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Rehman, Fawad Ur; Jiang, Hui; Selke, Matthias; Wang, Xuemei
doi: 10.1039/c8tb01955jpmid: 32254859
Production of nanoscale materials often requires the use of toxic chemicals and complex synthetic procedures. A new scaffold has been explored for in situ synthesis of nanomaterials that utilizes natural biological systems in the form of plants, bacteria, fungi, algae and redox-imbalanced mammalian cells and systems. The latter approach has become popular in recent years and has shown some promising results in bioimaging of cancer, as well as inflammatory and neurodegenerative maladies. Biosynthesis of nanoclusters in redox-imbalanced mammalian cells is facile, cost-effective and environmentally friendly with higher biocompatibility and target specificity and lower adverse effects than traditional synthetic approaches. Herein, we describe recent advances in mammalian green in situ biosynthesis for biomedical applications, especially in cancer and neurodegenerative disease theranostics.
Alemán, Carlos; Fabregat, Georgina; Armelin, Elaine; Buendía, Jorge J.; Llorca, Jordi
doi: 10.1039/c8tb01553hpmid: 32254860
Polymeric sensors play an increasingly important role in monitoring the environment we live in, providing relevant information for a host of applications. Among them, significant efforts have been made to fabricate polymeric sensors useful for healthcare-related application fields, such as the sensitive detection of biomolecules and cellular interfacing. Within the well-established field of biomedical polymeric sensors, surface modification and/or functionalization using plasma is just emerging as a technology to improve selectivity and sensitivity in the biodetection process. Treatments based on plasma irradiation of polymer surfaces, which have been traditionally applied for cleaning, etching, activating or cross-linking, are currently being used to induce the formation of electrocatalytic species able to promote the oxidation of, for example, bioanalytes and/or gas molecules harmful for human health. Here, we summarize the main advances in the utilization of plasma technologies for the fabrication of polymeric sensors for advanced biomedical applications (e.g. humidity, temperature, pH, neurotransmitter, and glucose sensors).
Zhang, Lizhen; Lin, Zhaoxing; Yu, Yun-Xiang; Jiang, Bang-Ping; Shen, Xing-Can
doi: 10.1039/c8tb01957fpmid: 32254861
It is of vital importance to engineer the surface structures of carbon dots (CDs) to satisfy their practical biomedical applications, including imaging and treatment. In this work, one type of hyaluronic acid-derived CD (HA-CD) was synthesized via a facile one-step hydrothermal method using cancer cell-targeted HA as a precursor. The as-prepared HA-CDs were targeted actively toward CD44 receptor-overexpressing cancer cells because a partial HA structure remained on the HA-CD surface. Beyond this, HA-CDs can act as a novel photosensitizer, because they can generate O2˙− under 650 nm laser irradiation, and they also exhibit excellent blue photoluminescence emission. The in vitro results revealed that HA-CDs imaged selectively CD44-overexpressing cancer cells and inhibited their growth under 650 nm laser irradiation. Thus, HA-CDs can serve as a promising self-targeted imaging-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent for cancer. The present research provides a promising new method to simply construct multifunctional CD-based targeted phototheranostic systems.
Li, Xiaoyun; Li, Yi-Chen; Chen, Mingjie; Shi, Qingshan; Sun, Runcang; Wang, Xiaoying
doi: 10.1039/c8tb01085dpmid: 32254862
Many animals such as snails and Chinese giant salamanders can secrete mucus for moisturizing, eliminating swelling and inflammation, and promoting wound healing; this implies that high viscous bio-functional materials inspired by mucus may show potential for biomedical applications. Herein, we developed a maltose-like injectable nanocomposite via the combination of chitosan polysaccharide and clay rectorite for hemostasis. Through the hemostatic property of rectorite, the viscous nanocomposite decreased the in vitro clotting time by 43%. Moreover, an in vitro porcine skin model confirmed that the viscous nanocomposite can stably adhere on skin and impede blood bleeding successfully. Importantly, the internal structure of the nanocomposites, chitosan intercalating into rectorite interlayers, provided a physical cross-linked network to decrease the release of rectorite from the nanocomposite and its invasion into the blood. Therefore, this viscous injectable nanocomposite provided a concept for a facile and sustainable biomaterial for skin hemostasis.
Lovato, Tatiana; Taresco, Vincenzo; Alazzo, Ali; Sansone, Caterina; Stolnik, Snjezana; Alexander, Cameron; Conte, Claudia
doi: 10.1039/c8tb01215fpmid: 32254863
Here we describe a rapid inkjet formulation method for screening newly-synthesised cationic materials for siRNA delivery into cancer cells. Reduction responsive oligo-β-aminoesters were prepared and evaluated for their ability to condense siRNA into polyplexes through a fast inkjet printing method. A direct relationship between the oligomer structures and charge densities, and the final cell response in terms of uptake rate and transfection efficacy, was found. The oligo-β-aminoesters were well-tolerated by the cancer cells, compared to conventional cationic polymers so far employed in gene delivery, and were as active in silencing of a representative luciferase gene.
