Study of CO2 Injection into Sumatran Shale Layers to increase Hydrocarbon Gas Productivity of The Shale Gas ReservoirNurhandoko, Bagus Endar B.; Septama, Erlangga; Usman, Totong Kusnadi; Wardaya, Pongga Dikdya; Supriyanto, Eko Bambang; Triyoso, Kaswandhi; Susilowati, ; Pratiwi, Ratih; Cindrawati, Maria; Rossa, Vida Irine; Pratama, Richie Rahmat
doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2734/1/012023pmid: N/A
Injecting CO2 into a reservoir has some important reasons. CO2 injection can enhance oil and gas recovery by reducing the capillary pressure, increasing the pressure gradient, and changing the phase behavior of the fluids. It can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by capturing and storing CO2 underground. It can also create economic benefits by utilizing CO2 as a valuable resource and generating revenue from carbon credits. Therefore, injecting CO2 into a reservoir benefits the environment and the industry. We can inject CO2 in shale gas reservoirs to increase productivity because CO2 has a stronger adsorption capacity on shale surfaces than hydrocarbon gas. When CO2 is injected into shale reservoirs, it can displace the adsorbed CH4 flow out of the micropores and free up more space for gas flow. Injecting CO2 can also reduce the viscosity and density of shale gas, improving its mobility and transport. Moreover, injecting CO2 can provide environmental benefits by reducing carbon emissions and storing CO2 underground. Therefore, CO2 injection is a promising technique for enhancing shale gas recovery and mitigating climate change. We characterized several types of shale from Sumatra using XRD to determine the mineral content. We injected the shale sample with the inert gas and CO2 gas. The characteristics of pressure build up after CO2 injection seem lower than one after inert gas injection. The volumetric of released gas after injection shows the same phenomena as pressure build up’s phenomena which shows clearly that shale rock released less of CO2 gas than the one of inert gas (CH4). These phenomena show that the CH4 can be released easier than the CO2 in the shale rock. Therefore, CO2 can be utilized as material for enhancing the gas recovery in shale reservoir.
Utilizing Convolutional Autoencoder for Anomaly Detections in LIGO Spectrogram DataImran, Adrian Ramadhana
doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2734/1/012048pmid: N/A
Massive amounts of data generated from the continuous running of LIGO gravitational-wave detectors comes with a need to search for signals within the data. Gravitational-wave data captured by the detector consist of astronomical events or glitches that last seconds. We present an unsupervised learning using convolutional autoencoder trained on the no-glitch Gravity Spy dataset to do anomaly search on spectrogram data. Reconstruction error is used as the basis and multiple windows are used to improve the model. Results on test data show that the model is capable of detecting signals with significant anomalies such as the Chirp or Koi Fish glitch. Meanwhile, detecting subtle anomalies such as the 1400 Hz Ripples is difficult because its reconstruction error is near the range of noise signals. Validating the result on confirmed gravitational-wave signals shows that the model is capable of gravitational-wave detection.
Charger-Mediated Energy Transfer for Quantum Battery With Constant Time Dependent Step Function and Open System ApproachYogantara, Putu Gede Agus Krisna; Zen, Freddy Permana
doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2734/1/012070pmid: N/A
The energy charging of quantum battery is analysed by open quantum approach. The modelled of the charger and battery are described by harmonic oscillator model. We choose this model because the harmonic oscillator battery gives the largest maximum energy albeit having the longest maximum time. In this paper, the interaction as actual quantum system whose dynamic is determined by Lindblad Master Equation in terms of constant is a step function to set the time when energy flow and what time that energy stop to flow or the interaction between charger and battery has stopped. The energy equation was determined by solving the master equation with second order differential equation to find the first momenta from charger and battery. Based on the equation, the energy of charger will not be zero which mean after interaction in several times, the charger will not one hundred percent lose its energy when the energy storage in battery already done.
