Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research

Adebayo, Tosin Seun; Oluwamayowa, Logo

2021 Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research

doi: 10.1108/jacpr-06-2020-0518

The compulsory lockdown issued by the Nigeria Government to curb the spread of the virus has undoubtedly negatively affected the livelihoods of households. As a result, many have lost their sources of income and have no other means for survival. It is important to note that it has the potential of triggering violent conflicts and civil unrest as a popular African adage goes as thus: “A hungry man is an angry man”. Unfortunately, little attention has been given, neither has extant literature adequately covered the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak as it directly affects households in a rural community in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThis study proceeded from on both a qualitative and quantitative method and adopted a mixed-method and case study research design. Data for this study was collected through primary and secondary data. Primary data for this study was collected through a questionnaire and focus group discussions (FGD). The questionnaire used for this study was a validated instrument designed by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) to measure food security amongst households. The USDA household’s instrument was used and then modified to access the food security status of households during the lockdown.FindingsFindings from this study revealed that households, in general, were categorised as having “very low food security” during the lockdown as they testified to all the food insecure conditions. In general, the food intake of household members reported irregular eating patterns as the household lacked the money to purchase food. This study further indicated that a high number of respondents see violence as a means of attaining food. Extreme volatility in their inability to access food as a result of food shortages and the inability to benefit from government palliatives has been found to trigger incidents of conflict and malnutrition on households.Research limitations/implicationsThis method was sampling method was adopted because of the compulsory and constitutional lockdown imposed by the government to curb the spread of the novel COVID-19 which limited the movement of the researcher to other households in the community which proved to be limited during the time this research was carried limiting the scope of the sample size.Originality/valueThis research adopted mixed-method research and was written by the researchers who did the study. This paper was conducted during the mandatory lockdown issued by the Federal Government in Nigeria with to understand the impact of the mandatory lockdown on rural households using Ilaje local of Ondo state as a case study while establishing a link between food security and conflict.

Rajput, Sheraz Mustafa; Khoso, Noor Ahmed; Sial, Tariq Aziz; Dakhan, Sarfraz Ahmed; Syed, Hassan Ali

2021 Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research

doi: 10.1108/jacpr-12-2020-0566

This paper aims to investigate the impact of economic, social and political globalizations on the incidents of global terrorism.Design/methodology/approachThe authors apply negative binomial regressions model because the variable is event count. The sample size covers 195 countries from 1990 to 2017.FindingsThere is strong evidence that the higher level of economic and social integrations internationally lead to a reduction in terrorist activities. However, the results relating to political globalization are inconsistent. Comparing the top 20 most affected countries with the full sample, the authors find a negative association between economic globalization and terrorism, whereas social and political globalization is found to be statistically insignificant. Finally, the evidence holds firmly pre-9/11 attacks on World Trade Centre.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper suffers through the lack of consensus on a unique and consistent definition of terrorism. The definition of terrorism varies across time and countries. Furthermore, there is a variation among the main databases of terrorism, which could potentially affect the reliability of findings.Practical implicationsThis paper provides policymakers with a policy recommendation that the economic and social integration across countries should be encouraged, as it might decrease the number of terrorist events taking place worldwide. In addition, the benefits of economic development generated through global integration must be fairly distributed across societies as an effort to decrease motivation of disgruntles population to involve in terrorism.Originality/valueThis paper contributes empirically to the existing literature through investigating the impact of economic, social and political globalizations on the incidents of terrorism worldwide.

Ojewale, Oluwole

2021 Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research

doi: 10.1108/jacpr-11-2020-0554

The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the mutually reinforcing drivers of violent conflict in rural and urban communities in Central Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative research methodology through multi-stage sampling technique. This involved the purposive selection of Benue and Plateau States in Central Nigeria. The combination of household data collection and Geographic Information System led to the identification of 2,772, 117, 2,668 and 106 grids in Jos, Barkin Ladi, Makurdi and Gbajimba, respectively. This proportion constituted the clusters where household heads were chosen for questionnaire administration. Furthermore, a total of ten in-depth interviews were conducted.FindingsThe prominent precipitators of violent conflicts were: rise of criminal groups and criminal activities, hate speech, state’s inability to protect most citizens against violent crime, political intimidation by ruling party, over militarization of the public space. Others are rising population pressure, proliferation of small arms and light weapons and ban of open grazing.Research limitations/implicationsThis study could be strengthened if broadened to include communities with different socioeconomic realities. Hence, the view presented in this paper may not be considered generalizable to other parts of the country with different cultural settings.Originality/valueThe methodology offers a reliable alternative to combine sampling approaches for household surveys that can help address problems occasioned by the lack of census data.

