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Jabit, Md. Lip; Wahyuni, Fatma Sri; Khalid, Rozida; Israf, Daud Ahmad; Shaari, Khozirah; Lajis, Nordin H.; Stanslas, Johnson
doi: 10.3109/13880200902973787pmid: N/A
The methanol extracts of 32 plant parts of 19 species of the genus Garcinia (Guttiferae) were collected from rainforests of the Malaysian Peninsula and the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, for evaluation of their in vitro cytotoxic and nitric oxide inhibitory activities. An end-point MTT cell viability assay was used to determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the extracts in three human tumor cell lines representing tumors of the breast (MCF-7), lung (NCI-H460) and prostate (DU-145). Griess assay was performed to assess the nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity. Of the 32 extracts, 27 showed cytotoxic activity in at least one of the three tumor cell lines used in this study. Four extracts, Garcinia opaca King (fruit), Garcinia maingayi Hook.f. (stem), Garcinia penangiana Pierre (leaf) and Garcinia urophylla Scortech.ex King (leaf) extracts showed the most potent and selective cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells (IC50 3-8 μg/mL). The extracts from Garcinia cowa Roxb. (stem), Garcinia bancana Miq. (stem) and Garcinia malaccensis Hook.f. (leaf) showed moderate activity and selectivity towards non-small lung tumor cells. The extracts from Garcinia bancana (stem), Garcinia malaccensis (stem), Garcinia prainiana King (leaf), Garcinia rostrata Hassk.ex Hook.f. (stem and leaf), Garcinia cowa (stem) and Garcinia nervosa Miq. (leaf) exhibited inhibition against NO production without affecting the viability of LPS and IFN-γ-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Among these, the most promising extracts were G. bancana (stem) and G. malaccensis (stem), as they showed the highest selectivity indices (> 50) for NO inhibition. In conclusion, these data provide evidence that some of the Garcinia species could potentially contain potent and selective cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory agents.
Anaga, Aruh O.; Oparah, NnekaQ.
doi: 10.3109/13880200902973795pmid: N/A
Some pharmacological activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Kunth (Cochlospermaceae) root extract were studied. The extract yielded 3.4% w/w dry matter. The extract was well tolerated in all doses (250- 3000 mg/kg bw, per os) used in the experiment. Brine shrimps lethality test gave LC50 of 4.42 ppm at 95% confidence interval. The extract significantly (p <0.05) increased pentobarbital-induced sleeping time at all doses. The extract (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kgbw, p.o.) significantly (p <0.05) decreased the paw licking time in the second (late) phase of the formalin test. Also, it significantly (p <0.05) decreased the number of acetic acid-induced writhings in all doses used. The anti-inflammatory study showed that the extract caused a biphasic inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema, similar to indomethacin (20 mg/kgbw). Despite the potent analgesic effect of the extract, it did not protect mice from leptazole-induced convulsions. The extract (250, 500, 1000 mg/kgbw p.o.) significantly (p <0.05) decreased blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The phytochemical tests showed the presence of saponins, tannins, glycosides and carbohydrates. In conclusion, C. planchonii root extract contains very potent bioactive compounds, which showed CNS depressant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic effects with minimal toxicity. Therefore, it is endowed with a potential for pharmacological control of pain, inflammation, and diabetes mellitus.
Tolan, Veysel; Toker, Zuhal; Özdemir, Sadin; Demirci, Özlem; Otludil, Birol; Özen, Hasan Ç.
doi: 10.3109/13880200902973811pmid: N/A
Hypericum (Hypericaceae) species are extensively used in several fields such as traditional medicine, food and crop protection. Despite its usage in many fields, the identification of the genotoxic potential of this herb is still incomplete. In this study, we evaluated genotoxic effects of the petroleum ether, hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract of Hypericum lysimachioides Boiss. var. lysimachioides by Ames Salmonella/microsome test and SOS chromotest. The mutagenic activity of Hypericum lysimachioides var. lysimachioides extracts was investigated by using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 and also the SOS chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37 strain, with or without S9 metabolic activation. In this initial report we demonstrated that all extracts of H. lysimachioides var. lysimachioides showed significant mutagenic activity on both strains of Salmonella either with or without S9 mixture. No mutagenicity was found in the SOS chromotest either with or without S9 mixture. These results indicate a significant mutagenicity of the petroleum ether, hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Hypericum lysimachioides var. lysimachioides in vitro. It can be suggested that quercetin and flavonol or their synergistic effects may be main mutagenic agents in the photopharmaceuticals Hypericum lysimachioides var. lysimachioides extract.
Kuete, V.; Vouffo, B.; Mbaveng, A. T.; Vouffo, E. Y.; Siagat, R. M.; Dongo, E.