Compressive Property of Biomass Briquettes Made of Hazelnut Shell and Peanut ShellGusnia, Yessi; Aditya, Irfan Dwi; Widayani,
doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2734/1/012002pmid: N/A
In Indonesia, energy consumption increases as with its population, while fossil energy sources keep running out. This condition forces the development of non-fossil energy sources. One promising alternative is biomass briquette. In this study a biomass briquette was made using hazelnut shell (limbah cangkang kemiri CK) and peanut shell waste (kulit kacang tanah KT) with various CK concentrations: 0/24, 4/24, 8/24, 12/24, 16/24, 20/24, and 24/24 (w/w). Initially, dried CK and KT waste were processed into charcoal powder with a particle size of ~ 0,25 mm. The briquette was prepared by densification of the two charcoal mixtures at a pressure of 29778,99 N/m2 for 15 min, followed by heating at 60 °C for 4 h. Due to storage and delivery process in the application, briquettes must have good compressive properties. In this study, compressive property of the produced briquette was characterized using a universal testing machine (UTM). The results showed that the values of ultimate strength, modulus of elasticity, and elongation at break of the CK-KT briquette increased with increasing CK concentration, with highest values of 5.69 MPa, 80 MPa and 0.146, respectively.
Sanding phenomena vulnerability observations due to CO2 injection at the Air Benakat reservoir in South SumateraAziz, Prasandi Abdul; Marhaendrajana, Taufan; Siagian, Utjok W. R.
doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2734/1/012015pmid: N/A
Carbon sequestration using carbon capture storage (CCS) is one of the most important operational activities in the oil and gas industry to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase hydrocarbon production. Carbon Capture Utilization & Storage (CCUS) can be utilized for both enhancing oil recovery (CO2-EOR), as well as gas recovery (CO2-EGR) by injecting CO2 into the reservoir. However, the CO2 injection into reservoir rock can raise potential sanding problems in both injection and production wells. The phenomena of sanding may be induced dominantly due to carbonic acid injection in the reservoir. The reaction between CO2 and water will form carbonic acid in the reservoir, which can cause the dissolution of rock minerals, especially carbonate cementation (such as calcite and dolomite). We have investigated the sanding effect when CO2 was injected into the reservoir using several laboratory-scale measurements and observations on the Air Benakat reservoir sample in South Sumatera. The sanding vulnerability was measured by observing pore structure, changes in elastic properties, and rock strength through Rock Physics and Rock Mechanics measurements. XRD analysis showed the presence of CaMg(CO3)2 (dolomite) minerals in the Air Benakat sandstone sample, which resulted in the possibility of a chemical reaction of the sample, either matrix or pores. The pore structure dissolution was detected from microscale images when the rock was injected with CO2 dissolved in brine water. The changes in rock’s pores due to the dissolution process were also clearly observed from measurements of the changes in rock mass during the injection process of carbonic acid fluid into rock samples from time-to-time measurement.
Earthquake Events Detected by Continuous Gravimeters in IndonesiaGunawan, I; Wahyudi, E J; Alawiyah, S; Kadir, W G A
doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2734/1/012006pmid: N/A
Earthquake monitoring and early warning systems play a critical role in mitigating the impact of seismic events on human lives and infrastructure. Continuous gravimeters, sensitive instruments designed to measure second changes in gravitational forces, have emerged as valuable tools for earthquake detection and monitoring. This paper reports the significance of continuous gravimeters in detecting earthquake events, highlighting their principle of operation and contributions to seismic research. In contrast to traditional seismic sensors, continuous gravimeters offer a unique perspective on seismic activity by detecting mass redistributions resulting from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates during an earthquake. This capacity enables them to capture the initial moments of an earthquake, contributing to early warning systems that can provide critical seconds to minutes of advance notice, enhancing preparedness and response efforts. Some earthquake events were detected by the gPhoneX gravimeters (numbers #123 and #126) placed in Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha Campus. Four possible location events matched with the timeframe of the seismometer recording data on June 15, 2023. This result shows that continuous gravimeters have the potential capability to advance earthquake monitoring and early warning capabilities. By offering a complementary approach to seismic sensors, these instruments broaden our understanding of earthquake dynamics and contribute to developing more robust and effective strategies for mitigating seismic hazards.
