sivanto Prime 200SL 21.0 Soil drench 0.3b 0.5c 1.0c Spear T 36.0 Foliar 9.8a 8.5ab 9.3ab Plinazolin SC400 1.0 Foliar 0.0b 2.3bc 4.0bc P > F 0.001 0.01 0.05 . . . Total no. HB (nymphs + adults) per 5 plantsa . Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre (fl oz form.) . Application method . 19 Jul . 21 Jul . 25 Jul . Untreated check — — 6.0a 10.5a 20.8a Harvanta 50SL 5.5 Foliar 6.3a 15.8a 14.8a Radiant 5.0 Foliar 6.3a 8.8ab 14.8a Sivanto Prime 200SL 21.0 Soil drench 0.3b 0.5c 1.0c Spear T 36.0 Foliar 9.8a 8.5ab 9.3ab Plinazolin SC400 1.0 Foliar 0.0b 2.3bc 4.0bc P > F 0.001 0.01 0.05 Means within columns connected by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, P < 0.05). aSquare-root transformed data used for analysis; untransformed values are reported. Open in new tab Table 2. . . . Total no. HB (nymphs + adults) per 5 plantsa . Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre (fl oz form.) . Application method . 19 Jul . 21 Jul . 25 Jul . Untreated check — — 6.0a 10.5a 20.8a Harvanta 50SL 5.5 Foliar 6.3a 15.8a 14.8a Radiant 5.0 Foliar 6.3a 8.8ab 14.8a Sivanto Prime 200SL 21.0 Soil drench 0.3b 0.5c 1.0c Spear T 36.0 Foliar 9.8a 8.5ab 9.3ab Plinazolin SC400 1.0 Foliar 0.0b 2.3bc 4.0bc P > F 0.001 0.01 0.05 . . . Total no. HB (nymphs + adults) per 5 plantsa . Treatment/formulation . Rate/acre (fl oz form.) . Application method . 19 Jul . 21 Jul . 25 Jul . Untreated check — — 6.0a 10.5a 20.8a Harvanta 50SL 5.5 Foliar 6.3a 15.8a 14.8a Radiant 5.0 Foliar 6.3a 8.8ab 14.8a Sivanto Prime 200SL 21.0 Soil drench 0.3b 0.5c 1.0c Spear T 36.0 Foliar 9.8a 8.5ab 9.3ab Plinazolin SC400 1.0 Foliar 0.0b 2.3bc 4.0bc P > F 0.001 0.01 0.05 Means within columns connected by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, P < 0.05). aSquare-root transformed data used for analysis; untransformed values are reported. Open in new tab Footnotes 1 This research was supported in part by industry gifts of pesticides and/or research funding from Summit Agro and Syngenta Crop Protection. © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
Qureshi, Jawwad; Kostyk, Barry C
2023 Arthropod Management Tests
doi: 10.1093/amt/tsac147
Tomato | Lycopersicon esculentum Silverleaf whitefly (SWHITEFLY) | Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) dinotefuran, cyantraniliprole, afidopyropen, pyrifluquinazon, buprofezin, flupyradifurone, spirotetramat, Burkholderia spp Bemisia tabaci biotype B remains a principal pest of Florida-grown tomatoes due to its role as a vector of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Effective vector control, and when appropriate the use of TYLCV-resistant cultivars, helps with successful crop production. The objective of this trial was to evaluate several insecticide regimens and a TYLCV-tolerant variety (Longboat) to manage whitefly and reduce yield losses incurred by virus infection. Three beds 32 in wide and 400 ft long on 6 ft centers were prepared at the Southwest Florida Research and Education Center in Immokalee, FL, and covered with black polyethylene film mulch. Seedlings obtained from a commercial greenhouse were transplanted on 8 Mar at 18-inch spacing. Eight insecticide treatments and an untreated check were arranged in an RCB design experiment with four replications. Each plot contained 20 plants and was split into two subplots, transplanted with 10 seedlings of either TYLCV-tolerant ‘Longboat’ or -susceptible ‘HM-1823’ cultivars. The main plots were separated by 5-ft distance as a spray buffer. Prior to planting Verimark was applied to the transplants on 7 Mar in the trays by applying 3 ml of insecticidal solution to each cell in the tray and allowed to sit for 2 h. Material that ran thru tray was collected and then reapplied as a foliar spray via a 500-ml Dynalon HDPE spray bottle to ensure all insecticide was applied to the plants. Soil drenches as needed for a treatment were made 9 Mar by delivering a 100-ml suspension to the base of each plant after transplanting using an EZ-Dose sprayer operating at 45 psi (Table 1). Table 1. . . Application date/method/volume . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . 7 Mar . 9 Mar . 8 Apr . 8 Apr . 15 Apr . 22 Apr . 29 Apr . 6 May . Tray drench . Soil drench . Drip app . Foliar . Foliar . Foliar . Foliar . Foliar . . . 3 ml/cell . 90 ml/plant . 2 gallons/20 plants . 40 gpa . 40 gpa . 40 gpa . 60 gpa . 