doi: 10.3109/13880200902988595pmid: N/A
A methanol extract from the stem bark of Antiaris africana Engler (Moraceae), as well as compounds isolated and identified as betulinic acid (1), 3β-acetoxy-1β,11α-dihydroxy-olean-12-ene (2), ursolic acid (3), oleanolic acid (4), strophanthidol (5), periplogenin (6), convallatoxin (7), strophanthidinic acid (8), methyl strophanthinate (9), and 3,3′-dimethoxy-4′-O-β-d-xylopyronosylellagic acid (10), were tested for their antioxidant and anticancer activities. The DPPH radical scavenging assay was used for the antioxidant test while the potato disk tumor induction and XTT assays were used to detect antitumor activities. The antioxidant test showed that the methanol extract and compounds 1, 9, and 10, as well as vitamin C, used as reference antioxidant drug, were able to interact with more than 50% DPPH. The results of the potato disk tumor induction assay also indicated a pronounced tumor reducing activity of the methanol extract (83.12%) and compound 10 (96.64%). Samples showing more than 20% inhibition of Crown gall tumors were then tested against human DU-145 and hepatocarcinoma Hep G2 cells. The results showed inhibitory activities of 64.12% and 73.62%, respectively, on DU-145 and Hep G2 cells for the methanol extract. Compound 10 showed the highest inhibition potency on both cell lines with more than 70% inhibition at 50 μg/mL. The methanol extract showed an IC50 value lower than this at 30 μg/mL, a threshold value for potential antineoplastic extracts. The results of the present study provide supportive data for the traditional anticancer use of A. africana and indicate that the methanol extract as well as compound 10 represent a potential source of medicine for the treatment of cancer, having also interesting antioxidant properties.
Mehta, Shikha; Singh, Rakesh Kumar; Jaiswal, Dolly; Rai, Prashant Kumar; Watal, Geeta
doi: 10.3109/13880200902991532pmid: N/A
The aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (syn: Phyllanthus emblica L.) (Euphorbiaceae) seeds was investigated for its anti-diabetic activity in animal models. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes models were used for the study. The standardized doses of 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg kg−1 body weight of the extract were administered orally to normal and diabetic rats in order to define its glycemic potential. The maximum fall of 27.3% (p < 0.001) in the blood glucose level of normal rats was observed at 6 h during fasting blood glucose studies, with the dose of 300 mg kg−1 identified as the most effective dose. The same dose produced a fall of 25.3% (p < 0.001) in the same models during the glucose tolerance test (GTT) at 3 h after glucose administration. However, the dose of 300 mg kg−1 of aqueous seed extract in sub- and mild-diabetic animals produced a maximum fall of 34.1 and 41.6% (p < 0.01), respectively, during the GTT at 3 h after glucose administration. This evidence clearly indicates that the aqueous extract of E. officinalis seeds has definite hypoglycemic potential as well as anti-diabetic activity.
Coutinho, Henrique D. M.; Costa, José G. M.; Lima, Edeltrudes O.; Falcão-Silva, Vivyanne S.; Siqueira-Júnior, José P.
doi: 10.3109/13880200902991540pmid: N/A
In this study, the ethanol extract of Momordica charantia L. (EEMC) (Cucurbitaceae) was tested for its antimicrobial activity against strains of Escherichia coli. The growth of two E. coli strains tested was not inhibited by the extract. The MIC and MBC values were ≥ 1 mg/mL for both strains of E. coli used. A synergistic effect between this extract and aminoglycosides was demonstrated. Similarly, a synergistic effect was observed of chlorpromazine on kanamycin and amikacin, indicating the involvement of an efflux system in the resistance to these aminoglycosides. The checkerboard method with combinations of aminoglycosides and EEMC demonstrated synergism with kanamycin and an additive effect with amikacin and neomycin. It is therefore suggested that extracts from M. charantia could be used as a source of plant-derived natural products with resistance-modifying activity. This is the first report about the modifying antibiotic activity of Momordica charantia, constituting a new weapon against bacterial resistance to antibiotics, as with chlorpromazine.
Yan, Zhikun; Hu, Zhibing; Pan, Xiaohua; Chen, Yingying; Zhang, Xiaoming; Shen, Yueliang
doi: 10.3109/13880200902991565pmid: N/A
Successful heart preservation is critical for clinical heart transplantation, but even the most successful heart preservation method can only preserve the heart in a time range of approximately 4 h. In the present study, diazoxide (DE)-containing cardioplegia solution was used as the hypothermic heart preservation solution, and hearts were preserved for different time periods before reperfusion. Five groups were randomly divided into the control group, DE groups with different concentrations of DE (15, 30, and 45 μM), and the 5-HD + DE group containing 30 μM DE and 100 μM of 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD). Each group was further divided according to the storage time: 3 h and 8 h subgroups. Hemodynamic parameters were monitored continually and myocardial injury markers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) were measured before arrest and during reperfusion. After reperfusion, myocardium water content, myocardium apoptosis, and myocardial mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured. All data were analyzed by independent samples t-test. Our results showed that diazoxide treatment improved impaired hemodynamics parameters and decreased the leakage of myocardial enzymes during reperfusion, compared to the control group. Moreover, diazoxide treatment significantly alleviated myocardial edema, decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cardiomyocytes, prevented the loss of mitochondrial SOD activity, and depressed the mitochondrial MDA content. This study indicated that mitoKATP channel opener diazoxide could significantly enhance myocardial protection during long-term hypothermic preservation, and the inhibition of oxidative stress-induced myocardium apoptosis seems to be the mechanism involved in the protective action on the mitoKATP channel.
Bhakshu, L. Md.; Raju, R. R. Venkata
doi: 10.3109/13880200902991573pmid: N/A
Rhynchosia heynei Wt. & Arn. (Fabaceae) is an endemic medicinal plant found in the forests of Eastern Ghats of India. The essential oil obtained from the leaves by steam distillation was studied for antimicrobial activity and chemical characterization. The essential oil exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity on eight bacterial and three fungal strains. The essential oil was characterized chemically using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The majority of the components of the essential oil of R. heynei are oxygenated terpenes, such as, terpineol, camphene hydrate, germacrene-D, humulene, and linalool. etc.
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