Rapid Prototyping Journal

Agius, Dylan; Kourousis, Kyriakos I.; Wallbrink, Chris

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-05-2017-0105

The purpose of this paper is to examine the mechanical behaviour of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V under cyclic loading. Using as-built selective laser melting (SLM) Ti-6Al-4V in engineering applications requires a detailed understanding of its elastoplastic behaviour. This preliminary study intends to create a better understanding on the cyclic plasticity phenomena exhibited by this material under symmetric and asymmetric strain-controlled cyclic loading.Design/methodology/approachThis paper investigates experimentally the cyclic elastoplastic behaviour of as-built SLM Ti-6Al-4V under symmetric and asymmetric strain-controlled loading histories and compares it to that of wrought Ti-6Al-4V. Moreover, a plasticity model has been customised to simulate effectively the mechanical behaviour of the as-built SLM Ti-6Al-4V. This model is formulated to account for the SLM Ti-6Al-4V-specific characteristics, under the strain-controlled experiments.FindingsThe elastoplastic behaviour of the as-built SLM Ti-6Al-4V has been compared to that of the wrought material, enabling characterisation of the cyclic transient phenomena under symmetric and asymmetric strain-controlled loadings. The test results have identified a difference in the strain-controlled cyclic phenomena in the as-build SLM Ti-6Al-4V when compared to its wrought counterpart, because of a difference in their microstructure. The plasticity model offers accurate simulation of the observed experimental behaviour in the SLM material.Research limitations/implicationsFurther investigation through a more extensive test campaign involving a wider set of strain-controlled loading cases, including multiaxial (biaxial) histories, is required for a more complete characterisation of the material performance.Originality/valueThe present investigation offers an advancement in the knowledge of cyclic transient effects exhibited by a typical α’ martensite SLM Ti-6Al-4V under symmetric and asymmetric strain-controlled tests. The research data and findings reported are among the very few reported so far in the literature.

Liu, Feng; Xie, Shaoai; Wang, Yan; Yu, Jianjun; Meng, Qinghua

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-03-2017-0041

The titania (titanium dioxide) is one of the important functional additives in the photosensitive resin and encounters the problem of stabilization in the photosensitive resin for 3D printing. This study aims to achieve enhancement in stabilization by preparation of the polymerizable titania and in situ laser-induced crystallization during 3D printing.Design/methodology/approachA type of polymerizable titania (AAEM@TiO2) was designed and prepared from tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) and 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate (AAEM) via the sol–gel process, which was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectra, surface bonding efficiency (SBE) and settling height (H). AAEM acted on both bonding to the titania and polymerization with the monomer in resin for stabilization. The polymerizable titania could be converted to the pigmented titania by means of laser-induced crystallization. The photosensitive resin was then formulated on the basis of optimization and used in a stereolithography apparatus (SLA) for 3D printing.FindingsThe stabilization effect of AAEM on TiO2 was achieved and the mechanism of competition in the light-consuming reactions during photocuring was proposed. The ratio of nAAEM/nTBT in AAEM@TiO2, the concentration of AAEM@TiO2 and photoinitiator (PI) used in the photosensitive resin were optimized. The anatase crystal form was indicated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and clustering of nanocrystals was revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after SLA 3D printing.Originality/valueThis investigation provides a novel method of pigmentation by preparation of the polymerizable titania and in situ laser-induced crystallization for SLA 3D printing.