60 gpa . Untreated check Venom 70 SG 6 oz x Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz x x Sefina 14 fl oz x Knack 10 fl oz x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x PQZ 2.4 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x PQZ 3.2 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x PQZ 2.4 fl oz x x x x x Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz x Movento MPC 8 fl oz x x Induce 0.10% x x Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz x Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz x Movento MPC 8 fl oz x x Induce 0.10% x x Venom 6 oz x MBI-306 20 fl oz x x x x x Nu-film 0.25% x x x x x . . Application date/method/volume . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . 7 Mar . 9 Mar . 8 Apr . 8 Apr . 15 Apr . 22 Apr . 29 Apr . 6 May . Tray drench . Soil drench . Drip app . Foliar . Foliar . Foliar . Foliar . Foliar . . . 3 ml/cell . 90 ml/plant . 2 gallons/20 plants . 40 gpa . 40 gpa . 40 gpa . 60 gpa . 60 gpa . Untreated check Venom 70 SG 6 oz x Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz x x Sefina 14 fl oz x Knack 10 fl oz x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x PQZ 2.4 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x PQZ 3.2 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x PQZ 2.4 fl oz x x x x x Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz x Movento MPC 8 fl oz x x Induce 0.10% x x Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz x Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz x Movento MPC 8 fl oz x x Induce 0.10% x x Venom 6 oz x MBI-306 20 fl oz x x x x x Nu-film 0.25% x x x x x Open in new tab Table 1. . . Application date/method/volume . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . 7 Mar . 9 Mar . 8 Apr . 8 Apr . 15 Apr . 22 Apr . 29 Apr . 6 May . Tray drench . Soil drench . Drip app . Foliar . Foliar . Foliar . Foliar . Foliar . . . 3 ml/cell . 90 ml/plant . 2 gallons/20 plants . 40 gpa . 40 gpa . 40 gpa . 60 gpa . 60 gpa . Untreated check Venom 70 SG 6 oz x Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz x x Sefina 14 fl oz x Knack 10 fl oz x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x PQZ 2.4 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x PQZ 3.2 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x PQZ 2.4 fl oz x x x x x Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz x Movento MPC 8 fl oz x x Induce 0.10% x x Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz x Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz x Movento MPC 8 fl oz x x Induce 0.10% x x Venom 6 oz x MBI-306 20 fl oz x x x x x Nu-film 0.25% x x x x x . . Application date/method/volume . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . 7 Mar . 9 Mar . 8 Apr . 8 Apr . 15 Apr . 22 Apr . 29 Apr . 6 May . Tray drench . Soil drench . Drip app . Foliar . Foliar . Foliar . Foliar . Foliar . . . 3 ml/cell . 90 ml/plant . 2 gallons/20 plants . 40 gpa . 40 gpa . 40 gpa . 60 gpa . 60 gpa . Untreated check Venom 70 SG 6 oz x Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz x x Sefina 14 fl oz x Knack 10 fl oz x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x PQZ 2.4 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x PQZ 3.2 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x PQZ 2.4 fl oz x x x x x Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Venom 70 SG 6 oz x Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz x x x x x Induce 0.10% x x x x x Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz x Movento MPC 8 fl oz x x Induce 0.10% x x Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz x Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz x Movento MPC 8 fl oz x x Induce 0.10% x x Venom 6 oz x MBI-306 20 fl oz x x x x x Nu-film 0.25% x x x x x Open in new tab Drip application needed for one treatment was conducted on 8 Apr by sectioning off the drip tape in each treated plot with a ball valve and pressurizing the tape using a 12-volt pump operating at 0.23 gpm to inject 2 gal of water, followed by 2 gal of suspension and finally a 3-gal water flush (Table 1). Foliar sprays were applied with a single-row high-clearance sprayer operating at 180 psi and 2.3 mph (Table 1). The sprayer was fitted with a vertical boom on each side of the plant row equipped with yellow Albuz hollow cone nozzles, each delivering 10 gpa. Total spray volume increased from 40 to 60 gpa