Preliminary Study of Carbonized Bituminous Raw Coal for Supercapacitor ElectrodeAnrokhi, M S; Abdillah, O B; Fitriani, P; Noor, F A; Iskandar, F
doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2734/1/012022pmid: N/A
Bituminous grade coal is a promising and cost-effective raw material for supercapacitor electrode application. Carbonization plays a crucial role in transforming the organic components present in raw coal into a carbon-rich structure with an enhanced capacity for charge storage. In this research, we study carbonized bituminous coal (CBC) as a preliminary evaluation of its electrochemical properties. The carbonized bituminous coal was synthesized through a simple heat treatment at temperatures of 700 and 900°C under a continuous flow of argon gas for 2 hours. The structural behavior of carbonized bituminous coal was analyzed using several characterizations, including x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge in a 3 M electrolyte solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) with a three-electrodes configuration. The specific capacitances of 49.75 F g−1 and 20.00 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 were achieved for the sample produced at the carbonization temperature of 700 and 900°C, respectively. These values are considerably higher than the specific capacitance of raw bituminous coal (0.687 F g−1) at 0.5 A g−1. This result may offer valuable insight for the further development of coal-based supercapacitor electrodes.
Electrical Resistivities of PVA/Activated Carbon-Based HydrogelsSihombing, Y A; Edikresnha, D; Anshori, I; Hapidin, D A; Khairurrijal, K
doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2734/1/012037pmid: N/A
This study investigates the physical and electrical properties of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel incorporated with edible Activated Carbon (AC). Three samples, namely PVA, PVA/AC 0.5, and PVA/AC 1.0 were prepared using the freeze-thaw method. The samples underwent six freeze-thaw cycles, each consisting of freezing at –25°C for 20 hours and subsequent exposure to room temperature for 4 hours. The porous network of hydrogel is attributed to the hydroxyl groups of PVA, resulting from the intermolecular cross-linking of PVA chains. The edible AC was uniformly dispersed within the hydrogel network, leading to a reduction in hydrogel pores. As a result, the electrical resistivity of PVA, PVA/AC 0.5, and PVA/AC 1.0 hydrogels measured 1052.9 ± 165.0 Ω.cm, 403.1 ± 29.2 Ω.cm, and 59.9 ± 4.7 Ω.cm, respectively. The incorporation of edible AC significantly decreased the resistivity of the hydrogel. So, this hydrogel is promising for biomedical and edible electronics applications.
Lawson Criterion Analysis of D-3He Fusion ReactionChaerani, J; Husin, A D; Yani, S
doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2734/1/012067pmid: N/A
The Lawson criterion constitutes a pivotal condition for the viability of sustained fusion reactions. This study employs numerical methods and data analysis in Microsoft Excel to ascertain the Lawson criterion for D-³He fusion at temperatures ranging from 75 to 150 keV. Furthermore, the investigation examines the influence of bremsstrahlung radiation and evaluates fusion reactivity based on Hively and Bosch-Hale parameters. Hively’s reactivity value falls within the range of 1.121 × 10−22 – 6.750 × 10−22 m3/s, the instability occurs at temperatures < 100 keV. The Bosch-Hale value differs significantly from the Hively reactivity, which is 1.208 × 10−22 – 2.340 × 10−22 m3/s. The bremsstrahlung radiation within the range of 4.819 × 10−20 – 6.802 × 10−20 keV exhibits minimal impact on the reaction. The Lawson criterion value within the scope of this study typically falls within the range of 0.437 × 1021 – 1.452 × 1021 s/m3. This range signifies the necessary combination of confinement time and plasma density to facilitate the generation of clean energy within a temperature range of 75 to 150 keV, thus propelling the fusion process toward the ignition phase.
Fidelity Comparation of Two-Qubit Quantum Teleportation with Bit-Flip and Phase-Flip ChannelPrabowo, Ananto Ari; Taufiqi, Muhammad; Hatmoko, Bayu Dwi
doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2734/1/012029pmid: N/A
This study investigates the effect of noise on two-qubit quantum teleportation through a four-qubit entangled channel theoretically. Therefore, in this study a comparison of two states of teleportation through ideal and noisy channel was carried out. The noisy channel can have the effect of bit-flip channel and phase-flip channel. From these two effects, it is found that the channel transforms in-to a mixed state. If the noise is neglected, the channel is pure state. Then, this channel is measured and fidelity is calculated. The fidelity of an ideal environment is 1. This indicates that the teleportation was successfully sent and at the same time confirms the teleportation behavior under ideal conditions. In noisy environments, fidelity can be less than 1. Two factors in noisy environment that affect fidelity are noise factor (p) and the orginal parameter states (transmission coefficients). In this calculation, for the bit flip noise, we observed that as the values of the coefficient values of transmitted state increase, the fidelity value increases. Meanwhile, for the phase flip noise, we observed that as the values of the coefficient values of transmitted state increase, the fidelity value decreases.