Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

Zax, Melvin; Cowen, Emory L.; Rappaport, Julian; Beach, David R.; Laird, James D.

doi: 10.1037/h0020429pmid: 5666136

2 consecutive groups of 1st-grade children classified for their potential for being emotionally disturbed were reexamined upon reaching 7th grade. Children manifesting high potential for being disturbed (labeled Red Tag) were compared, on school record and special test measures, with peers evidencing low potential for disturbance (labeled Non-Red Tag). These measures reflected achievement, classroom behavior, peer perceptions, attendance, and school nurse referral. Both groups of Red Tag children scored significantly more negatively than Non-Red Tag children on 10 of 47 measures in one case and on 13 of 42 in the other. These findings support the hypothesis that early disturbance in children is not ephemeral and is a portent for later difficulty. Implications of such results for programs in early identification and prevention were discussed.

KULIK, JAMES A.; STEIN, KENNETH B.; SARBIN, THEODORE R.

doi: 10.1037/h0026116pmid: 4875008

A SELF-REPORT CHECKLIST OF ANTISOCIAL ACTIVITIES WAS FILLED OUT ANONYMOUSLY BY 505 HIGH SCHOOL BOYS AND 391 BOYS AT INSTITUTIONS FOR DELINQUENTS. THE 52 ITEMS OF THE CHECKLIST DETERMINED THE EXTENT OF PARTICIPATION IN A BROAD RANGE OF MISBEHAVIORS. CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF THE ITEMS OF THE SCALE ON 3 DIFFERENT SAMPLES REVEALED 4 DIMENSIONS OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR: DELINQUENT ROLE, DRUG USAGE, PARENTAL DEFIANCE, AND ASSAULTIVENESS. ON EACH OF THE 4 DIMENSIONS OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, THE SCORES OF DELINQUENTS AND NONDELINQUENTS DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY. DELINQUENT BOYS WERE THEN CLASSIFIED INTO 7 EMPIRICAL TYPES BASED ON SCORE PATTERNS ON THE 4 DIMENSIONS. THESE EMPIRICAL TYPES DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY IN RACIAL COMPOSITION AND ON OTHER SOCIAL AND PERSONOLOGICAL VARIABLES. (22 REF.)

MOOS, RUDOLF H.

doi: 10.1037/h0026104pmid: 5666137

16 PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS WERE OBSERVED UNDER 2 DIFFERENT OBSERVATION CONDITIONS IN 2 DIFFERENT INPATIENT WARD SUBSETTINGS TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ON THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF THESE OBSERVATION CONDITIONS. RESULTS INDICATE: (1) THE AVERAGE EFFECTS OF WEARING AND BEING OBSERVED WITH A WIRELESS TRANSMITTER MICROPHONE WERE VERY SMALL; (2) THE DIFFERENCES THAT DID OCCUR SUGGESTED AN INCREASE IN PURPOSEFUL AND A DECREASE IN PURPOSELESS ACTIVITY WHILE WEARING THE TRANSMITTER; (3) THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT INDIVIDUAL S * OBSERVATION CONDITION INTERACTIONS, I.E., THAT DIFFERENT SS SHOWED SUBSTANTIALLY DIFFERENT REACTIONS TO THE OBSERVATION CONDITIONS; AND (4) THERE WAS TENTATIVE EVIDENCE THAT INDIVIDUALS WHO SHOWED THE GREATEST CHANGE WITH THE OBSERVATION CONDITIONS TENDED TO HAVE LOWER K AND HIGHER PD, PA, SC, AND MA SCORES ON THE MMPI. (18 REF.)