Vinothkumar, G.; I. L., Arun; Arunkumar, P.; Ahmed, Waseem; Ryu, Sangbong; Cha, Suk Won; Babu, K. Suresh
doi: 10.1039/c8tb01643gpmid: 32254864
Rare earth phosphates have been used extensively in luminescent phosphors, bio-imaging, catalysis, and sensors. However, there is a need to correlate the structural-chemical changes associated with stability and performance. In the present work, hydrothermally synthesized CePO4:Smx (x = 0, 5 and 10 mol%) nanorods were annealed at different temperatures to understand the modulations in structure as well as optical and enzyme mimetic properties. As prepared samarium doped cerium phosphate (SCP) nanorods crystallized in a hydrated hexagonal structure transformed into an anhydrous hexagonal and a monoclinic structure on annealing at 400 °C and 800 °C, respectively. Though temperature did not affect the rod-like morphology of the SCP, the lattice strain changed from compressive to tensile. Monoclinic SCP exhibited excellent emission until 5% Sm3+ doping while the quenching effect dominated at 10% Sm3+. Monoclinic SCP samples demonstrated higher peroxidase-like enzymatic activity in comparison to natural enzyme HRP and hexagonal SCP. A mechanism for the enhanced peroxidase-like activity of the monoclinic structure was proposed based on the fluorescence property of terephthalic acid and the surface peroxo complex using Raman spectroscopy. Fluorimetric detection based on the luminescent quenching effect of the monoclinic SCP nanorods treated with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide showed a linear response from 0 to150 μM concentration with a detection limit (LOD) of 3.17 μM H2O2. Our results demonstrate the importance of structure for enzyme mimetic activity.
Deng, Yanglong; Liu, Minjun; Chen, Xuening; Wang, Menglu; Li, Xiangfeng; Xiao, Yumei; Zhang, Xingdong
doi: 10.1039/c8tb01637bpmid: 32254865
Further biomimicking natural bone and enhancing osteoinductivity to meet the requirements of regenerative medicine is the key development direction of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics. Bone mineral is a kind of Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) with many kinds of trace ions incorporated; however, little is actually known regarding the incorporation of trace ions in CDHA, and trace-ions-incorporated CDHA in BCP ceramics has seldom been studied. The present study introduces an effective approach to fabricate porous BCP ceramic beads with a high content of strontium (Sr)-incorporated CDHA (BCP-Sr), and investigated its biological performance, especially with regard to osteoinductivity. The obtained BCP-Sr possessed a good spherical shape, interconnected pore structure, and a high content of Sr-incorporated CDHA phase. Compared to the commercial BCP ceramic irregular granules (BAM® P2040, BCP-C), BCP-Sr had more micropores, relatively faster degradation, better bone-like apatite formation, higher protein adsorption abilities, and was more likely to promote the related osteogenic genes and protein expressions of BMSCs. Further in vivo canine intramuscular implantation confirmed that BCP-Sr had higher osteoinductivity than BCP-C. Collectively, the enhanced osteoinductivity of porous BCP ceramic beads by introducing a high content of Sr-incorporated CDHA has significant implications for designing highly bioactive BCP ceramics for applying in regenerative medicine.
doi: 10.1039/c8tb01807cpmid: 32254866
A newly portable detection sensing platform based on a graphene oxide (GO)-gated mesoporous silica nanocontainer (MSN) was designed for arsenite detection through the target-responsive release of glucose from the MSN with a glucometer readout. To construct such a biosensing system, the arsenite aptamer was initially conjugated covalently onto the mesoporous silica nanoparticles through the epoxy-amino reaction. Thereafter, the indicators (glucose molecules) were gated into the pores by using graphene oxide nanosheets, on the basis of π-stacking interactions between the nucleobases and graphene. Upon target arsenite introduction, graphene oxide was displaced from the MSN thanks to a specific reaction between the analyte and the aptamer, thus resulting in the opening of the pores to release the loaded glucose molecules, which could be determined quantitatively by using a portable personal glucometer (PGM). Based on the different affinities between graphene and the analyte for the labeled aptamer on the MSN, the amount of released glucose molecules from the pores increased with the increasing arsentite concentrations. Under optimal conditions, the GO-gated aptasensing system exhibited good PGM responses relative to arsenite concentrations within the dynamic working range of 0.01–100 ng mL−1 (ppb) at a detection limit of 2.3 pg mL−1 (ppt). The coefficients of variation (CVs) for the reproducibility of intra-assay and inter-assay were below 9.1% and 11.6%, respectively. In addition, the methodology also displayed high specificity and selectivity towards target arsenite against other ions, and was applicable for monitoring arsenite in water samples, giving well-matched results in accordance with the referenced ICP-MS.
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