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doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.54.1.4pmid: N/A
Research on change processes is needed to help explain how psychotherapy produces change. To explain processes of change it will be important to measure three types of outcomes—immediate, intermediate, and final—and three levels of process—speech act, episode, and relationship. Emphasis will need to be placed on specifying different types of in-session change episodes and the intermediate outcomes they produce. The assumption that all processes have the same meaning (regardless of context) needs to be dropped, and a context-sensitive process research needs to be developed. Speech acts need to be viewed in the context of the types of episodes in which they occur, and episodes need to be viewed in the context of the type of relationship in which they occur. This approach would result in the use of a battery of process instruments to measure process patterns in context and to relate these to outcome.
doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.54.1.4pmid: N/A
Research on change processes is needed to help explain how psychotherapy produces change. To explain processes of change it will be important to measure three types of outcomes—immediate, intermediate, and final—and three levels of process—speech act, episode, and relationship. Emphasis will need to be placed on specifying different types of in-session change episodes and the intermediate outcomes they produce. The assumption that all processes have the same meaning (regardless of context) needs to be dropped, and a context-sensitive process research needs to be developed. Speech acts need to be viewed in the context of the types of episodes in which they occur, and episodes need to be viewed in the context of the type of relationship in which they occur. This approach would result in the use of a battery of process instruments to measure process patterns in context and to relate these to outcome.
doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.54.1.10pmid: N/A
The main purpose of this article was to derive and to propose a provisional list of good moments in psychotherapeutic sessions, that is, when clients manifest therapeutic process, movement, improvement, progress, or change. The strategy for arriving at such a list included a preliminary review of the good moments used by researchers, independent of their aims and findings, and all theoretical approaches represented in the overlapping and non-mutually-exclusive methods used by researchers. The preliminary review yielded 11 good moments framed in a research-usable language, with a number of lines of research inquiry opened up by the proposed list.
Mahrer, Alvin R.; Nadler, Wayne P.
doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.54.1.10pmid: N/A
The main purpose of this article was to derive and to propose a provisional list of good moments in psychotherapeutic sessions, that is, when clients manifest therapeutic process, movement, improvement, progress, or change. The strategy for arriving at such a list included a preliminary review of the good moments used by researchers, independent of their aims and findings, and all theoretical approaches represented in the overlapping and non-mutually-exclusive methods used by researchers. The preliminary review yielded 11 good moments framed in a research-usable language, with a number of lines of research inquiry opened up by the proposed list.
doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.54.1.16pmid: N/A
Rationales for the increased use of sequential analyses of language variables in psychotherapy are presented, including this strategy’s special applicability in process investigations, its potential for specifying influence patterns, and its ability to produce findings pertinent to the practicing clinician. Limitations with the preponderant strategy of only reporting frequency magnitudes of therapist and/or patient language variables are outlined, as well as several problems with which the sequential approach must grapple, such as the development of interactional terminology and the specification of endpoints for the therapy processes under investigation. Replicable single-case studies, utilizing sequential analyses, are recommended so as to better assess what degree and type of changes in patient-therapist language use are of therapeutic significance.
Russell, Robert L.; Trull, Timothy J.
doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.54.1.16pmid: N/A
Rationales for the increased use of sequential analyses of language variables in psychotherapy are presented, including this strategy’s special applicability in process investigations, its potential for specifying influence patterns, and its ability to produce findings pertinent to the practicing clinician. Limitations with the preponderant strategy of only reporting frequency magnitudes of therapist and/or patient language variables are outlined, as well as several problems with which the sequential approach must grapple, such as the development of interactional terminology and the specification of endpoints for the therapy processes under investigation. Replicable single-case studies, utilizing sequential analyses, are recommended so as to better assess what degree and type of changes in patient-therapist language use are of therapeutic significance.
Cooke, Margaret; Kipnis, David
doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.54.1.22pmid: N/A
The study examined the process of psychotherapy within the context of social power theory. Therapist influence acts were classified in terms of (a) the goals or reasons why therapists exercised influence and (b) the strength of the influence attempt. The analysis was based on 22 tapes of psychotherapy sessions, provided by 5 female and 6 male therapists. Each therapist provided a tape of one male and one female client. Findings indicated that (a) therapists were consistent in their use of tactics from one client to another; (b) male therapists, compared with female therapists, used significantly more influence tactics and interrupted their clients significantly more often; (c) therapists of both genders used significantly more passive forms of influence earlier in the session and more active forms later; (d) therapists of both genders told female clients what to do significantly more often than they did male clients, although they significantly more often explained thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to male clients than to female clients; and (e) therapists used stronger influence attempts—those judged as demanding a response from the client—significantly more frequently with female clients than with male clients.
doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.54.1.22pmid: N/A
The study examined the process of psychotherapy within the context of social power theory. Therapist influence acts were classified in terms of (a) the goals or reasons why therapists exercised influence and (b) the strength of the influence attempt. The analysis was based on 22 tapes of psychotherapy sessions, provided by 5 female and 6 male therapists. Each therapist provided a tape of one male and one female client. Findings indicated that (a) therapists were consistent in their use of tactics from one client to another; (b) male therapists, compared with female therapists, used significantly more influence tactics and interrupted their clients significantly more often; (c) therapists of both genders used significantly more passive forms of influence earlier in the session and more active forms later; (d) therapists of both genders told female clients what to do significantly more often than they did male clients, although they significantly more often explained thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to male clients than to female clients; and (e) therapists used stronger influence attempts—those judged as demanding a response from the client—significantly more frequently with female clients than with male clients.
Henry, William P.; Schacht, Thomas E.; Strupp, Hans H.
doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.54.1.27pmid: N/A
Research strategies employing Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) were demonstrated in a study comparing 4 therapists, each of whom saw a good and a poor outcome case (N= 8), on interpersonal process variables in the third session. SASB represents complex interactive processes in a manner that is both theoretically cogent and empirically sound. Good versus poor therapeutic outcome was differentiated on the basis of the following interpersonal process variables: greater levels of “helping and protecting” and “affirming and understanding” and significantly lower levels of “blaming and belittling” were associated with high-change cases. Patient behaviors of “disclosing and expressing” were significantly more frequent in high-change cases, whereas “walling off and avoiding” and “trusting and relying” were significantly more frequent in low-change cases. Additionally, negative complementarity was greater in poor outcome cases. Implications for research methodology and interpersonal theory are discussed.
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