as nozzles were added to accommodate plant growth (Table 1). Adult whitefly were evaluated weekly from 7 Apr to 21 Apr by carefully inverting three leaflets from a mid-canopy level true leaf taken from four plants for each of the two varieties. Due to high levels of TYLCV effecting the growth of the HM1823, leaflets were sampled only from five plants of the Longboat variety from Apr 28 to May 11. Preimaginal stages were counted under a stereoscopic microscope on 21 Apr by collecting four leaflets from each variety. From Apr 28 to the end of the trial the nymph sampling was done by collecting five leaflets from the Longboat variety. To remove the possibility of eggs hatching shortly after an application but before counting occurred only nymphs that had developed thru to second instar or farther were analyzed. TYLCV incidence was recorded weekly from 11 Apr to 16 May by tagging each symptomatic plant when clear symptoms first appeared. All fruit were harvested from all viable plants not destroyed by TYLCV in each subplot on 18 May and total weight of fruit collected was recorded. All data were subjected to ANOVA and means separated using LSD (P = 0.05) (SAS Institute). Effect of tray or soil drench applications on Swhitefly prior to the start of drip application and foliar applications were analyzed on 7 Apr. Whitefly and virus pressure was extremely high throughout this trial and plant growth in both varieties was extremely poor. This was at least partly due to the very high temperatures that occurred in this area shortly after planting and the trial being conducted on black mulch which is designed to work when temperatures are cooler. All drench treatments had significantly fewer eggs and nymphs than the untreated check with more significant impact of Verimark and Sivanto Prime than Venom (Table 2). Only the Verimark treatment significantly reduced adults than the untreated check and the former did not differ statistically from the other two treatments. Table 2. . . Tray drench . Soil drench . No. adult whitefly per 3 leaflets . No. whitefly eggs per leaflet . No. whitefly nymphs per leaflet . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . 3 ml/cell . 90 ml/plant . . . . 7 Mar . 9 Mar . 7 Apr . 7 Apr . 7 Apr . Untreated check 4.8a 48.2a 50.6a Venom 70 SG 6 oz x 3.5ab 17.6b 34.5b Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz x 3.7ab 15.0b 11.8c Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz x 2.8b 10.7b 3.5c . . Tray drench . Soil drench . No. adult whitefly per 3 leaflets . No. whitefly eggs per leaflet . No. whitefly nymphs per leaflet . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . 3 ml/cell . 90 ml/plant . . . . 7 Mar . 9 Mar . 7 Apr . 7 Apr . 7 Apr . Untreated check 4.8a 48.2a 50.6a Venom 70 SG 6 oz x 3.5ab 17.6b 34.5b Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz x 3.7ab 15.0b 11.8c Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz x 2.8b 10.7b 3.5c Means with column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (LSD, P > 0.05). Open in new tab Table 2. . . Tray drench . Soil drench . No. adult whitefly per 3 leaflets . No. whitefly eggs per leaflet . No. whitefly nymphs per leaflet . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . 3 ml/cell . 90 ml/plant . . . . 7 Mar . 9 Mar . 7 Apr . 7 Apr . 7 Apr . Untreated check 4.8a 48.2a 50.6a Venom 70 SG 6 oz x 3.5ab 17.6b 34.5b Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz x 3.7ab 15.0b 11.8c Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz x 2.8b 10.7b 3.5c . . Tray drench . Soil drench . No. adult whitefly per 3 leaflets . No. whitefly eggs per leaflet . No. whitefly nymphs per leaflet . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . 3 ml/cell . 90 ml/plant . . . . 7 Mar . 9 Mar . 7 Apr . 7 Apr . 7 Apr . Untreated check 4.8a 48.2a 50.6a Venom 70 SG 6 oz x 3.5ab 17.6b 34.5b Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz x 3.7ab 15.0b 11.8c Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz x 2.8b 10.7b 3.5c Means with column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (LSD, P > 0.05). Open in new tab The drench plus spray programs provided significant suppression of whitefly adults compared with untreated check; however, only Verimark/Sivanto/Movento program was consistent in reducing populations through the study period (Table 3). Exirel/Sefina/Knack effects were significant on four of the five sample dates and PQZ at 2.4 and 3.2 oz on three of the five sample dates. Significant adult suppression in the Courier and Courier/PQZ tank-mix programs was observed on 5 and 11 May. In the MBI-306 program significant suppression was observed on 14 Apr and 5 May (Table 3). All programs except the Sivanto Prime/Movento treatment on 5 May had statistically lower numbers of developed whitefly nymphs than the untreated check (Table 4). Table 3. . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . No. adult whitefly per 3 leaflets . 14 Apr . 21 Apr . 28 Apr . 5 May . 11 May . Untreated check 5.22a 7.60a 7.40a 2.95a 3.95a Venom 70 SG 6 oz Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz 3.25bcd 5.09abc 4.30bc 1.60bc 1.75bc Sefina 14 fl oz Knack 10 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 3.75abc 6.31ab 3.90c 1.30c 1.05c Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 3.2 fl oz 2.94bcd 5.69abc 5.25abc 1.50c 2.10b Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 5.34a 6.85a 6.65ab 1.60bc 2.35b Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz 4.44ab 6.09ab 6.85ab 1.60bc 2.20b Induce 0.10% Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz Movento MPC 8 fl oz 2.97bcd 3.88bc 5.70abc 2.50ab 1.65bc Induce 0.10% Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz 2.75cd 3.41c 3.80c 1.45c 2.45b Movento MPC 8 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz MBI-306 20 fl oz 2.00d 6.50a 7.05a 1.50c 3.60a Nu-film 0.25% . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . No. adult whitefly per 3 leaflets . 14 Apr . 21 Apr . 28 Apr . 5 May . 11 May . Untreated check 5.22a 7.60a 7.40a 2.95a 3.95a Venom 70 SG 6 oz Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz 3.25bcd 5.09abc 4.30bc 1.60bc 1.75bc Sefina 14 fl oz Knack 10 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 3.75abc 6.31ab 3.90c 1.30c 1.05c Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 3.2 fl oz 2.94bcd 5.69abc 5.25abc 1.50c 2.10b Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 5.34a 6.85a 6.65ab 1.60bc 2.35b Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz 4.44ab 6.09ab 6.85ab 1.60bc 2.20b Induce 0.10% Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz Movento MPC 8 fl oz 2.97bcd 3.88bc 5.70abc 2.50ab 1.65bc Induce 0.10% Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz 2.75cd 3.41c 3.80c 1.45c 2.45b Movento MPC 8 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz MBI-306 20 fl oz 2.00d 6.50a 7.05a 1.50c 3.60a Nu-film 0.25% Means with column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (LSD, P > 0.05). Open in new tab Table 3. . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . No. adult whitefly per 3 leaflets . 14 Apr . 21 Apr . 28 Apr . 5 May . 11 May . Untreated check 5.22a 7.60a 7.40a 2.95a 3.95a Venom 70 SG 6 oz Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz 3.25bcd 5.09abc 4.30bc 1.60bc 1.75bc Sefina 14 fl oz Knack 10 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 3.75abc 6.31ab 3.90c 1.30c 1.05c Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 3.2 fl oz 2.94bcd 5.69abc 5.25abc 1.50c 2.10b Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 5.34a 6.85a 6.65ab 1.60bc 2.35b Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz 4.44ab 6.09ab 6.85ab 1.60bc 2.20b Induce 0.10% Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz Movento MPC 8 fl oz 2.97bcd 3.88bc 5.70abc 2.50ab 1.65bc Induce 0.10% Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz 2.75cd 3.41c 3.80c 1.45c 2.45b Movento MPC 8 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz MBI-306 20 fl oz 2.00d 6.50a 7.05a 1.50c 3.60a Nu-film 0.25% . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . No. adult whitefly per 3 leaflets . 14 Apr . 21 Apr . 28 Apr . 5 May . 11 May . Untreated check 5.22a 7.60a 7.40a 2.95a 3.95a Venom 70 SG 6 oz Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz 3.25bcd 5.09abc 4.30bc 1.60bc 1.75bc Sefina 14 fl oz Knack 10 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 3.75abc 6.31ab 3.90c 1.30c 1.05c Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 3.2 fl oz 2.94bcd 5.69abc 5.25abc 1.50c 2.10b Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 5.34a 6.85a 6.65ab 1.60bc 2.35b Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz 4.44ab 6.09ab 6.85ab 1.60bc 2.20b Induce 0.10% Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz Movento MPC 8 fl oz 2.97bcd 3.88bc 5.70abc 2.50ab 1.65bc Induce 0.10% Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz 2.75cd 3.41c 3.80c 1.45c 2.45b Movento MPC 8 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz MBI-306 20 fl oz 2.00d 6.50a 7.05a 1.50c 3.60a Nu-film 0.25% Means with column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (LSD, P > 0.05). Open in new tab Table 4. Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . No. developed whitefly nymphs per leaflet . 14 Apr . 21 Apr . 28 Apr . 5 May . 12 May . Untreated check 31.84a 55.20a 50.95a 69.10a 109.90a Venom 70 SG 6 oz Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz 9.50bcd 14.41bc 6.80d 16.80d 12.85d Sefina 14 fl oz Knack 10 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 3.53cd 15.88b 15.90cd 19.10cd 13.70d Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 3.2 fl oz 3.94cd 15.28b 13.95cd 14.20d 15.75d Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 8.56bcd 14.25bc 12.30cd 10.75d 8.85d Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz 11.84bc 12.06bc 16.40cd 12.55d 21.75cd Induce 0.10% Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz Movento MPC 8 fl oz 1.63d 9.78bc 20.65bc 50.40ab 38.65bc Induce 0.10% Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz 0.16d 1.38c 6.40d 20.30cd 38.65bc Movento MPC 8 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz MBI-306 20 fl oz 15.06b 16.81b 33.95b 38.60bc 57.60b Nu-film 0.25% Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . No. developed whitefly nymphs per leaflet . 14 Apr . 21 Apr . 28 Apr . 5 May . 12 May . Untreated check 31.84a 55.20a 50.95a 69.10a 109.90a Venom 70 SG 6 oz Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz 9.50bcd 14.41bc 6.80d 16.80d 12.85d Sefina 14 fl oz Knack 10 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 3.53cd 15.88b 15.90cd 19.10cd 13.70d Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 3.2 fl oz 3.94cd 15.28b 13.95cd 14.20d 15.75d Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 8.56bcd 14.25bc 12.30cd 10.75d 8.85d Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz 11.84bc 12.06bc 16.40cd 12.55d 21.75cd Induce 0.10% Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz Movento MPC 8 fl oz 1.63d 9.78bc 20.65bc 50.40ab 38.65bc Induce 0.10% Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz 0.16d 1.38c 6.40d 20.30cd 38.65bc Movento MPC 8 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz MBI-306 20 fl oz 15.06b 16.81b 33.95b 38.60bc 57.60b Nu-film 0.25% Means with column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (LSD, P > 0.05). Open in new tab Table 4. Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . No. developed whitefly nymphs per leaflet . 14 Apr . 21 Apr . 28 Apr . 5 May . 12 May . Untreated check 31.84a 55.20a 50.95a 69.10a 109.90a Venom 70 SG 6 oz Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz 9.50bcd 14.41bc 6.80d 16.80d 12.85d Sefina 14 fl oz Knack 10 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 3.53cd 15.88b 15.90cd 19.10cd 13.70d Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 3.2 fl oz 3.94cd 15.28b 13.95cd 14.20d 15.75d Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 8.56bcd 14.25bc 12.30cd 10.75d 8.85d Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz 11.84bc 12.06bc 16.40cd 12.55d 21.75cd Induce 0.10% Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz Movento MPC 8 fl oz 1.63d 9.78bc 20.65bc 50.40ab 38.65bc Induce 0.10% Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz 0.16d 1.38c 6.40d 20.30cd 38.65bc Movento MPC 8 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz MBI-306 20 fl oz 15.06b 16.81b 33.95b 38.60bc 57.60b Nu-film 0.25% Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . No. developed whitefly nymphs per leaflet . 14 Apr . 21 Apr . 28 Apr . 5 May . 