Peng, Tao; Xu, Shuangmei; Zhang, Hong; Zhu, Yi

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-05-2017-0078

Many process parameters in selective laser melting (SLM) can be configured to optimize build time, which directly relates to energy consumption, and to achieve acceptable part quality. This study aims to investigate whether energy can be effectively reduced with acceptable mechanical properties. The influence of exposure time is primarily focused to correlate energy consumption to mechanical properties.Design/methodology/approachThrough single-factor design and experiment result analysis, three levels of exposure time were examined in fabricating two sets of sample parts, for energy analysis and mechanical property tests. Manufacturing power profile was measured online, and four mechanical properties, tensile, flexural, torsional strengths and part density, were investigated. A graphical growth rate tendency (GRT) plot is proposed to jointly analyze multiple variables.FindingsEnergy consumption increases in fabricating a same part with the increase of exposure time in the tested range, but exposure time was found to influence build power rather than build time in the given SLM system. Mechanical properties do not increase linearly, and grow at different rates. It is found that within the tested range, increased energy consumption brought to a small improvement of part density, but a notable improvement of tensile strength and maximum torque.Practical implicationsProducing quality SLM parts can be energy-effective through quantitative study. The proposed GRT plot is an intuitive visual aid to compare the growth rates of different variables, which offers more information to additive manufacturing practitioners.Originality/valueIn this research, energy consumption and mechanical property are jointly analyzed for the first time to advance the knowledge of energy-effective SLM fabrication. This helps additive manufacturing technology to be truly energy-efficient and environmental-friendly.

McPherson, Jace; Zhou, Wenchao

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-07-2017-0150

The purpose of this research is to develop a new slicing scheme for the emerging cooperative three-dimensional (3D) printing platform that has multiple mobile 3D printers working together on one print job.Design/methodology/approachBecause the traditional lay-based slicing scheme does not work for cooperative 3D printing, a chunk-based slicing scheme is proposed to split the print job into chunks so that different mobile printers can print different chunks simultaneously without interfering with each other.FindingsA chunk-based slicer is developed for two mobile 3D printers to work together cooperatively. A simulator environment is developed to validate the developed slicer, which shows the chunk-based slicer working effectively, and demonstrates the promise of cooperative 3D printing.Research limitations/implicationsFor simplicity, this research only considered the case of two mobile 3D printers working together. Future research is needed for a slicing and scheduling scheme that can work with thousands of mobile 3D printers.Practical implicationsThe research findings in this work demonstrate a new approach to 3D printing. By enabling multiple mobile 3D printers working together, the printing speed can be significantly increased and the printing capability (for multiple materials and multiple components) can be greatly enhanced.Social implicationsThe chunk-based slicing algorithm is critical to the success of cooperative 3D printing, which may enable an autonomous factory equipped with a swarm of autonomous mobile 3D printers and mobile robots for autonomous manufacturing and assembly.Originality/valueThis work presents a new approach to 3D printing. Instead of printing layer by layer, each mobile 3D printer will print one chunk at a time, which provides the much-needed scalability for 3D printing to print large-sized object and increase the printing speed. The chunk-based approach keeps the 3D printing local and avoids the large temperature gradient and associated internal stress as the size of the print increases.

Czyżewski, Piotr; Bieliński, Marek; Sykutera, Dariusz; Jurek, Marcin; Gronowski, Marcin; Ryl, Łukasz; Hoppe, Hubert

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/RPJ-03-2017-0042

PurposeThe aim of this paper is presenting a new application of material obtained from the acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) recycling process from electronic equipment housings. Elements of computer monitors were used to prepare re-granulate, which in turn was used to manufacture a filament for fused filament fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing technology.Design/methodology/approachThe geometry of test samples (i.e. dumbbell and bar) was obtained in accordance with the PN-EN standards. Samples made with the FFF technology were used to determine selected mechanical properties and to compare the results obtained with the properties of ABS re-granulate mould pieces made with the injection moulding technology. The GATE device manufactured by 3Novatica was used to make the prototypes with the FFF technology. Processing parameters were tested with the use of an Aflow extrusion plastometer manufactured by Zwick/Roell and other original testing facilities. Tests of mechanical properties were performed with a Z030 universal testing machine, a HIT 50P pendulum impact tester and a Z3106 hardness tester manufactured by Zwick/Roell.FindingsThe paper presents results of tests performed on a filament obtained from the ABS re-granulate and indicates characteristic processing properties of that material. The properties of the new secondary material were compared with the available original ABS materials that are commonly used in the additive technology of manufacturing geometrical objects. The study also presents selected results of tests of functional properties of ABS products made in the FFF technology.Originality/valueThe test results allowed authors to assess the possibility of a secondary application of used elements of electronic equipment housings in the FFF technology and to compare the strength properties of products obtained with similar products made with the standard injection moulding technology.

