A framework for coronary vessels analysis in digital subtracted angiograms is described. This method combines the motion estimation with the frame-to-frame structure detection in a natural way such that they act interactively. The first step consists of the extraction of the vessel centrelines in one image and their organization into meaningful constituents or branches of the coronary arterial tree. The motion is then estimated along the centrelines through a gradient based method. These motion estimates supply an initial positioning of an active contour model (or ‘snake“) in the next image. This model adapts itself by changing its shape to accurately fit onto the new centrelines. This process is then reiterated on the subsequent images to depict the dynamic behaviour of all the relevant branches. The main interests of this scheme are: (1) the active models operate locally so a fast detection of the vessels can be performed; (2) the centrelines extraction is fully guided by the confluence of the motion estimation and the contour model; (3) both morphological and kinetic features are provided on a quantitative basis.

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Computer methods in quantitation of cardiac wall parameters from two dimensional echocardiograms: a survey

Sher, David; Revankar, Shriram; Rosenthal, Steven

2005 The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging

doi: 10.1007/BF01137562pmid: 1619301

With increasing use of two-dimensional echocardiograms (2DE) for diagnosis [1,2], efforts to computerize the process of quantification of cardiac parameters have increased. Visual processing of echocardiograms is time and labor intensive, and usually provides qualitative results with subjective variations [3]. In contrast, computer assisted methods are efficient and provide quantitative reproducible results. On the basis of the extent of computer usage, the 2DE processing methods are classified into three categories, namely, manual [9–30], interactive [32–49], and automatic methods [51–82]. This work is a structured survey of the published research on these three categories.

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Exercise echocardiography and single photon emission computed tomography in patients with left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis

Salustri, Alessandro; Pozzoli, Massimo; Ilmer, Ben; Hermans, Walter; Reijs, Ambroos; Reiber, Johan; Roelandt, Jos; Fioretti, Paolo

2005 The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging

doi: 10.1007/BF01137563pmid: 1619302

To compare the diagnostic value of exercise echocardiography and perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in the detection of the presence and the severity of coronary artery disease, we studied 21 patients with isolated stenosis of different degree of the left anterior descending artery. Both echocardiography and SPECT were performed in conjunction with the same symptom-limited bicycle exercise test. Positivity of the test was based on the presence of exercise-induced wall motion abnormalities and transient perfusion defects, respectively. For both tests, an ‘ischemic’ score was derived, as index of extent and severity of myocardial ischemia. Coronary arteriography was evaluated by caliper.

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Iopamidol in cardioangiography: a retrospective, multicenter study

Ballerini, Luigi; Barbaresi, Franco; Binaghi, Giovanni; Cernigliaro, Carmelo; Chioin, Raffaello; Fattori, Rosella; Inglese, Luigi; Invernizzi, Giorgio; Priolo, Susanna; Passoni, Federico; Richichi, Giuseppe; Squarcia, Umberto; Violini, Roberta

2005 The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging

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Iopamidol in cardioangiography: a retrospective, multicentre study

Ballerini, Luigi; Barbaresi, Franco; Binaghi, Giovanni; Cernigliaro, Carmelo; Chioin, Raffaello; Inglese, Luigi; Invernizzi, Giorgio; Priolo, Susanna; Onorato, Eustaquio; Passoni, Federico; Richichi, Giuseppe; Squarcia, Umberto; Violini, Roberte

2005 The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging

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Left ventricular opacification after peripheral venous injection of a modified albumin solution

Lin, Shoa; Lo, Jin; Mou, Chung; Ho, Shuenn; Liu, Ren; Chan, Julie; Chang, Mau; Chiang, Hung; Chen, Chung

2005 The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging

doi: 10.1007/BF01137566pmid: 1619305

The usefulness of a modified albumin solution was assessed in 8 dogs after peripheral venous and inferior vena cava injections. The contrast agent is a mixed solution made of glucose, albumin and glycerin, with sonicated microbubble diameter of 5.0 ± 2.3 μm. Multiple injections (8 ml each) of this contrast agent (total 80 injections) into peripheral vein and inferior cava were performed. The blood pressure from femoral artery was measured before, during and after injections.

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Book review

Pijls, Nico; Reiber, Johan

2005 The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging

doi: 10.1007/BF01137567pmid: N/A

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Coronary artery-cardiac chamber shunt: cineangiographic analysis

Matsunaga, Naofumi; Hayashi, Kuniaki; Matsuoka, Yohjiro; Sakamoto, Ichiro; Ito, Masako; Hombo, Zen; Imamura, Toshiyuki; Oku, Yasuhiko; Kuriya, Taira; Hashiba, Kunitake

2005 The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging

doi: 10.1007/BF01137568pmid: 1619306

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doi: 10.1007/BF01137564pmid: 1619303

To evaluate the occurrence of complications during diagnostic or interventional catheterization a retrospective analysis of catheterization procedures in 1.2 italian laboratories using the nonionic contrast medium (CM) iopamidol (370mgI/ml) was performed. Data obtained on 26,219 patients ≥ 14 years are presented. The overall complication rate was 1.89% (485/26,219). The overall mortality rate was 0.1% (27/26,219). Procedure related complications were 389 (1.48%) and CM related complications were 106 (0.4%). No death was attributed to CM. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) rate was 0.11% comparable to the low rate observed with nonionic CM in other studies and less than the rate observed in surveys concerning the use of ionic CM. Fifty-seven thrombotic events were recorded (0.22%), a rate comparable with other surveys with ionic and nonionic CM. The total complication rate (6.1%), the rates of coronary occlusion (1.34%), myocardial infarction (0.37%) and urgent coronary artery by-pass grafting (0.5%) in 1,348 coronary angioplasties were lower than those recorded in previous surveys.

doi: 10.1007/BF01137565pmid: 1619304

To evaluate the complication rate in paediatric cardioangiography with the nonionic contrast medium iopamidol data on 8,166 procedures were retrospectively collected in 12 centres.

Coronary artery-cardiac chamber shunts (CA-CC shunts) were observed in 101 out of 2267 consecutive patients (4.5%) receiving selective coronary angiography. In these patients, contrast medium injected into the coronary artery escaped directly into the cardiac chamber. CA-CC shunts were angiographically classified into the following two types. Type I: The endocardial layer was diffusely opacified, and contrast medium escaped into the cardiac chamber on systole (n=83). Type II: Contrast medium escaped directly into the cardiac chamber via an undilated branch (n=11). Type I and type II shunts were observed simultaneously in 7 patients. It is speculated that type I is a shunt via a persistent arterio-sinusoidal vessel, while type II is a shunt via a persistent arterio-luminal vessel. Both types were observed frequently (24.9%) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The degree of CA-CC shunts in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was not influenced by the presence or absence of myocardial squeezing. CA-CC shunts are considered to be due to an abnormality in the coronary microcirculation of the myocardium. We describe the angiographic features of the two types of CA-CC shunt and discuss their pathophysiological significance.