12 May . Untreated check 31.84a 55.20a 50.95a 69.10a 109.90a Venom 70 SG 6 oz Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz 9.50bcd 14.41bc 6.80d 16.80d 12.85d Sefina 14 fl oz Knack 10 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 3.53cd 15.88b 15.90cd 19.10cd 13.70d Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 3.2 fl oz 3.94cd 15.28b 13.95cd 14.20d 15.75d Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 8.56bcd 14.25bc 12.30cd 10.75d 8.85d Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz 11.84bc 12.06bc 16.40cd 12.55d 21.75cd Induce 0.10% Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz Movento MPC 8 fl oz 1.63d 9.78bc 20.65bc 50.40ab 38.65bc Induce 0.10% Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz 0.16d 1.38c 6.40d 20.30cd 38.65bc Movento MPC 8 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz MBI-306 20 fl oz 15.06b 16.81b 33.95b 38.60bc 57.60b Nu-film 0.25% Means with column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (LSD, P > 0.05). Open in new tab TYLCV incidence was not reduced by any insecticide program treatment; however, the Longboat variety significantly reduced TYLCV incidence when compared to the HM1823 across all the treatments throughout the trial (Table 5). Table 5. . Percentage of plants with TYLCV . Per 6 plants 18 May . 11 Apr . 18 Apr . 25 Apr . 2 May . 9 May . 16 May . No fruit . Wt of fruit (lbs) . HM1823 12.1a 36.5a 61.4a 86.9a 98.2a 99.4a 16.9a 5.26a LONGBOAT 1.5b 7.0b 18.0b 42.6b 66.1b 82.6b 15.6a 4.82a . Percentage of plants with TYLCV . Per 6 plants 18 May . 11 Apr . 18 Apr . 25 Apr . 2 May . 9 May . 16 May . No fruit . Wt of fruit (lbs) . HM1823 12.1a 36.5a 61.4a 86.9a 98.2a 99.4a 16.9a 5.26a LONGBOAT 1.5b 7.0b 18.0b 42.6b 66.1b 82.6b 15.6a 4.82a Means with column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (LSD, P > 0.05). Open in new tab Table 5. . Percentage of plants with TYLCV . Per 6 plants 18 May . 11 Apr . 18 Apr . 25 Apr . 2 May . 9 May . 16 May . No fruit . Wt of fruit (lbs) . HM1823 12.1a 36.5a 61.4a 86.9a 98.2a 99.4a 16.9a 5.26a LONGBOAT 1.5b 7.0b 18.0b 42.6b 66.1b 82.6b 15.6a 4.82a . Percentage of plants with TYLCV . Per 6 plants 18 May . 11 Apr . 18 Apr . 25 Apr . 2 May . 9 May . 16 May . No fruit . Wt of fruit (lbs) . HM1823 12.1a 36.5a 61.4a 86.9a 98.2a 99.4a 16.9a 5.26a LONGBOAT 1.5b 7.0b 18.0b 42.6b 66.1b 82.6b 15.6a 4.82a Means with column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (LSD, P > 0.05). Open in new tab Despite this delay in the onset of the virus no significant yield differences were observed between the two varieties across all treatments (Table 5). However, all treatments except PQZ at 3.2 oz and the MBI-306 had greater numbers of fruit when compared to the untreated check, but the MBI-306 and Sivanto Prime/Movento programs were not able to increase the overall weight of the fruit (Table 6). Table 6. . . No. fruit collected from six plants . Wt (lbs) of fruit collected . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . 18 May . 18 May . Untreated check 9.1c 2.5d Venom 70 SG 6 oz Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz Sefina 14 fl oz 16.0b 5.1b Knack 10 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 26.0a 8.5a Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 3.2 fl oz 13.9bc 5.0bc Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 18.3b 5.2b Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz 15.6b 4.8bc Induce 0.10% Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz Movento MPC 8 fl oz 15.3b 4.5bcd Induce 0.10% Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz 17.8b 5.8b Movento MPC 8 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz MBI-306 20 fl oz 13.6bc 3.6cd Nu-film 0.25% . . No. fruit collected from six plants . Wt (lbs) of fruit collected . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . 18 May . 18 May . Untreated check 9.1c 2.5d Venom 70 SG 6 oz Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz Sefina 14 fl oz 16.0b 5.1b Knack 10 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 26.0a 8.5a Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 3.2 fl oz 13.9bc 5.0bc Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 18.3b 5.2b Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz 15.6b 4.8bc Induce 0.10% Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz Movento MPC 8 fl oz 15.3b 4.5bcd Induce 0.10% Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz 17.8b 5.8b Movento MPC 8 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz MBI-306 20 fl oz 13.6bc 3.6cd Nu-film 0.25% Means with column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (LSD, P > 0.05). Open in new tab Table 6. . . No. fruit collected from six plants . Wt (lbs) of fruit collected . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . 18 May . 