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Mardiansjah, Fadjar Hari; Rahayu, Paramita; Rukmana, Deden
2021 Environment and Urbanization Asia
Indonesia is home to more than 260 million people and is one of the world’s mostrapidly urbanizing countries. Between 1980 and 2010, Indonesia’s urbanpopulation grew about fourfold, from 32.8 to 118.3 million. Using data fromNational Census publications, this article examines the urbanization patternsand trends in urban growth in Indonesia from 1980 to 2010. The urbanizationprocess has increased the number of cities in Indonesia from 50 to 94 andexpanded large urban regions. Most of these expanded urban regions are locatedon the island of Java, including the metropolitan areas of Jakarta, Bandung,Surabaya, Semarang, Malang, Surakarta and Yogyakarta. The article alsoidentifies the emergence of non-statutory towns and new extended urban regionsoutside the jurisdictions of urban municipalities. The policy implications ofthe emergence of such urban areas are additionally discussed.
Ranman, S. M. Towhidur; Kabir, Md Ahsanul
2021 Environment and Urbanization Asia
This study explores the role of small and medium enterprise (SME) clusters in urban–rural linkages, an increasingly acceptable strategy in policy planning for regional development. As this approach to development has mostly been studied from a macro perspective, there is paucity of research from a micro perspective, particularly in the context of Bangladesh. This study, thus, aims to explore the contribution of manufacturing SME industry clusters in linking urban and rural regions. The data used in the study has been collected from 119 SME entrepreneurs using a structured questionnaire. Factor analysis and logistic regression have been applied to explore the contribution of industrial clusters in urban–rural linkages, focusing on the city of Khulna as the study area. The findings show that such SME clusters can positively contribute towards linking the two territories through two main forces, namely, funds and mobility. The findings provide useful insights for policymakers and urban planners to take initiatives for identifying and developing such SME industry clusters instead of focusing on the development of large industries, both in urban and rural areas to enhance balanced regional development. In highlighting the contribution of SME industry cluster as a micro level actor in the process of urban-rural integration, the study aims to make a meaningful contribution to literature in the field of development planning.
Phuc, Nguyen Quang; van Westen, A. C. M. (Guus); Zoomers, Annelies
2021 Environment and Urbanization Asia
The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of household income following the loss of land owing to urban expansion in central Vietnam. Using data mainly from household surveys in the peri-urban areas of Hue city, the regression model indicates that demographic factors and livelihood strategy choices have important impacts on household income; financial compensation and support packages do not appear to be strong determinants of household income after the loss of land. This implies a failure of the current compensation programmes in the process of compulsory land acquisition, because the government believes that compensation packages make important contributions to livelihood reconstruction. This study suggests that investing in education and skill training for household members affected by land loss as well as assistance in converting compensation money into an adequate livelihood should be taken into consideration.
Kambara, Channamma; Bairagya, Indrajit
2021 Environment and Urbanization Asia
This article explores whether there exists any difference in the earnings of self-employed migrant and native street vendors in a metro city, and if so, in what ways this difference is prominent. In order to accomplish the objective, we have collected data from women street vendors from Bengaluru city. The results depict that although there is no significant difference in the earnings between native and migrant street vendors, a significant difference exists in the size of investments made by them, that is, to earn the same amount of income, migrants need to invest more than natives. Moreover, the results, based on the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method, indicate that the pre-labour market endowment factors do not make a significant contribution to the overall difference in the rate of returns. The difference, instead, mainly exists because of the coefficient differences, which can be attributed to discrimination.
Hossain, Md. Anwar; Huggins, Robert
2021 Environment and Urbanization Asia
This study explores how rapid industrialization alongside a lack of regulatory controls through policy and planning encourages unplanned rapid urbanization in suburban areas. Taking Konabari–Kashimpur, a rapidly growing suburban area of the Greater Dhaka Region (GDR) as a case study, data has been collected through 16 key informant interviews and a questionnaire survey of 359 households in the area. The study finds that the readymade garment industry plays a significant role in the growth of this area. Negative externalities in the core area, the availability of large land parcels at a cheaper price, abundant labour supply and good transport connectivity to the core city make it favourable for industrialization. It is further found that industrialization and the forms of development taking place have largely occurred in an unplanned manner. Low-skilled and labour-intensive industry-driven growth has produced mixed-use intense development dominated by industrial and low-class residential uses. The impact of such growth on the suburban natural environment, infrastructure and society is found to be significant. The natural environment has been destroyed to provide land for industry and housing for workers. Basic service infrastructure and urban amenities have not increased proportionately to the growth of activities and the population. Moreover, the absence of a planning authority and land use regulations has worsened the situation further. It is concluded that the provision of basic infrastructure through planned intervention is required for sustainable urbanization.
Ho, Chi Minh; Nguyen, Luong Tan; Vo, Anh The; Vo, Duc Hong
2021 Environment and Urbanization Asia
Fossil energy consumption is considered a source of environmental degradation. While the demand for fossil energy increases during the process of urbanization, different nations rely upon different sources of fossil energy. As such, a one-size-fits-all approach in reducing the consumption of fossil fuels to improve the quality of the environment is neither logical, nor practical. This study investigates the short-term and long-term effects of urbanization in relation to fossil energy consumption from coal, gas and oil. The auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) is employed on the sample of five emerging ASEAN nations in the 1985–2018 period. The findings reveal that that urbanization in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand appears to be associated with an increase in coal consumption in the short run. In Vietnam, gas consumption will increase with urbanization. However, in the long run, urbanization in Thailand and Vietnam is linked to an increase in oil consumption. Urbanization in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines leads to the reduction of coal consumption in the long run. Policy implications have emerged based on the findings of this study.