Singh, Rupinder; Kumar, Ranvijay; Ahuja, IPS

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-05-2017-0094

This study aims to highlights the mechanical, thermal and melting behavior compatibility of aluminum (Al)-reinforced polyamide (PA) 6/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)-based functional prototypes prepared using fused deposition modeling (FDM) from the friction welding point of view. Previous studies have highlighted the use of metallic/non-metallic fillers in polymer matrix for preparations of mechanically improved FDM feedstock filaments and functional prototypes. But hitherto, very less has been reported on fabrication of functional prototypes which fulfill the compatibility of two polymers for joining/welding-based applications. The compatibility of two dissimilar polymers enables the friction welding for maintenance applications.Design/methodology/approachThe twin screw extrusion process has been used for mechanical mixing of metallic reinforcement in polymer matrix, and final blend of reinforced polymers in the form of extruded feed stock filament has been used on FDM for printing of functional prototypes (for friction welding). The methodology involves melt flow index (MFI) investigations, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) investigations for thermal properties, tensile and hardness testing for mechanical properties and photo micrographic investigations for metallurgical properties on extruded samples.FindingsIt was observed that the reinforced ABS and PA6 polymers have better compatibility in the terms of similar melt flow, thermal properties and can lead to the better joint efficiency with friction welding.Originality/valueIn the present work composite feed stock filament composed of ABS and PA6 with reinforcement of Al powder has been successfully developed for preparation of functional prototype in friction welding applications.

Wang, Yinmin (Morris); Kamath, Chandrika; Voisin, Thomas; Li, Zan

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-11-2017-0228

Density optimization is the first critical step in building additively manufactured parts with high-quality and good mechanical properties. The authors developed an approach that combines simulations and experiments to identify processing parameters for high-density Ti-6Al-4V using the laser powder-bed-fusion technique. A processing diagram based on the normalized energy density concept is constructed, illustrating an optimized processing window for high- or low-density samples. Excellent mechanical properties are obtained for Ti-6Al-4V samples built from the optimized window.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use simple, but approximate, simulations and selective experiments to design parameters for a limited set of single track experiments. The resulting melt-pool characteristics are then used to identify processing parameters for high-density pillars. A processing diagram is built and excellent mechanical properties are achieved in samples built from this window.FindingsThe authors find that the laser linear input energy has a much stronger effect on the melt-pool depth than the melt-pool width. A processing diagram based on normalized energy density and normalized hatch spacing was constructed, qualitatively indicating that high-density samples are produced in a region when 1 < E* < 2. The onset of void formation and low-density samples occur as E* moves beyond a value of 2. The as-built SLM Ti-6Al-4V shows excellent mechanical performance.Originality/valueA combined approach of computer simulations and selected experiments is applied to optimize the density of Ti-6Al-4V, via laser powder-bed-fusion (L-PBF) technique. A series of high-density samples are achieved. Some special issues are identified for L-PBF processes of Ti-6Al-4V, including the powder particle sticking and part swelling issues. A processing diagram is constructed for Ti-6Al-4V, based on the normalized energy density and normalized hatch spacing concept. The diagram illustrates windows with high- and low-density samples. Good mechanical properties are achieved during tensile tests of near fully dense Ti-6Al-4V samples. These good properties are attributed to the success of density optimization processes.