18 May . Untreated check 9.1c 2.5d Venom 70 SG 6 oz Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz Sefina 14 fl oz 16.0b 5.1b Knack 10 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 26.0a 8.5a Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 3.2 fl oz 13.9bc 5.0bc Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 18.3b 5.2b Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz 15.6b 4.8bc Induce 0.10% Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz Movento MPC 8 fl oz 15.3b 4.5bcd Induce 0.10% Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz 17.8b 5.8b Movento MPC 8 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz MBI-306 20 fl oz 13.6bc 3.6cd Nu-film 0.25% . . No. fruit collected from six plants . Wt (lbs) of fruit collected . Product/formulation . Rate/acre or V:V% . 18 May . 18 May . Untreated check 9.1c 2.5d Venom 70 SG 6 oz Exirel 10 SE 13.5 fl oz Sefina 14 fl oz 16.0b 5.1b Knack 10 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 26.0a 8.5a Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 3.2 fl oz 13.9bc 5.0bc Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz PQZ 2.4 fl oz 18.3b 5.2b Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz Courier 40 SC 9 fl oz 15.6b 4.8bc Induce 0.10% Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz Movento MPC 8 fl oz 15.3b 4.5bcd Induce 0.10% Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz Sivanto Prime 28 fl oz 17.8b 5.8b Movento MPC 8 fl oz Induce 0.10% Venom 70 SG 6 oz MBI-306 20 fl oz 13.6bc 3.6cd Nu-film 0.25% Means with column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (LSD, P > 0.05). Open in new tab No phytotoxicity was observed.1 Footnotes 1 This research was supported partly by industry funding. © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
Addesso, Karla M; O’Neal, Paul A; Dhakal, Kripa
2023 Arthropod Management Tests
doi: 10.1093/amt/tsac144
Red Maple | Acer rubrum Potato Leafhopper (PLH) | Empoasca fabae (Harris) flonicamid, cyclaniliprole, spirotetramat This field trial evaluated the efficacy of foliar insecticide treatment to minimize potato leafhopper [Empoasca fabae (Harris)] damage on red maple (Acer rubrum L.). A study was conducted in potted ‘October Glory’ red maple plants from 28 Jul 2022 to 13 Sep 2022 at the Otis Floyd Nursery Research Center, McMinnville, TN. Red maple plants were grown in 3-gal containers using Barky Beaver premium potting soil-media and plants were held on a gravel container pad under overhead irrigation and watered twice daily. Treatments were assigned to experimental units under a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six treatments and 10 replications consisting of individual pots. Crop spacing was 0.5 m between plants and 1.5 m between rows each plant was affixed to trellis ropes to prevent containers from tipping over during the study. The treatments included three insecticide products and one untreated control. The insecticide products were: Sarisa and Pradia at two foliar application rates (High and Low) and Kontos, as standard (Table 1). Based on 2021 trial results, Kontos was selected as a new standard for the foliar application of insecticide for potato leafhopper control. Foliar applications were made to the runoff point using a CO2 backpack sprayer. Table 1. Treatment . Active ingredient . Application type . Application rate . Application date . Sarisa Cyclaniliprole Foliar 2.10 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 1.30 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 Pradia Cyclaniliprole, flonicamid Foliar 1.38 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 0.80 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 Kontos Spirotetramat Foliar 0.23 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 Untreated — — — Treatment . Active ingredient . Application type . Application rate . Application date . Sarisa Cyclaniliprole Foliar 2.10 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 1.30 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 Pradia Cyclaniliprole, flonicamid Foliar 1.38 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 0.80 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 Kontos Spirotetramat Foliar 0.23 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 Untreated — — — Open in new tab Table 1. Treatment . Active ingredient . Application type . Application rate . Application date . Sarisa Cyclaniliprole Foliar 2.10 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 1.30 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 Pradia Cyclaniliprole, flonicamid