Assessment on Water Footprint of Paddy Cultivation in KedahAzhar, Nursabrina; Ahmad, Wan Amiza Amneera Wan; Mohammed, Syakirah Afiza; Ahmad, Abdul Ghapar; Santiagoo, Ragunathan; Vijean, Vikneswaran; Ahmad, Razi
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012038pmid: N/A
A measurable metric to gauge both the amount of water pollution and water consumption per unit of crop is the water footprint (WF). WF can be used as a thorough indicator of the utilization of freshwater resources. To increase the yield of crops, agriculture, consumed large amount of water. To prevent water shortages, it is crucial to understand how much water is consumed during agriculture. This study’s goal is to estimate the region of Kedah’s water footprint for paddy cultivation in the year 2017. By using CROPWAT 8.0 computer programming, climatic parameters were used for the estimation of water evapotranspiration for blue and green to proceed with the water footprint accounting. The methodological framework followed the crop water requirement (CWR) option based on the water footprint assessment manual. Focusing on the water footprint accounting phase, the blue, green and grey water footprint was calculated. The findings demonstrated that the three forms of water footprints differ significantly from one another. In Kedah, the value of the green water footprint (1201m3/ton) is higher than that of the blue water (130m3/ton) and the grey water (357m3/ton) footprints. 71% of green water footprint indicates that there is enough rainfall to support paddy growth.
Differential Display Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (DDRT-PCR) for Grey Oyster Mushroom Samples Grown with Acoustic Sound TreatmentSong, Tham Khai; Zamri, Norsahira Ezrin Mohd; Ibrahim, Roshita; Mohtar, Johan Ariff; Abbas, Hartinee; Rahman, Ahmad Mukhlis Abdul
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012018pmid: N/A
Grey oyster mushroom is the most often farmed and marketed type of mushroom for household consumption in Malaysia. The mushroom cultivation takes a long time due to its complicated mycelium growth. Several treatments were introduced such as acoustic sound treatment to increase the growth rate and quality of the crop, but there is no in-depth study regarding the genetic expression of the genes affected. This study aims to evaluate the Differential Display Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (DDRT-PCR) for grey oyster mushroom samples grown with acoustic sound treatment. The mushroom was subjected to the treatment and the RNA was extracted from the mushroom samples and converted into cDNA before undergoing DDRT-PCR. Ten Differential Expressed Transcripts (DETs) that were successfully identified based on the differences between the intensity and absence of amplicons were sent for gene sequencing and BLAST through the NCBI database to obtain relevant results regarding the possible gene annotation. Seven out of ten DETs hit potential genes encoding for housekeeping and structural and development functions. The results showed that acoustic sound treatment did affect the expression of certain genes differently as captured by DDRT-PCR analyses and offers new ideas for the development of ecological agriculture.
Solid Waste Characterization for Identifying Recyclable Materials at Peruvian Military HeadquartersBalbuena, Jose; Segura, Homar; Rojas, Gladys; Sosa, Jorge
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012016pmid: N/A
In Peru the solid waste management is an important task for the government, which have been increasing over the years; however, some activities of the solid waste management are not performed. Most of the solid waste ends incinerated or in the landfill, in consequence recyclable material are not recuperated and reused. According to the Peruvian Ministry of Environment only 1.9% of the usable materials were recycled, and public institutions are not unrelated to this recycling issue. The Peruvian Military Headquarter is a public institution focused mainly in all the administrative work of the Peruvian army, so most of the solid waste is office material with high potential to be recycled. In this article, a solid waste segregation and characterization process was included in the former solid waste management of the Peruvian Army Headquarters with the purpose of identifying potential recyclable materials. The results of the characterization and segregation process allowed to recognize three classes of recyclable solid waste, in addition, it was estimated that an approximate of 798 kg of usable material is produced per week at the military facilities.