Aznarte Garcia, Elisa; Qureshi, Ahmed Jawad; Ayranci, Cagri

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-10-2017-0195

This paper aims to present an investigation of material-process interaction of VAT-photopolymerization processes. The aim of the research is to evaluate the effect of different printing factors on the tensile properties, such as elastic modulus, of 3D printed specimens.Design/methodology/approachTo perform this study, Design of Experiments is used by the use of Taguchi’s techniques. The relationship between each factor and the elastic modulus, ultimate tensile stress and strain at break is obtained. Furthermore, the total print time is analyzed with respect to the obtained properties.FindingsThe study indicates that part orientation, exposure time to the UV light and layer thickness are the most important factors affecting the investigated properties. At the same time, it was found that the highest mechanical properties can be obtained with the shortest printing times. A comprehensive list of factors available on the slicing software and other factors, like the orientation of the part or its position, is investigated. Future studies including post curing and chemical characteristics based on the obtained results are necessary.Originality/valueAs a result of this research, it is outlined that using design for additive manufacturing for vat-photopolymerization, especially on DLP processes, 3D printing methods can be stablished. Furthermore, it outlines the possibility of tailoring mechanical properties of printed parts as a function of print parameters and print time. Considering the limited amount of information available in the open literature, the results presented in this paper are of great interest for researchers in the field of VAT-photopolymerization.

Kang, Hyoung Seok; Noh, Sang Do; Son, Ji Yeon; Kim, Hyun; Park, Jun Hee; Lee, Ju Yeon

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-11-2016-0195

In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) printer-based manufacturing line and supporting system, which supports personalized/customized manufacturing for individual businesses or start-up companies, was studied to evaluate the practicality of using additive manufacturing for personalization/mass customization.Design/methodology/approachFirst, factory-as-a-service (FaaS) system, which provides factory as a service to customers, was proposed and designed to manufacture various products within a distributed manufacturing environment. This system includes 3D printer-based material extrusion processes, vapor machine/computer numerical control machines as post-processes and assembly and inspection processes with an automated material handling robot in the factory. Second, a virtualization module for the FaaS factory was developed using a simulation model interfaced with a cloud-based order and production-planning system and an internet-of-things-based control and monitoring system. This is part of the system for manufacturing operations, which is capable of dynamic scheduling in a distributed manufacturing environment. In addition, simulation-based virtual production was conducted to verify and evaluate the FaaS factory for the target production scenario. Main information of the simulation also has been identified and included in the virtualization module. Finally, the established system was applied in a sample production scenario to evaluate its practicality and efficiency.FindingsAdditive manufacturing is a reliable, feasible and applicable technology, and it can be a core element in smart manufacturing and the realization of personalization/mass customization.Originality/valueVarious studies on additive manufacturing have been conducted with regard to replacing the existing manufacturing methods or integrating with them, but these studies mostly focused on materials or types of additive manufacturing, with few advanced or applied studies on the establishment of a new manufacturing environment for personalization/mass customization.

Wu, Lifang; Zhao, Lidong; Jian, Meng; Mao, Yuxin; Yu, Miao; Guo, Xiaohua

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-04-2017-0060

In some three-dimensional (3D) printing application scenarios, e.g., model manufacture, it is necessary to print large-sized objects. However, it is impossible to implement large-size 3D printing using a single projector in digital light processing (DLP)-based mask projection 3D printing because of the limitations of the digital micromirror device chips.Design/methodology/approachA multi-projector DLP with energy homogenization (EHMP-DLP) scheme is proposed for large-size 3D printing. First, a large-area printing plane is established by tiling multiple projectors. Second, the projector set’s tiling pattern is obtained automatically, and the maximum printable plane is determined. Third, the energy is homogenized across the entire printable plane by adjusting gray levels of the images input into the projectors. Finally, slices are automatically segmented based on the tiling pattern of the projector set, and the gray levels of these slices are reassigned based on the images of the corresponding projectors.FindingsLarge-area high-intensity projection for mask projection 3D printing can be performed by tiling multiple DLP projectors. The tiled projector output energies can be homogenized by adjusting the images of the projectors. Uniform ultraviolet energy is important for high-quality printing.Practical implicationsA prototype device is constructed using two projectors. The printable area becomes 140 × 210 mm from the original 140 × 110 mm.Originality/valueThe proposed EHMP-DLP scheme enables 3D printing of large-size objects with linearly increasing printing times and high printing precision. A device was established using two projectors to practice the scheme and can easily be extended to larger sizes by using more projectors.