INSEL, SHEPARD A.; REESE, CAROL S.; ALEXANDER, BARRETT B.

doi: 10.1037/h0026094pmid: 5666138

SELF-PRESENTATIONS MAY BE DISCERNED IN TERMS OF THE REFERENTS USED, AND ARE CONSIDERED TO RELATE TO MORE BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 2 CRITERION GROUPS (54 SS IN EACH) WERE DRAWN FROM A POPULATION OF 204 SS, USING THE "WHO AM I?" TECHNIQUE. THOSE USING GROUP-RELEVANT OR EXTERNALLY IDENTIFIABLE REFERENTS WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE USING INTERNAL OR IDIOSYNCRATIC REFERENTS TO PRESENT THEMSELVES ON THE MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR AND THE FIRO-B. THOSE PRESENTING THEMSELVES VIA GROUP-RELEVANT CHARACTERISTICS USED SIGNIFICANTLY FEWER WORDS TO DO SO, WERE OLDER, AND HAD MORE MARRIED MEMBERS. ON THE MYERS-BRIGGS THEY WERE FOUND TO BE LESS INTUITIVE AND MORE JUDGMENTAL IN ORIENTATION. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND ON THE FIRO-B. (28 REF.)

Heilbrun, Alfred B.

doi: 10.1037/h0026122pmid: 5666139

THE HYPOTHESIS OF AN OPPOSITE-SIGN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COUNSELING READINESS (TENDENCY TO CONTINUE IN COUNSELING VS. TERMINATE PREMATURELY) AND PROBLEM-SOLVING DEPENDENCY FOR 32 MALES AND 19 FEMALES WAS TESTED USING COLLEGE CLIENTS. COUNSELOR RATINGS OF THE PROBLEM-SOLVING BEHAVIOR OF SS, AS OBSERVED DURING EARLY CONTACTS, WERE RELATED TO A VALIDATED MEASURE OF COUNSELING READINESS, AND THE PREDICTION WAS CONFIRMED. HIGHER COUNSELING READINESS IN MALES WAS CONSISTENT WITH THEIR DEPENDENCY UPON OTHERS FOR PROBLEM SOLUTION, WHEREAS FEMALE COUNSELING READINESS COMBINED PARADOXICALLY WITH PROBLEM-SOLVING INDEPENDENCY. THE MALE'S CONTINUATION IN COUNSELING WAS INTERPRETED IN TERMS OF GREATER DEPENDENCY STRIVINGS AND LESSER SENSITIVITY TO MASCULINE SEX-ROLE CONFORMITY; FEMALE CONTINUATION WAS CONJECTURED TO BE RELATED TO INITIAL MALE THERAPIST NONDIRECTIVENESS WITH FEMALES.

TULKIN, STEVEN R.; NEWBROUGH, J. R.

doi: 10.1037/h0026099pmid: 5666140

THE RAVEN STANDARD PROGRESSIVE MATRICES WAS ADMINISTERED TO 356 5TH AND 6TH GRADE SS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF PAST EXPERIENCES RELATED TO RACE, SOCIAL CLASS, AND SEX. ALL SOCIAL CLASS DIFFERENCES WERE SIGNIFICANT, WHILE A RACIAL DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND ONLY IN THE LOWER CLASS. NO SEX DIFFERENCES WERE SIGNIFICANT. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE MATRICES AND OTHER MEASURES (BOTH STANDARD TESTS AND FAMILY EXPERIENCES) VARIED AMONG THE DIFFERENT RACE, CLASS, AND SEX GROUPS. FUTURE RESEARCH MUST CONSIDER RACE, CLASS, AND SEX IN ITS INVESTIGATION OF THE USEFULNESS OF THE MATRICES, AND, MORE GENERALLY, EXPERIMENTIAL INFLUENCES ON INTELLIGENCE AND SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT. (19 REF.)

SHERMAN, A. ROBERT; BLATT, SIDNEY J.