Schuler, Kaitlyn R.; Basu, Natasha; Burcak, Anja; Smith, Phillip N.

2021 Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research

doi: 10.1108/jacpr-03-2021-0592

Suicide is a public health crisis that differentially affects racial and ethnic groups. Suicide is a public health crisis that differentially affects racial and ethnic groups. American Indians had the highest per capita suicide rates (11.1 for females and 33.4 for males) followed by White Americans (8.0 for females and 29.8 for males; Centers for Disease Control, 2019). There is an emerging focus on racial/ethnic disparities in suicide prevention research. Prior studies suggest that more accepting attitudes toward suicide are associated with elevated suicide risk status. As such, this study aims to examine the association between racial/ethnic identity and three attitude domains: the right to die, interpersonal gestures and resilience.Design/methodology/approachGeneral linear models were used to compare racial/ethnic groups in right to die, interpersonal gestures and resilience attitudes.FindingsParticipants who identified as Native American or Black were more likely than participants who identified as White, Bi/Multi-racial and Hispanic to hold attitudes supporting interpersonal motivations for suicide. Participants who identified as Black were more likely than participants who identified as White to hold right to die attitudes. Participants who identified as Black were more likely than White participants to report not viewing suicide as an option. These results suggest that racial/ethnic identity impacts attitudes toward suicide. People who identify as Native American or Black may be more likely to see suicide as acceptable for interpersonal reasons despite those who identify as Black being less likely to see suicide as an option. This study has implications for suicide prevention programs and interventions within racial/ethnic communities. Focusing interventions on attitudes supporting interpersonal motivations for suicide may increase effectiveness within Native American and Black communities.Originality/valueThis study aimed to fill a gap in suicide prevention research by examining associations between racial/ethnic identity and responses to a multidimensional attitude toward suicide measure. No prior study has compared attitudes across multiple domains and racial/ethnic groups.

Guler, Ahmet; Demir, Mustafa

2021 Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research

doi: 10.1108/jacpr-06-2021-0604

This study aims to examine the effect of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on suicide terrorism in different regions of the world and changes in the trends in suicide terrorism according to regions before and after 9/11.Design/methodology/approachUsing the data obtained from the Global Terrorism Database from 1981 to 2019, the descriptive statistics were computed first and then, independent samples t-tests were run to compare the monthly mean percentage of suicide-terrorism incidents that occurred in each region between the pre-9/11 and the post-9/11 periods. Finally, to statistically assess the effect of the 9/11 attacks and changes in the trends for the dependent variables over time, monthly interrupted time-series analyzes were conducted.FindingsThe results of monthly interrupted time series analyzes showed that after the 9/11 attacks, the trends for suicide-terrorism rates decreased significantly in three regions including South Asia, the Middle East and North Africa and Europe, while the trend for suicide-terrorism rates increased significantly in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, no statistically significant changes in the trends in suicide-terrorism rates occurred in three regions including North America, East Asia and Central Asia and Southeast Asia before 9/11, during November 2001 or after 9/11.Originality/valueThis study indicates the critical importance of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in suicide terrorism and its impact on these events in different regions of the world. The research also provides some recommendations concerning the effectiveness of defensive and offensive counterterrorism policies against suicide terrorism.

Luzanil, Sonny Tirta; Turnip, Sherly Saragih

2021 Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research

doi: 10.1108/jacpr-01-2021-0569

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) has been validated as a screening tool for identifying difficulties in adolescents in various countries. According to the results, the SDQ needs clinical evaluations to discriminate between adolescents with and without problems. This study is part of a research group that developed the self-report Indonesian version of the SDQ. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the self-report Indonesian version of the SDQ conduct problems subscale and identify the optimum cut-off score for Indonesian adolescents.Design/methodology/approachThis study was a double-blind non-experimental study, in which the self-report SDQ score was compared to the diagnostic interview. Participants that completed the SDQ were 708 10th-grade students in Jakarta, with 40 students from the sample randomly selected through the double-blind technique for the diagnostic interview.FindingsCrosstab’s analysis showed that the SDQ conduct problems subscale had a sensitivity value of 77.3% and a specificity value of 83.3%. Receiver operating characteristics analysis showed that the cut-off score of 4 used in this study is ideal for identifying individuals with conduct problems.Originality/valueThe SDQ has good accuracy for screening conduct problems among adolescents. Moreover, it will be helpful for parents, teachers, professionals and adolescents to screening conduct problems.