A Novel: Low-cost Method for the Isolation of Anaerobic Hydrogen Producing BacteriaDung, Thi Ngoc Bao; Minh, Tran Duc; Minh, Pham Hoang; Pham, Kim-Hanh Thi; Nguyen, Tam-Anh Duong
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012031pmid: N/A
The hydrogen content of the two sludge samples namely TDS and PLS were increased after the heat shock pretreatment from 239.23 ± 10.23 mL/L to 663.87 ± 15.99 mL/L at 80°C and from 173.61 ± 17.21 mL/L to 496.74 ± 30.21 mL/L at 60°C, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) indicated that Enterococcus and Clostridium were the dominant bacteria in the TDS and PLS consortium. Two strains were successfully isolated from TDS and PLS using a simple method. Based on Bergey’s key identification and 16S rDNA sequencing, they were identified as Clostridium butyricum strain TD and Clostridium acetobutylicum strain PL. The hydrogen content, glucose consumed yield, and hydrogen yield of C. butyricum TD and C. acetobutylicum PL were 545.24 ± 7.31 mL/L, 90 ± 0.41 %, 0.89 ± 0.01 mol H2/mol glucose, and 729.34 ± 22.81 mL/L, 92.77 ± 1.39 %, 1.26 ± 0.05 mol H2/mol glucose, respectively.
Degradation of Reactive Black 5 Dye (RB5) using Iron Electrode (Fe.S) Derived from Iron Sludge Steel Waste via Electrochemical MethodAzizan, Nurul Athikah; Nasuha, Norhaslinda; Maarof, Hawaiah Imam
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012037pmid: N/A
A study has been performed on the degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) as pollutant using iron electrode (Fe.S) derived from iron sludge steel waste via electrochemical method. The Fe.S and titanium graphite electrodes were applied as anode and cathode respectively during the studied. The studied operating parameters were the effect of current density, initial pH, initial concentration, and the reusability of the Fe.S electrode. The experiment was carried out for 120 minutes of electrolysis time. From results revealed that Fe.S could be used three times with complete degradation of RB5 from initial concentration of 50 ppm. A complete RB5 colour removal can be achieved in any pH range (3,6, and 9). The current density at 4 mA/cm2 showed a faster RB5 degradation compared to at 2, 6,8, and 10 mA/cm2.
Comparative analysis of machine learning techniques for so2 prediction modellingShaziayani, W N; Noor, N M; Azan, S; Ul-Saufie, A Z
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012001pmid: N/A
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is produced both naturally and by human activity. The primary natural resource is derived from volcanoes. The burning of fossil fuels is the primary anthropogenic source (especially coal and diesel). Therefore, a reliable and accurate predicting method is essential for an early warning system for SO2 atmospheric concentration. There are still limited studies in Malaysia that use machine learning methods to predict SO2 concentrations. With the aid of machine learning, this study seeks to develop and predict future SO2 concentrations for the next day using the maximum daily data from Klang, Selangor. RapidMiner Studio is the data mining tool used for this research work. Based on the results, it showed that the SVM model was the best guide to be used compared with the other five models (GLM, DL, DT, GBT, and RF). The performance indicators showed that the SVM model was adequate for the next day’s prediction (R2 = 0.77, SE = 8.26, REL = 18.69%, AE = 1.46, and RMSE = 2.82). The developed model in this research can be used by Malaysian authorities as a public health protection measure to give Malaysians an early warning about the problem of air pollution. The goal of predictive modelling is to make a reasonable prediction of the variable of interest, and frequently, to determine how much the independent variable contributed to the dependent variable. The results also showed that the previous SO2 concentrations were one of the most influential parameters used to predict the future SO2 concentrations.
Development and implementation of a methodology for National Wastewater Surveillance System of SARS-CoV-2 in RomaniaPrangate, R; Deák, Gy; Matei, M; Boboc, M; Holban, E; Amat, Roshazita Che
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012040pmid: N/A
SARS-CoV-2 is a pathogenic coronavirus and has caused acute respiratory diseases worldwide. Over time, numerous research studies have proved the benefits of environmental surveillance through monitoring the wastewater. During the COVID-19 public health emergency, several countries have conducted studies to detect viral RNA from SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Also, several countries have developed a National Wastewater Surveillance System of SARS-CoV-2, currently it is also being implemented in Romania. The aim of this research is to develop, in line with the already existing volume of information, a methodology for the processing and analysis of wastewater samples for SARS-CoV-2 and to highlight methods for sample preparation (these methods are not standardised). In addition, we summarize current knowledge on recent advances and applicability of SARS-CoV-2 virus monitoring in wastewater as a tool for surveillance of COVID-19.