doi: 10.1037/h0026098pmid: 5666141

RELATIVELY IMPAIRED PERFORMANCE ON THE WAIS DIGIT SPAN SUBTEST IS FREQUENTLY INTERPRETED AS REFLECTING ANXIETY. RECENT RESEARCH HAS ALSO INDICATED THAT INTELLIGENCE TEST PERFORMANCE MAY BE INFLUENCED BY CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE TESTING SITUATION AND RELATIONSHIP. IT WAS THEREFORE THOUGHT THAT THE CLINICAL INTERPRETATION OF DIGIT SPAN WOULD BE ENHANCED BY AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF NATURAL EVALUATIVE EXPERIENCES INHERENT IN THE CONVENTIONAL TESTING SITUATION. A STUDY ASSESSED THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF PRIOR EXPERIENCES OF SUCCESS VS. FAILURE ON THE SUBSEQUENTLY ADMINISTERED DIGIT SPAN, DIGIT SYMBOL, AND VOCABULARY SUBTESTS. FAILURE EXPERIENCE LED TO AN ELEVATION IN SUBSEQUENT PERFORMANCE ON BOTH DIGIT SPAN AND DIGIT SYMBOL COMPARED TO THE EFFECT OF SUCCESS, WHILE VOCABULARY APPEARED TO BE UNAFFECTED. SS WERE 43 FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES. (24 REF.)

YULIS, SERGIO; KIESLER, DONALD J.

doi: 10.1037/h0026107pmid: 5666142

12 HIGH-ANXIOUS AND 12 LOW-ANXIOUS THERAPISTS LISTENED TO 3 PATIENT TAPE RECORDINGS CHARACTERIZED BY SEXUAL, AGGRESSIVE, AND NEUTRAL CONTENT, RESPECTIVELY. 10 TIMES IN EACH TAPE THE THERAPISTS WERE ASKED TO SELECT 1 OF A PAIR OF INTERPRETIVE STATEMENTS (DIFFERING IN DEGREE OF "PERSONAL INVOLVEMENT") THEY WOULD HAVE SAID HAD THEY BEEN THE THERAPIST OF THE PATIENTS. THE RESULTS CONFIRMED THE PREDICTION THAT LOW-ANXIOUS THERAPISTS WOULD BE MORE PERSONALLY INVOLVED (SHOW LESS COUNTERTRANSFERENCE) WITH THEIR PATIENTS THAN HIGH-ANXIOUS THERAPISTS. THE PREDICTION THAT BOTH GROUPS OF THERAPISTS WOULD BECOME MORE PERSONALLY INVOLVED WITH THE NEUTRAL PATIENT TAPE, IN CONTRAST TO THE SEXUAL OR AGGRESSIVE TAPES, WAS NOT SUPPORTED. (36 REF.)

ZUCKERMAN, MARVIN; LINK, KATHRYN

doi: 10.1037/h0026047pmid: 5666143

EXAMINED THE TRAITS MEASURED BY THE SENSATION-SEEKING SCALE (SSS) BY DEFINING FACTORS WITHIN THE SCALE ITSELF AND BY CORRELATING THE SCALE WITH INDEPENDENT MEASURES OF OTHER TRAITS. 4 FACTORS WERE DEFINED IN AN EARLIER EXTENDED VERSION OF THE SSS GIVEN TO MALES: THRILL, SOCIAL, VISUAL, AND ANTISOCIAL SENSATION SEEKING. ONLY THE 1ST 2 FACTORS EMERGED CLEARLY IN THE FEMALE DATA. THE SSS WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH AUTONOMY, CHANGE, AND EXHIBITIONISM SCORES, AND NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH DEFERENCE, NURTURANCE, ORDERLINESS, AND AFFILIATION SCORES ON BOTH THE EPPS AND THE GOUGH-HEILBRUN ADJECTIVE CHEKC LIST (ACL). THE SSS CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH HYPOMANIA (MMPI) AND LABILITY (ACL), AND NEGATIVELY WITH SELF-CONTROL (ACL) AND FIELD DEPENDENCY. SS IN THIS STUDY WERE 268 MALE AND 277 FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES. (22 REF.)

Waite, Richard R.

doi: 10.1037/h0020430pmid: 5672646

The point of view that "new" clinical theories are necessary to achieve therapeutic success with Negro patients is challenged by the presentation of a case in which a psychoanalytic orientation was employed. The case is discussed primarily in terms of the conceptualization of racial issues as therapeutic resistance. The role of the therapist's intellectual knowledge about a patient's minority group is considered from the points of view of empathy and countertransference.