Quality and Utility of Shubarkol Shale from KazakhstanStrakhov, V. M.
doi: 10.3103/S1068364X20010081pmid: N/A
The quality of Shubarkol carbonaceous shale from Kazakhstan is studied by state-of-the-art methods, with particular attention to its composition, its mineral composition, and its chemical, petrographic, physicochemical, and thermomechanical properties. According to one industrial classification, the shale is of humic–sapropelic type in genetic terms; it consists primarily of sorbomixtinite. The product yield in semicoking (550°C) and coking (900°C) is studied, with detailed analysis of the solid particles, tar, and gas. Industrial uses are recommended both for the initial shale and for the semicoking products.
Gas Liberation in the High-Temperature Isothermal Holding of Coke ResiduesStakheev, S. G.; Eremin, A. Ya.; Zolotareva, E. G.
doi: 10.3103/S1068364X2001007Xpmid: N/A
The dynamics of nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon-monoxide liberation in the isothermal holding of coke residues from G, Zh, KO, KS, and T coal at 1000°C is studied in experiments after heating at 10°C/min. The gas liberation in isothermal holding continues throughout the experiment (2 h). The rate of gas liberation declines exponentially in the course of holding. The rates of H2 and CO emission are related to the clinkering properties of the coal (the plastic-layer thickness) on the basis of a second-order polynomial; for the rate of nitrogen liberation, this relationship is linear. In isothermal holding, the mass loss of the coke residue may be 0.60–1.00% after 60 min and 0.85–1.38% after 120 min. The corresponding gas yields are 25–30 and 35–42 m3/t of coke. The gas consists of 76.8–93.0 vol % hydrogen, 1.9–11.7 vol % nitrogen, and 4.1–14.9 vol % carbon monoxide.
Composition and Structure of Hexane-Insoluble Asphaltenes from Coal PitchSozinov, S. A.; Sotnikova, L. V.; Popova, A. N.; Hitsova, L. M.; Lyrschikov, S. Yu.; Efimova, O. S.; Malysheva, V. Yu.; Rusakov, D. M.
doi: 10.3103/S1068364X20010068pmid: N/A
The functional-group composition and structure of hexane-insoluble asphaltenes from coal pitch are studied. The methods employed are chemical (elemental) analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase analysis, and differential thermal analysis in combination with chromatography and mass spectrometry. Analysis of the results shows that the hydrocarbon skeleton of the mean hypothetical macromolecule of the asphaltenes may be regarded as a set of condensed aromatic cores of pericondensed type, with seven rings. Alkyl substituents are present; the mean length of the connecting bridges is two carbon atoms. On average, there is one sulfur atom for each 500 carbon atoms; one nitrogen atom for each 50 carbon atoms, and one oxygen atom for each 167 carbon atoms. The ratio of structural units in asphaltene powder is as follows: for one S-bearing structure, there will be 4–5 N-bearing structures and 1.3–1.7 O-bearing structures. Sulfur atoms are present in thermally stable thiophene-like structural fragments. They enter the coke residue without decomposition. Oxygen is present in thermally unstable carboxyl and phenol groups, which break down to form CO2. It is also present in aromatic esters, which pass to the coke residue. Crystallographic analysis of the ordered structures formed by asphaltene macromolecules confirms that such macromolecules tend to undergo self-organization. The mean diameter La of such ordered structures (packets) is around 0.66 nm, while their thickness is Lc ≈ 1.30 nm. The distance between individual layers d002 ≈ 0.34 nm; the mean number of layers in the packets is n ≈ 5–7. Asphaltene powder has no more than 30% crystal structure. The data obtained by different methods are in good agreement and more completely characterize the structure of the asphaltene macromolecules in coal pitch.
An Informational Systems Approach to Optimal Organization of Complex Technological ProcessesNaletov, V. A.; Glebov, M. B.
doi: 10.3103/S1068364X20010044pmid: N/A
The basic principles of an information-based systems approach to optimal organization of complex industrial processes with a hierarchical structure are outlined, for the example of systems in chemical technology. General laws of the development of living things can be employed. In particular, Roullier’s evolutionary law of growing system complexity in the organization of organisms is applied to the development of optimally organized systems in chemical technology, on the basis of a multilevel description. This approach gives rise to emergent properties (synergy) in the systems. As a result, exceptional efficiency is attained on account of optimal distribution of the system functions among its elements.
Prediction and Control of Coke Plant Wastewater Quality using Machine Learning TechniquesHimanshu Khandelwal, ; Shrivastava, Shweta; Ganguly, Adity; Roy, Abhijit
doi: 10.3103/S1068364X20010020pmid: N/A
The present study focuses on examining the fate of coal constituents—carbon, sulphur, nitrogen and chlorine from coal blend to coke oven wastewater. Further, the impact of coal constituents and coke making process on wastewater quality has studied and analyzed the effects with plant data. Understanding helps in development of coke oven wastewater quality prediction model using machine learning techniques. A reliable model helps in minimize the operation costs and stable operation of treatment plant. The developed model is implemented and validated using plant scale data obtained for coke plant at Tata Steel Jamshedpur. The model provided accurate predictions of the effluent stream of by product plant, in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solids (TDS) when using coal constituents and coke making process parameters as an input. Implementation strategy of model helps to control the wastewater quality within environmental limit with ease.