Kantaros, Antreas; Diegel, Olaf

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-05-2017-0095

This paper aims to discuss additive manufacturing (AM) in the context of applications for musical instruments. It examines the main AM technologies used in musical instruments, goes through a history of musical applications of AM and raises the questions about the application of AM to create completely new wind instruments that would be impossible to produce with conventional manufacturing.Design/methodology/approachA literature research is presented which covers a historical application of AM to musical instruments and hypothesizes on some potential new applications.FindingsAM has found extensive application to create conventional musical instruments with unique aesthetics designs. It’s true potential to create entirely new sounds, however, remains largely untapped.Research limitations/implicationsMore research is needed to truly assess the potential of additive manufacturing to create entirely new sounds for musical instrument.Practical implicationsThe application of AM in music could herald an entirely new class of musical instruments with unique sounds.Originality/valueThis study highlights musical instruments as an unusual application of AM. It highlights the potential of AM to create entirely new sounds, which could create a whole new class of musical instruments.

Huang, Zhicheng; Dantan, Jean-Yves; Etienne, Alain; Rivette, Mickaël; Bonnet, Nicolas

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-07-2017-0137

One major problem preventing further application and benefits from additive manufacturing (AM) nowadays is that AM build parts always end up with poor geometrical quality. To help improving geometrical quality for AM, this study aims to propose geometrical deviation identification and prediction method for AM, which could be used for identifying the factors, forms and values of geometrical deviation of AM parts.Design/methodology/approachThis paper applied the skin model-based modal decomposition approach to describe the geometrical deviations of AM and decompose them into different defect modes. On that basis, the approach to propose and extend defect modes was developed. Identification and prediction of the geometrical deviations were then carried out with this method. Finally, a case study with cylinders manufactured by fused deposition modeling was introduced. Two coordinate measuring machine (CMM) machines with different measure methods were used to verify the effectiveness of the methods and modes proposed.FindingsThe case study results with two different CMM machines are very close, which shows that the method and modes proposed by this paper are very effective. Also, the results indicate that the main geometrical defects are caused by the shrinkage and machine inaccuracy-induced errors which have not been studied enough.Originality/valueThis work could be used for identifying and predicting the forms and values of AM geometrical deviation, which could help realize the improvement of AM part geometrical quality in design phase more purposefully.

Chen, Jibing; Wan, Nong; Li, Juying; He, Zhanwen

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-05-2016-0073

Metal green parts fabricated by indirect selective laser sintering (SLS) have lower mechanical properties, and thus, they cannot satisfy practical application. To enhance their performance, two polymer resins were compounded as a modified material to infiltrate into the metal parts by SLS.Design/methodology/approachThe viscosity and glass-transition temperature were tested by a viscometer and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. The microstructure and morphology of the interface of parts by polymer resin infiltrated were observed to be using scanning electron microscopy. The tensile strength of sample parts was tested, too. The temperature tolerances of two mass ratio polymer materials were tested and compared by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA).FindingsCompared to those without being polymer material infiltrated, the results of test showed that the tensile strength of the metallic parts is enhanced obviously, about four times. In addition, the analysis of TGA showed that the resin of mass ratio of 2:1 can be endured up to 200° and can be used as infiltrating materials for metal parts.Originality/valueTherefore, plastic injection mold and function part can be manufactured by this method.

Wang, Yuanbin; Zhong, Ray Y.; Xu, Xun

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-01-2018-0002

Additive manufacturing (AM) has been increasingly used in various applications in recent years. However, it is still challenge when it comes to selecting a suitable AM process. This is because the outcome may vary due to not only different materials and printers but also different parameters and post-processes. This paper aims to develop an efficient method to help users understand trade-offs and make right decisions.Design/methodology/approachA hybrid method is proposed to help users select appropriate options from a large-scale and discrete option space in an interactive way. First, the design-by-shopping approach is applied to allow users exploring and refining the option space. The analytical hierarchical process method is then used to capture customers’ preferences. After analyzing the results of different normalization methods, a modified Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach is proposed to rank solutions and provide suggestions.FindingsThe usefulness of proposed method is illustrated in a case study. The results show that it can help customers understand performance distributions and find most suitable options accurately. The ranking of the modified TOPSIS method is more reasonable.Originality/valueDue to the complexity of AM technologies, the process selection is considered at the parameter level. A new system framework is proposed for decision support. The TOPSIS method is modified to achieve a stable performance.

