Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

Rosenthal, Robert

doi: 10.1037/h0027231pmid: N/A

Research by T. X. Barber, et al. (see 43:8) has been interpreted as a failure to replicate an experiment by R. Rosenthal and K. Fode (see 38:3) showing significant effects on Ss' responses of Es' expectancies. This paper attempts to show that (1) the above research cannot be regarded as a serious effort to replicate, (2) the integrity of the null hypothesis cannot be staunchly defended by an overall low F (N = 51 Es) in the face of an overall CHI2 (N = 501 Ss) with an associate p value of .007, and (3) science is not often served best by using the null-hypothesis decision procedure in such a way as to avoid looking closely at data.

Barber, Theodore X.

doi: 10.1037/h0027228pmid: N/A

R. Rosenthal (see 43:8) presented 4 arguments attempting to show that the 5 experiments by T. X. Barber, et al. (see 43:8) cannot be viewed as serious efforts to replicate the R. Rosenthal and K. Fode (see 38:3) study. These arguments are shown to be invalid. Rosenthal's critique also presented a postmortem analysis of the Barber, et al., data. A further look at Rosenthal's analysis indicates that the Barber, et al., experiments cannot be interpreted as confirming the E bias hypothesis that Es' obtain results in line with their expectancies. It is concluded that the E bias effect is very difficult to demonstrate.

Levy, Leon H.

doi: 10.1037/h0027230pmid: N/A

The value of replications in psychology, the need to distinguish between the probability of data and of hypotheses, and the implications of alternative conceptualizations of the experimenter bias effect (EBE), are discussed in the light of the failure reported by T. X. Barber, et al. (see 43:6) to replicate earlier findings by R. Rosenthal and K. Fode (see 38:3). The position was taken that the value of further research on the EBE will depend upon the prior development of a situational taxonomy and a theoretical formulation in which the effect may be conceptualized in terms of a broader class of phenomena.

Cattell, Raymond B.; Bolton, Laura S.

doi: 10.1037/h0027379pmid: 4388371

A set of mutually exclusive, exhaustive parcels of MMPI items and the 16 personality factor scales from the Cattell 16 PF were factored together on 217 normal and 40 abnormal adult Air Force men. The analysis of the resulting 64 variables (45 MMPI parcels and 19 16 PF scales) yielded 21 factors, of which 13 are clearly identifiable as factors in the 16 PF and 4 are clearly MMPI factors. MMPI data were scored also for the traditional 14 clinical scales, and their predictability from 16 PF source trials examined in terms of the squared multiple correlations. The 7-factor space typically represented by the MMPI clinical scales was found to lie within the dimensionality of the Cattell 16 PF. The total prediction of the set of MMPI clinical scales from a single form (A) of the 16 PF, uncorrected for attenuation, is represented by the canonical correlation of .8. (47 ref.)

Hersch, Paul D.; Kulik, James A.; Scheibe, Karl E.

doi: 10.1037/h0027384pmid: 5776298

41 male and 110 female undergraduates volunteering for summer work in mental hospitals were compared to 142 control students on personality, occupational-interest, and life-history variables. Striking personality characteristics of mental health volunteers were maturity and control, drive for independent achievement, and sensitivity to people and human problems. Vocational interests and life-history data on volunteers were consistent with these personality characteristics. In vocational interests, volunteers were similar to men and women in the independent professions and in professions emphasizing social service or the exercise of language and artistic skills. Life-history data indicated that volunteers were more service-oriented and committed to mental health work than other college Ss. The role of test-taking attitudes in producing these differences was discussed.

Tulkin, Steven R.; Muller, John P.; Conn, Lake K.

doi: 10.1037/h0027335pmid: 4887402

Children's Social Desirability Scale (CSD) and a sociometric measure were group administered to 192 5th- and 6th-grade Ss. Intelligence and achievement scores were also obtained. High need for approval girls (as measured by CSD) were found to be most popular, while high need for approval boys were least popular. Partialing out the effects of intelligence did not significantly alter these sex differences. Sex role theory was used to explain the findings, hypothesizing that behaviors associated with a high need for approval are consistent with the female sex role model but contrary to the male model.

Houts, Peter S.; MacIntosh, Shirley; Moos, Rudolf H.

doi: 10.1037/h0027387pmid: 5776299

Each of 7 patients saw each of 4 therapists twice. After each session, therapists rated how they thought the patient and therapists should behave during psychotherapy. In addition, these patient and therapist behaviors were independently rated from tapes of the meetings. A balanced 4 * 7 design was utilized. Behavior rating data indicate that therapists are more influenced by patients than patients are by therapists. Comparisons of questionnaire and behavior rating data indicate that differences among therapists are more evident in how therapists think than in how they or patients behave. Implications for understanding the different roles of the psychotherapist are discussed.

Darbonne, Allen R.

doi: 10.1037/h0027391pmid: 5776300

Tested the hypothesis that suicidal ideation varies with age. 259 suicide notes were analyzed. This represented all of the suicide notes written by individuals who committed suicide during a 3-yr period who resided in 34 moderately advantaged natural communities. The method of analysis involved categorizing each note according to a scheme of 5 general categories: (1) addressee, (2) reasons stated, (3) affect indicated, (4) specific content, and (5) general focus of note. The notes were divided into 4 age groups 20-39, 40-49, 50-59, and 60 and over and compared with reference to the 5 general categories. Differences between age groups were found significant at the .05 level for Categories 2 and 5. specific items within each category were discussed when such items were found statistically more or less often in the notes of 1 age group than in the notes of the other age groups. Suggestions for treatment and prevention of suicide are offered.

Gleser, Goldine C.; Ihilevich, David

doi: 10.1037/h0027381pmid: 5776301

Describes the Defense Mechanism Inventory, a paper and pencil test which purports to measure the relative intensity of usage of 5 major groups of defenses. The inventory consists of 10 brief stories, 2 per conflict area, followed by 4 questions regarding S's actual behavior, fantasy behavior, thoughts, and feelings in the situations described. 5 responses typifying the 5 defenses (i.e., hostility-out, projection, principalization, turning-against-self, and reversal) are provided for each question, from which S selects the 1 most representative and the 1 least representative of his reaction. Reliability, validity, and normative studies are presented, all indicating that this inventory has many potential uses as a clinical and research instrument. (42 ref.)