Organic loads reduction efficiency using natural fiber reinforced polymer encapsulated microalgae macrocapsule for wastewater treatmentDollah, Zuraisah; Roslan, Nurul Ain Sofiya; Alias, Salina; Akbar, Nor Azliza
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012043pmid: N/A
Organic load such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) increases in the water because of the increase in human growth and industrialisation. The initial goal of the study, to characterise the natural fibre reinforced polymer encapsulated microalgae macrocapsule using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Second, analyse organic load reduction utilising natural fiber reinforced polymer encapsulated microalgae macrocapsule. The experiment was conducted with five Schott bottles with a 1.7 liter working volume as a photobioreactors. The system was operated with three tubes fabricated with different functions. The first tube was connected to the adjustable air pump oxygen aerator to supply oxygen into the photobioreactor system. The photobioreactor’s second tube is designed to flow out gasses. The last tube is the sampling tube function to withdraw the samples for the efficacy of treatment performance. The photobioreactor will continuously be illuminated with cool-white fluorescent light (Philip TL-D 36W/865, light intensity of 60–70 μmol m-2 s-1). This study employs COD to test microalgae’s organic load reduction. From day 1 to 5, COD value shows a pattern of reduction from 352 mg/L for day 1 and 223 mg/L for day 5, respectively. The analysis reveals that the p-OPEFB (Polymeric Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch) macrocapsule has a surface structure with a rough surface before and after treatment. Optical density measures microalgae growth. BBM’s (Bold Basal Medium) increasing absorbance value allows microalgae to develop optimally. Natural fibre reinforced polymer encapsulated microalgae macrocapsule shows potential for wastewater treatment.
Analysis of the results from the applied technologies for carbon dioxide sampling in aquatic ecosystemsEnache, N; Laslo, L; Matei, M; Boboc, M; Cătuneanu, I; Deák, G
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012006pmid: N/A
Globally, streams and rivers contain important stocks of carbon dioxide and release 1.8 ± 0.25 Pg of carbon each year. The literature review demonstrates that wetlands carbon sequestration capacity and effluxes are not homogenous. Considering those differences, it is crucial to comprehend how these effluxes vary depending on the characteristics of open water plots and areas with vegetation along river basins and how different weather conditions affect the variation of CO2 efflux. The purpose of this study was to analyse the various plots along Dambovita river’s watercourse in order to better understand the fluctuation of the CO2 efflux at the water-atmosphere interface and its dependent parameters. Here, we applied two complimentary methods with close chambers: dynamic by respiration chamber and static by injection kit in order to describe CO2 efflux data sets. Additionally, we measured simultaneously the weather parameters (air temperature, precipitation, wind speed), but also the water quality parameters. The CO2 efflux results are a starting point for improving the emission factor for rivers in temperate climate zone, which is 1.46 for default values at the country level. Also, the analysis performed contributes to a better understanding of how spatial and temporal variability of river characteristics impacts CO2 effluxes.
Viability Study on Fly Ash and Bottom Ash from Combustion WasteIbrahim, Norlia Mohamad; Mohamed, Syakirah Afizah; Amat, Roshazita Che; Rahim, Nur Liza; Zailani, Warid Wazien Ahmad; Rahim, Mustaqqim Abdul; Laslo, Lucian; Ismail, Khairul Nizar
doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012025pmid: N/A
The substitution or addition of new supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in the production of variety of construction materials has gained much interest. One of the examples of SCM is incineration ash which consist of fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) which are the residues from the ignition of biomass and can brings applicable ecological advantages. However, the properties of this new materials need to be investigated to ensure its full potential can be developed. Therefore, this study is initiated to identify the characteristics of incineration ash from local source in Malaysia. To identify the elemental components of ashes, most widely method was adopted which is using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The quantity of unburned carbon in fly ash is measured by loss on ignition, which has a major influence on the product’s characteristics. In addition, specific gravity and density were also determined and comparison has been made with cement. In this study it was found out that XRF results shows that both FA and BA consist of the same mineral composition with OPC majorly in silica, aluminium, calcium, and iron which makes is suitable to be used in the concrete. For LOI, the value for BA is much higher compared with FA due to the amount of unburnt carbon in its original compositions and the incomplete burning due to insufficient contact time in the furnace. Based on the result obtained for LOI, the average LOI value for FA and BA is 17.33 % and 44.67 %, respectively. As expected, for the specific gravity and density, FA having the lowest specific gravity and density. The density obtained for FA is 755 kg/m3 and for BA is 593 kg/m3. Overall, the use of incineration ash can be fully investigated by exploring other parameter that influence the performance of construction materials.