The nature and function of the mammalian epipharynxCave, A. J. E.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb04063.xpmid: N/A
The accepted nomenclature of the mammalian pharynx is uncritically based upon purely descriptive accounts of the specialized arrangement of parts in Homo rather than upon basic morphological principles. It violates morphological considerations by its inclusion within the digestive tract of a wholly independent and purely respiratory chamber, the so‐called nasopharynx. The evidence afforded by subprimate and primate mammals is reviewed to demonstrate the morphological falsity of the current nomenclature and to indicate the desirability of replacing the meaningless term nasopharynx by the morphologically and descriptively accurate term epipharynx.
Identification and distribution of bats of the genus Plecotus in EnglandStebbings, R. E.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb04064.xpmid: N/A
The chief aim of this work was to find characters which would enable positive identifications to be made of living Plecotus auritus, Linn., 1758, and Plecotus austriacus Fischer, 1829. Previous work has related to museum material and usually did not give measurements which could be obtained from living bats. Sixteen indices per bat were at first measured, but only 12 of these were found to be significant and necessary for identification. The results were reasonably reproducible which allows their comparison with European data. Other diagnostic characters are described together with the known distribution in the British Isles. A summary of the known distribution and ecological data from Europe is given.
The life history of the mangrove tree crab, Aratus pisoniWarner, G. F.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb04066.xpmid: N/A
Aratus pisoni (Milne Edwards) breeds throughout the year according to a lunar rhythm; the hatching of the eggs occurs at both full and new moon. Females become mature at about six months old or 12 mm carapace width and from then on, ovulate, on the average, once every intermoult; the number of eggs laid is directly proportional to the volume of the crab. By the time a female is eighteen months old at a size of 18 mm carapace width it will have laid 27,500 eggs and passed through seven moults. Mortality is greatest during the larval life and is caused mainly by predation.
A histochemical study of keratinization in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus)Cane, A. K.; Spearman, R. I. C.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb04067.xpmid: N/A
The microanatomy of the epidermis of the domestic fowl is described and related to the distribution of various histochemical constituents involved in keratinization. The avian horny layer over the back is composed of a loose network of structurally solid horny cells. This is in contrast to most mammalian epidermal horny cells in which structural keratin is found only in the peripheral cytoplasm, and the interior of the keratinocyte contains soluble products of cytolysis with possibly some free keratin filaments dispersed in the fluid material. The avian tarsal epidermal horny scales show similarities to both the scales of lizards and snakes and to mammalian tail scales which appear to be homologous structures. It is suggested that a thin layer of cells containing no detectable disulphide bonds, found in the tarsal scale region of the young chick, is probably mechanically weak and may function as a fission plane for sloughing of the horny layer. A specialized epidermis and thickened horny layer is developed in the fowl on the plantar underside of the toes, but this is quite different in structure from the mammalian plantar epidermis. The overlapping of zones rich in ribonucleic acid (RNA) and bound cysteine (SH) in the growing feather suggests that protein synthesis and the preparatory stages to keratin disulphide bonding normally occur concurrently in feather formation. This is in contrast to the growing hair which has a region rich in RNA followed immediately before it becomes keratinized by a discrete keratogenous zone weak in RNA but rich in bound cysteine.
The hyoid complex of Rattus rattus rufescensSharma, D. R.; Sivaram, S.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb04069.xpmid: N/A
The hyoid apparatus of the rat consists of an anteroposterior compressed and somewhat arched basihyal, the small anterior cornua and the more prominent posterior cornua. The ceratohyal is the only movably articulated element of the anterior cornu and is generally lost during the normal methods of preparing skeleton. The absence of stylohyal has resulted in modifications in the origins and insertions of Mm. stylohyoideus, styloglossus, and stylopharyngeus. The study of the hyoid region of rats, gerbils and squirrels supports the view that the muroid rodents have originated from the more generalized squirrel‐like forms.
A taxonomic revision of the subfamilies Monocotylinae Gamble, 1896 and Dendromonocotylinae Hargis, 1955 (Monogenoidea: Monocotylidae)Young, P. C.
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb04070.xpmid: N/A
Monogenoidea from the monocotylid subfamilies Monocotylinae and Dendromonocotylinae have been studied and the diagnoses of the two subfamilies emended. The diagnosis of Monocotyle is emended and includes M. myliobatis Taschenberg, 1878; M. diademalis Hargis, 1955; M. ijimae Goto, 1894; M. pricei Pearse, 1949; M. kuhlii sp. n.; M. granulatae sp. n. and M. tritestis sp. n. The diagnosis of Heterocotyle is emended and includes H.pastinacae Scott, 1904; H. americana Hargis, 1955; H. minima (MacCallum, 1916) Price, 1938; H. pseudominima Hargis, 1955; H. robusta (Johnston & Tiegs, 1922) Price, 1938 and H. granulatae sp. n. Dasybatotrema and Spinuris have their diagnoses emended and the type and only species of each restudied. The diagnosis of Horricauda is emended and includes H. rhynchobatidis Tripathi, 1959 and H. rhinobatidis sp. n. The type species of Neoheterocotyle is restudied. The new genera Anoplocotyloides, Decacotyle, Papillicotyle, and Troglocephalus are proposed to contain the species A. papillatus (Doran, 1953) comb, n.; D. lymmae sp. n.; P. floridana (Pratt, 1910) comb, n.; P. octona sp. n. and T. rhinobatidis sp. n. The diagnosis of bendromonocotyle is emended and includes D. octodiscus Hargis, 1955 and D. kuhlii sp. n. The new genus Clemacotyle is proposed for C. australis sp. n. Corrections are made where necessary to earlier descriptions of some of the species and all new species are described and figured. Keys to species in the subfamilies are included.