Zhang, Luo; Zhu, Haihong; Liu, Jiahe; Zeng, Xiaoyan

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-01-2018-0004

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the track evolution and surface characteristics of selective laser melting Ti6Al4V.Design/methodology/approachIn the present paper, Ti6Al4V single-track, multi-track and bulk sample were formed at different scanning speed by selective laser melting (SLM). Then, the surface morphology, three-dimension profile and surface roughness were evaluated. The width of the single and multi-track was measured and compared.FindingsThe results showed that the heat accumulation played a great role on the evolution of tracks and surface characteristics from single-track to multi-track and to bulk. The surface morphology of the subsequent tracks became more regular when the single-track was irregular at the same high scanning speed. The width of last track Wn was always larger than that of the first track W1. The Ra of the top of the bulk increased with the increase of the scanning speed, this trend was as same as the Ra of the single-track, but the trend of Ra of the side was opposite.Originality/valueThe effect of heat accumulation on the track evolution and surface characteristics is obtained. The results can help to derive a smooth surface with a regular and continuous track in SLM.

Khoshkhoo, Ali; Carrano, Andres L.; Blersch, David M.

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-10-2017-0210

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the effect of part thickness and build orientation upon the type and magnitude of distortion in material jetting processes.Design/methodology/approachSpecimens with high (10:1) aspect ratio were printed in two orientations (XY and YX) and three thickness values (1, 3 and 6 mm) and scanned with a white-light profilometer to quantify distortion.FindingsThe results of this paper indicate that 1-mm thick specimens always distorted following a wavy edge type, while thicker specimens (3- and 6-mm) always distorted following a reverse coil set. The factor thickness, when measured with the indices height of the highest peak (H) and profile radius (R), was shown to be statistically significant, with 3-mm specimens experiencing distortions of 57 and 51 per cent, respectively, more severe than those in 6-mm specimens. The thickness effect is attributed to the percentage of build layers that receive maximum energy exposure (61-72 per cent in 1-mm, 87-91 per cent in 3-mm and 93-95 per cent in 6-mm specimens). With respect to the thinner 1-mm specimens, the factor orientation was found to be statistically significant with distortion 114 per cent less severe in the YX orientation when measured by the H index.Originality/valueThis paper provides the first known description of build orientation and part thickness effects on dimensional distortion as a pervasive consequence of the curing process in photopolymerization and explores one of the most common defects encountered in additive manufacturing. In addition to the characterization of the type and magnitude of distortion, the contributions of this paper also include establishing the foundation for design guidelines aiming at minimizing distortion in material jetting.

Keleş, Özgür; Anderson, Eric H.; Huynh, Jimmy

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-12-2017-0247

Mechanical reliability (variations in mechanical properties) of fused deposition modeled (FDMed) short-fiber-reinforced composites are unknown, which limits wider and safer use of these composites. Accordingly, this paper aims to investigate the mechanical reliability of FDMed model material short-carbon-fiber-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (SCFR-ABS). A new vibration-assisted FDM (VA-FDM) process was used to reduce porosity.Design/methodology/approachTensile tests were performed on FDMed SCFR-ABS produced with and without vibrations. Weibull analysis was performed to quantify the variation in fracture strength, tensile strength, strain at break and strain at tensile strength.FindingsIntroduction of vibrations to the extrusion head during FDM decreased the inter-bead porosity in SCFR-ABS and thus improved elastic modulus, toughness, fracture strength, tensile strength and strain at break. Weibull modulus of fracture strength increased from 25 to 57 with vibrations.Practical implicationsThe reported Weibull analysis offers a practical design guideline to predict failure rates at specific service stresses.Originality/valueA detailed Weibull analysis of the variations in the mechanical properties of FDMed SCFR-ABS was performed for the first time. A new vibration-assisted FDM process was reported to reduce inter-bead porosity in FDMed composites.