Saloma, Czarina; Akpedonu, Erik; Alfiler, Cherie Audrey; Sahakian, Marlyne
2021 Environment and Urbanization Asia
Leisure practices have implications for belonging. In Metro Manila, a rapidly urbanizing metropolis, leisure is becoming increasingly associated with the most ubiquitous hyper-conditioned environments: privately owned shopping malls. By decontextualizing the built environment from its natural and cultural settings, these malls present a challenge to establishing a sense of belonging within a metropolis. Yet, despite its ubiquity, the mall has not fully displaced outdoor spaces, especially public green spaces, as sites of leisure. What do leisure practices in these two seemingly contrasting environments reveal about belonging in a metropolis? Some answers to these questions are to be found in a socio-material reading of leisure spaces, which reveal how belonging is not only created by actors and social institutions but also by spaces, objects, technologies, infrastructure and the microclimate. On the basis of a qualitative study, our findings demonstrate why public green spaces are more conducive than hyper-conditioned environments for fostering a sense of belonging together and to the metropolis.
Jamali, Farimah Sadat; Khaledi, Shahriar; Razavian, Mohammad Taghi
2021 Environment and Urbanization Asia
Urban green infrastructure (GI) approach supports building resilience, mitigating greenhouse gases emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change. However, the development and maintenance of GI in semi-arid cities can be hindered by limitations such as available water resources. In this article, we study priority areas for GI development schemes at the neighbourhood scale through a seasonal vulnerability framework with the case study of two urban districts in the semi-arid city of Tehran, Iran. Heat mitigation and stormwater runoff control are considered as the main objectives of GI development. The results show that priority areas have high levels of land surface temperature, impervious surfaces and population density, with a low proportion of vegetation land cover. The necessary GI services vary in different local climate zones (LCZ) during the year. Although heat mitigation is required in both compact and open LCZs, the runoff control service of GI is also needed for neighbourhoods with compact midrise settings. To promote sustainability at the neighbourhood scale, the findings of the study can be used for initiating nature-based solutions and GI development projects.
2021 Environment and Urbanization Asia
This paper intends to offer a critical understanding of citizen engagement in the process of city making using two case studies within the Indian context, namely, Magarpatta City in Maharashtra and Auroville in Tamil Nadu. As an initial foray into the issue, it engages with contemporary discourses on the scope and nature of public participation in urban development within the framework of a neoliberal economy. This is followed by a qualitative analysis based on unstructured interviews, which capture the live experiences of the local landowners and residents in each location. The findings indicate that citizen engagement is instrumental in producing socially equitable urbanization. If harnessed well, it offers the possibility for an effective departure from the traditional state-market dynamics, which presently underlie forms of neoliberal urbanism in developing countries. This paper, therefore, makes the case for mainstreaming citizen participation for urban development as an attempt to create a sustainable built environment that caters to the needs of citizens.
Mitra, Arup; Tripathi, Sabyasachi
2021 Environment and Urbanization Asia
The last decade (2001–2011) has witnessed a surge in the number of census towns (CTs) in India, which account for 30% of the country’s urban growth. Though several studies have tried to understand the spatial patterns and factors determining the emergence of these CTs, the all India level has been neglected. Due to an increase in non-farm activities, villages have been transformed into CTs. By considering 2,328 CTs at the all India level, this article investigates the relevant economic determinants of such transformation. To group similar CTs we use cluster analysis by considering several factors such as the size of the population of CTs, rural specific changes, climatic conditions, the growth dynamics of large cities which may spill over to rural hinterland, economic potential, the availability of infrastructures and job opportunities. The analysis suggests that the availability of infrastructure and the growth dynamics of the large cities are important for the emergence of these CTs, whereas rural poverty and unemployment rates do not seem to matter significantly. Finally, we suggest that for higher economic development, the rural to urban transformation is essential. For this purpose, the new CTs can offer an opportunity for increasing non-farm activities and the overall prospects for India. Hence, the policy directives will have to address the requirements of the CTs to emerge as centres of growth.
Nong, Duong H.; Fox, Jefferson M.; Saksena, Sumeet; Lepczyk, Christopher A.
2021 Environment and Urbanization Asia
The process by which cities (or urban areas) expand over time has remained a key focus for geographers, ecologists and other scientists interested in urban phenomena for decades. This study investigated the use of spatial metrics and population data for defining and mapping rural-urban transition zones in Hanoi and exploring urban growth models. The analysis showed that in 2010, about 30% of communes within Hanoi could be defined as rural, 38% as peri-urban and 32% as urban. The peri-urban communes showed a greater level of landscape fragmentation and a higher pace of population growth than rural communes. The urban landscape of Hanoi in 2010 shows characteristics of both transportation corridors and dispersed sites models—the two least eco-friendly models of urbanization. This study provides an effective method for mapping such rural-urban transition and identifies forms of urbanization in places where other socio-economic data sources are limited. This is particularly useful for planners and development agencies that require reliable methods for collecting and analysing data, which can enable them to assess variables along the rural-to-urban continuum.
2021 Environment and Urbanization Asia
Jhabvala Renana and Bijal Brahmbhatt. The City Makers: How Women Are Building a Sustainable Future for Urban India. (Gurugram: Hachette India) 2020.
2021 Environment and Urbanization Asia
Yu-Min Joo and Teck-Boon Tan (Eds.). Smart Cities in Asia, Governing Development in the Era of Hyper-Connectivity (UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited in collaboration with Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.), 2020 ISBN: 978-17-889-7287-1 (cased), 978-17-889-7288-8 (eBook).