Foliar 1.38 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 0.80 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 Kontos Spirotetramat Foliar 0.23 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 Untreated — — — Treatment . Active ingredient . Application type . Application rate . Application date . Sarisa Cyclaniliprole Foliar 2.10 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 1.30 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 Pradia Cyclaniliprole, flonicamid Foliar 1.38 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 0.80 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 Kontos Spirotetramat Foliar 0.23 ml/liter 2 Aug 2022, 16 Aug 2022, 31 Aug 2022 Untreated — — — Open in new tab On 28 Jul 2022 plants damaged by leafhopper were pre-assessed and on 13 Sep 2022 damaged by leafhopper were assessed again after the insecticide treatments. Data collected during assessment included the total number of shoots per tree, number of actively growing branch tips, and new active growth in the plant. The percent damage per tree was compared among treatments using a generalized linear model (PROC GLM, SAS Institute Inc.). Count data (new active tips, mean damage, number of actively growing tips) were compared among treatments using a generalized linear model (PROC GENMOD) fitted to a binomial distribution. There was no difference among treatments in damage by PLH in the July pre-assessment (Table 2). By the mid-September assessment, all plants had some level of leafhopper damage. The percentage damage differed between treatments (Table 2). Damage was lowest in Pradia High (13.88%) and Kontos (19.35%) compared to the untreated plants (42.05%). Pradia Low also reduced damage around half (22.37%) compared to the untreated check plants. Despite the differences in overall damage at the end of the trial, there was no difference in the amount of new active tip growth between treatments (Table 2) or the number of trees with actively growing tips. This could be due to the time of year the assessment was made (Sep) which is normally when new growth ceases. Pradia at the high rate performed equally well to Kontos, the foliar standard. The flonicamid in the Pradia formulation may be primarily responsible for the activity observed in this study. It is interesting to note that the high rate of Sarisa performed less well than the low rate. Interestingly, this pattern was also observed in a previous trial where the high rate of Sarisa had more leafhopper damage than the low rate.1 Table 2. Treatment . Average % damage of shootsa . # New active tip . Mean old damage . # Actively growing tip . Kontos 19.35c 3.80 0.60 0.60 Sarisa Low 20.85c 2.00 0.50 0.40 Sarisa High 36.8ab 1.50 0.30 0.50 Pradia Low 22.37bc 5.90 0.80 0.90 Pradia High 13.88c 4.00 0.40 0.70 Untreated 42.05a 4.20 0.80 0.80 χ2(5) 6.52 9.09 8.18 P-value 0.0044 0.26 0.11 0.15 F(5,54) 3.89 Treatment . Average % damage of shootsa . # New active tip . Mean old damage . # Actively growing tip . Kontos 19.35c 3.80 0.60 0.60 Sarisa Low 20.85c 2.00 0.50 0.40 Sarisa High 36.8ab 1.50 0.30 0.50 Pradia Low 22.37bc 5.90 0.80 0.90 Pradia High 13.88c 4.00 0.40 0.70 Untreated 42.05a 4.20 0.80 0.80 χ2(5) 6.52 9.09 8.18 P-value 0.0044 0.26 0.11 0.15 F(5,54) 3.89 aMeans within column followed by different lowercase letters indicate significant differences by LSD. Open in new tab Table 2. Treatment . Average % damage of shootsa . # New active tip . Mean old damage . # Actively growing tip . Kontos 19.35c 3.80 0.60 0.60 Sarisa Low 20.85c 2.00 0.50 0.40 Sarisa High 36.8ab 1.50 0.30 0.50 Pradia Low 22.37bc 5.90 0.80 0.90 Pradia High 13.88c 4.00 0.40 0.70 Untreated 42.05a 4.20 0.80 0.80 χ2(5) 6.52 9.09 8.18 P-value 0.0044 0.26 0.11 0.15 F(5,54) 3.89 Treatment . Average % damage of shootsa . # New active tip . Mean old damage . # Actively growing tip . Kontos 19.35c 3.80 0.60 0.60 Sarisa Low 20.85c 2.00 0.50 0.40 Sarisa High 36.8ab 1.50 0.30 0.50 Pradia Low 22.37bc 5.90 0.80 0.90 Pradia High 13.88c 4.00 0.40 0.70 Untreated 42.05a 4.20 0.80 0.80 χ2(5) 6.52 9.09 8.18 P-value 0.0044 0.26 0.11 0.15 F(5,54) 3.89 aMeans within column followed by different lowercase letters indicate significant differences by LSD. Open in new tab Footnotes 1 This research was supported in part by funding and materials provided by OHP, Inc. © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com