Zhu, Xiaowei; Chen, Yanqiu; Liu, Yu; Deng, Yongqiang; Tang, Changyu; Gao, Weilian; Mei, Jun; Zhao, Junhua; Liu, Tong; Yang, Jian

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-09-2017-0172

The purpose of this paper is to provide additive manufacturing-based solutions for preparation of elastomeric foam with broaden compressive stress plateau.Design/methodology/approachMechanic models are developed for obtaining designs of foam cell units with enhanced elastic buckling. An experimental approach is taken to fabricate the foams based on direct ink writing technique. Experimental and simulation data are collected to assist understanding of our proposals and solutions.FindingsA simple tetragonal structured elastomeric foam is proposed and fabricated by direct ink writing, in which its cell unit is theoretically designed by repeating every four filament layers. The foam exhibits a broader stress plateau, because of the pronounced elastic buckling under compressive loading as predicted by the authors’ mechanic modeling. A two-stage stress plateaus as observed in the foam, being attributed to the dual elastic buckling of the cell units along two lateral directions of the XY plane during compression.Research limitations/implicationsFuture work should incorporate more microscopic parameters to tune the elastomeric foam for mechanic performance testing on linear elastic deformation and densification of polymer matrix.Practical implicationsAdditive manufacturing offers an alternative to fabricate elastomeric foam with controlled cell unit design and therefore mechanics. Our results comment on its broad space for development such superior cushioning or damping material in the fields of vibration and energy absorption.Originality/valueThis work has contributed to new knowledge on preparation of high performance elastomeric foam by providing a better understanding on its cell structure, being printed using direct ink writing machines.

Qian, Ya; Yan, Wentao; Lin, Feng

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-05-2017-0088

This paper aims to study the effect of processing parameters and the fundamental mechanism of surface morphologies during electron beam selective melting.Design/methodology/approachFrom the powder-scale level, first, the discrete element method is used to obtain the powder bed distribution that is comparable with the practical condition; then, the finite volume method is used to simulate the particle melting and flowing process. A physically reliable energy distribution of the electron beam is applied and the volume of fluid method is coupled to capture the free boundary flow. Twelve sets of parameters grouped into three categories are examined, focusing on the effect of scan speed, input powder and energy density.FindingsAccording to the results, both melting pool width and depth have a positive relation with the energy density, whereas the melting pool length is insensitive to the scan velocity change. The balling effect is attributed to either an insufficient energy input or the flow instability; the hump effect originates from the mismatch between electron beam moving and the fluid flow. The scan speed is a key parameter closely related to melting pool size and surface morphologies.Originality/valueThrough a number of case studies, this paper gives a comprehensive insight of the parameter effects and mechanisms of different surface morphologies, which helps to better control the manufacturing quality of electron beam selective melting.

Guo, Zhi; Shan, Zhongde; Du, Dong; Zhao, Mengmeng; Zhang, Milan

2018 Rapid Prototyping Journal

doi: 10.1108/rpj-04-2017-0065

This paper aims to determine how the viscosity and curing agent content affect the flowability of moist silica sand granules. In addition, a coating device was designed according to the flow properties of silica sand granules.Design/methodology/approachThe flowability of silica sand granules premixed with two curing agents of different viscosities is studied using a Jenike shear apparatus. An open-ended device was used in discharge testing of sand granules with a design based on the variable dip angle of the two plates and variable outlet size.FindingsThe test results show that increasing the curing agent content would significantly decrease the flowability of silica sand granules, and a curing agent of higher viscosity has a greater effect on the flowability of silica sand. The presence of a curing agent strengthens the cohesion among sand granules, lubricates them and restrains their deformation. The shape function of the coating device was obtained by theoretical derivation.Practical implicationsThe flow properties provide a valuable theoretical guidance for the design of coating device for sand mold printing.Originality/valueThis paper deals with experimental work on flow properties of silica sand granules with different viscosities and curing agent content. The shape function of a wedge-shaped coating device is obtained based on experimental data.